Bal Arılarının Viral Hastalıkları

Year 2009, Volume: 09 Issue: 4, 149 - 161, 25.11.2009

Pelin Tuncer Kadir Yeşilbağ

Abstract

Son dönemlerde yapılan çalışmalar koloni sönmesi olaylarının büyük bölümünde arı viruslarının rol aldıına işaret etmektedir. Günümüzde bal arılarını etkileyen viruslardan 18 tanesi detaylı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu derlemede bal arılarında virusların neden olduğu hastalıkların belirtileri hakkında genel bilgiler ve son gelimeler sunulmaktadır. Deforme kanat virusu erişkin arılarda kanatlarda buruşukluk, gövdede küçülme ve renk kaybına neden olur. Ancak pupanın gelişimi esnasında virus çoğalması oldukça yavaştır ve nadiren ölüme yol açabilir. Talamus yavru çürüklüğü ise bir larva hastalığıdır ve larvaların inci beyazı renginin sarımsı-kahverengiye dönmesiyle ayırt edilir. Siyah kraliçe arı virusu kraliçe arı, pupa ve prepupaların ölümüne ve renklerinin koyu kahverengiye dönüşmesine neden olur. Arı virusları arasında en yüksek virülense sahip olan Kaşmir arı virusu ilk olarak asya bal arılarında tespit edilmiş olmasına karşın, daha sonraki çalışmalar hastalığın dünyanın değişik bölgelerindeki A. mellifera arılarında da bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Kamir arı virusu ile enfekte arılarda titreme, koordinasyon bozukluğu ve ölüm gözlenmektedir. Bal arılarında felç oluşturan 4 virus bilinmektedir (kronik arı felci, akut arı felci, yavaş arı felci ve İsrail arı felci virusları). Varroa enfestasyonuyla yakın ilikili olan akut ve kronik arı felci virusları tüm dünyada görülebilen etkenlerdir. Akut arı felci arıların 3-5 gün içinde ölümüne neden olurken, kronik arı felci hastalığında 6. günden itibaren, yavaş felç virusu enfeksiyonunda ise yaklaşık 12. günde ölüm gerçekleşir. Kronik arı felci virusu özellikle erişkin arıların beynine yerleşir ve farklı 2 hastalık tablosuna neden olabilir. Tip 1 sendromunda titreme, kanatların düşmesi ve karın bölgesinde şişkinlik görülürken, Tip 2 sendromunda arılar kıllarını kaybeder ve parlak siyah bir görünüm alır. İsrail arı felci virusu ani koloni sönmesi olaylarında tespit edilmiş olması bakımından önemlidir. Arılarda enfeksiyon oluşturan diğer viruslarla (arı X ve arı Y virusları, Arkansas, Berkeley ve Mısır arı virusları, bulanık kanat virusu, flamentöz arı virusu, apis iridescent virus ve kakugo virus) ilgili bilgiler ise sınırlı düzeydedir. Arılarda görülen viral hastalıklara karşı özel bir ilaç tedavisi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak iyi yetiştirme kuralları uygulanarak bu hastalıklardan korunmak ve kayıpları en aza indirebilmek mümkün olabilir. Bu derlemede arıların viral hastalıklarından korunmaya yönelik bilgiler de sunulmutur

Keywords

Arı virusları, Deforme kanat virusu, Talamus yavru çürüklüğü, Kaşmir arı virusu, Arı felci virusları, Arı X virusu, Bulanık kanat virusu

Viral Diseases of Honey Bees

Abstract

Goal: The goal of this review is to summarize viral diseases of honey bees. Observation of indemonstrable colony collapse disorders in several countries considered as a very important problem which may affect the biological equilibrium. Colony losses were initially attributed solely to mite infestation, but observations during the last
decades suggested that certain honey bee viruses are responsible for much of the mortality observed in infested colonies. Until now 18 viruses causing infection in honey bees have been determined. The most important are; deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus, black queen cell virus, Kashmir bee virus, chronic bee paralysis virus, acute bee paralysis virus, Thai sacbrood virus, slow paralysis virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus. First six of these agents are most encountered bee viruses in the world and the data about honey bee viruses are acquired by researches conducted on these agents. In this review article general information and recent developments on deformed wing virus, sacbrood virus, Thai sacbrood virus, black queen cell virus and Kashmere bee virus are given. Moreover, disease symptoms and recent developments are described. Discussion and Conclusion: Deformed wing virus cause disease conditions mainly in adult bees while it may also infect other development stages including pupa. Infected adult bees show wrinkles and color loss on the wings and the body of infected bee is getting smaller than the non-infected bees. Virus propagation is very slow and death due to this infection is very rare in pupas. There is a clear relationship demonstrated between deformed wing virus and presence of varroa infestation in the colony. Contrary to deformed wing virus, disease conditions due to sacbrood virus mainly shown in larva and white color of larva is typically turn to yellowish-brown. Combs in the infected colonies are shown as puzzle. Incidence of sacbrood virus infection increases in the spring. It is not clear whether or not this virus transmitted by varroa. Black queen cell virus may infect all life stages of bees, but the incidence of infection is more common in adults. It is transmission is mainly related to the parasite Nosema apis. After infection by black queen cell virus prepupas, pupas and queen of the colony may die and their color will turn to dark-brown. The most virulent agent among honey bee viruses is Kashmere bee virus whish was first demonstrated in Asian honey bees (A.cerena). But later, it is distribution in A. mellifera colonies in many countries have been described. Kashmere bee virus cause trilling, in-coordination and death of infected bees. These symptoms are generally found in young bees because virus leads to persistent infection in adults.

Keywords

Honey bee viruses, wing virus, sacbrood virus, Kashmir bee virus, bee paralysis viruses, X virus, Cloudy wing virus

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