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Structure, Usage Areas and Main Problems of Bees Wax

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 209 - 220, 09.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.781259

Abstract

Beeswax is the raw material of the honeycomb that the bee colony carries out in its vital activities. Beeswax is also a bee product, such as honey, pollen, royal jelly and bee bread for beekeeping. Because beeswax is an absorbent, it can collect pollutants inside and outside the hive. The bee products produced from this honeycomb pose a risk to human and bee health. Older combs can also provide shelter from pathogenic microorganisms. In particular, honeycomb processing equipments have a very important responsibility for the hygiene of old honeycombs.
Beeswax attracts attention with its wide usage area. As a coating agent in the food industry, it is a product used in cosmetics, soap, candle, cream, textile, paint, paper industry, health and many other fields, such as wax sculptures. This study aims to present new perspectives that can be used in relevant fields in the light of recent studies.

References

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  • Al-Waili, NS., Saloom, K. S., Al-Waili, TN., Al-Waili, AN. 2006. The safety and efficacy of a mixture of honey, olive oil, and beeswax for the management of hemorrhoids and anal fissure: a pilot study. The Scientific World Journal, (6): 1998-2005.
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  • Al-Waili, NS. 2004. An alternative treatment for pityriasis versicolor, tinea cruris, tinea corporis and tinea faciei with topical application of honey, olive oil and beeswax mixture: an open pilot study. Complementary therapies in medicine, 12(1): 45-47.
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  • Baales, M., Birker, S., Mucha, F. 2017. Hafting with beeswax in the Final Palaeolithic: a barbed point from Bergkamen. antiquity, 91(359): 1155-1170.
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  • Bernal, JL., Jiménez, JJ., del Nozal, MJ., Toribio, L., Martín, MT. 2005. Physico‐chemical parameters for the characterization of pure beeswax and detection of adulterations. European journal of lipid science and technology, 107(3): 158-166.
  • Bernardini, F., Tuniz, C., Coppa, A., Mancini, L., Dreossi, D., Eichert, D., Hua, Q. 2012. Beeswax as dental filling on a Neolithic human tooth. Plos one, 7(9), e44904.
  • Breed, MD., Garry, MF., Pearce, AN., Hibbard, BE., Bjostad, LB., Page Jr, RE. 1995. The role of wax comb in honey bee nestmate recognition. Animal Behaviour, 50 (2): 489-496.
  • Bommuraj, V., Chen, Y., Klein, H., Sperling, R., Barel, S., Shimshoni, JA. 2019. Pesticide and trace element residues in honey and beeswax combs from Israel in association with human risk assessment and honey adulteration. Food chemistry, 299, 125123.
  • Bogdanov, S. 2004. Quality and standards of pollen and beeswax. Apiacta, 38:334-341.
  • Buchwald, R., Breed, MD., Greenberg, AR., Otis, G. 2006. Interspecific variation in beeswax as a biological construction material. Journal of experimental biology, 209 (20): 3984-3989.
  • Buchwald, R., Breed, MD., Bjostad, L., Hibbard, BE., Greenberg, AR. 2009. The role of fatty acids in the mechanical properties of beeswax. Apidologie, 40(5): 585-594.
  • Calatayud-Vernich, P., Calatayud, F., Simó, E., Picó, Y. 2017. Occurrence of pesticide residues in Spanish beeswax. Science of The Total Environment, 605: 745-754.
  • Calatayud-Vernich, P., Calatayud, F., Simó, E., Picó, Y. 2018. Pesticide residues in honey bees, pollen and beeswax: Assessing beehive exposure. Environmental Pollution, 241: 106-114.
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  • Carvalho, ADB., da Silva, AL., Silva, ADA., Netto, AJ., de Medeiros, TTB., Araújo Filho, JM., Oliveira, JR. 2019. Effect of slow-release urea microencapsulated in beeswax and its inclusion in ruminant diets. Small Ruminant Research, 179: 56-63.
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  • El Agrebi, N., Wilmart, O., Urbain, B., Danneels, EL., de Graaf, DC., Saegerman, C. 2019. Belgian case study on flumethrin residues in beeswax: Possible impact on honeybee and prediction of the maximum daily intake for consumers. Science of the total environment, 687: 712-719.
  • El Sakka, A., Abdulrhman, M., Shehata, IH. 2013. Comparison between topical application of honey, bees wax and olive oil propolis extract and nystatin for treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants. International Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 1(4): 39-42.
  • Eshete, Y., Eshetie, T. 2018. A Review on Crude Beeswax Mismanagement and Lose: Opportunities for Collection, Processing and Marketing in Ethiopia. Research Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2(4): 4-12.
  • Fratini, F., Cilia, G., Turchi, B., Felicioli, A. 2016. Beeswax: A minireview of its antimicrobial activity and its application in medicine. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 9(9): 839-843.
  • Fu, H., Wang, XJ., Lu, HF., Xu, QW. 2007. Experimental study on beeswax ointment in diabetic rabbit's model of wound healing [J]. Journal of Dalian Medical University, 4.
  • Giampieri, F., Quiles, JL., Orantes-Bermejo, FJ., Gasparrini, M., Forbes-Hernandez, TY., Sánchez-González, C., Cianciosi, D. 2018. Are by-products from beeswax recycling process a new promising source of bioactive compounds with biomedical properties? Food and Chemical Toxicology, 112: 126-133.
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  • Jiménez, JJ., Bernal, JL., del Nozal, MJ., Martín, MT. 2005. Residues of organic contaminants in beeswax. European journal of lipid science and technology, 107(12): 896-902.
  • Karazafiris, E., Tananaki, C., Thrasyvoulou, A., Menkissoglu-Spiroudi, U. 2011. Pesticide residues in bee products. Pesticides in the Modern World-Risks and Benefits, 89-126.
  • Khanzadi, M., Jafari, SM., Mirzaei, H., Chegini, FK., Maghsoudlou, Y., Dehnad, D. 2015. Physical and mechanical properties in biodegradable films of whey protein concentrate–pullulan by application of beeswax. Carbohydrate Polymers, 118: 24-29.
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BAL MUMUNUN YAPISI, KULLANIM ALANLARI ve BAZI TEMEL SORUNLARI

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 209 - 220, 09.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.781259

Abstract

Bal mumu arı kolonisinin yaşamsal faaliyetlerini üzerinde yürüttüğü peteğin ham maddesidir. Arıcılık işletmeleri için bal, polen, arı sütü ve arı ekmeği gibi bal mumu da bir arı ürünüdür. Bal mumu absorbe etme yeteneği kaynaklı kovan içi ve dışı kirleticileri bünyesinde biriktirebilmektedir. Bu şekilde kalıntı içeren peteklerden üretilen arı ürünleri insan ve arı sağlığı için risk oluşturmaktadır. Aynı zamanda eski petekler patojen mikroorganizmalar için konak işlevi görebilmektedir. Özellikle petek işleme tesisleri eski peteklerin hijyenik hale gelmesi açısından oldukça önemli bir sorumluluk taşımaktadır.
Bal mumunun çok geniş bir kullanım alanı içermesi dikkatleri de üzerine çekmiştir. Gıda sektöründe kaplayıcı ajan olarak, kozmetikte sabun ve kremlerde geniş kullanım yanısıra, tekstil, boya, kâğıt sanayinde ve sağlık sektöründe birçok alanda kullanılan bir üründür. Bal mumundan yapılan birçok süs eşyası da bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bal mumu ile ilgili son çalışmalar ışığında ilgili sektörlerinde faydalanabilecekleri yeni bakış açıları sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

References

  • Abdulrhman, M., Samir Elbarbary, N., Ahmed Amin, D., Saeid Ebrahim, R. 2012. Honey and a mixture of honey, beeswax, and olive oil–propolis extract in treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: a randomized controlled pilot study. Pediatric hematology and oncology, 29(3): 285-292.
  • Al-Waili, NS., Saloom, K. S., Al-Waili, TN., Al-Waili, AN. 2006. The safety and efficacy of a mixture of honey, olive oil, and beeswax for the management of hemorrhoids and anal fissure: a pilot study. The Scientific World Journal, (6): 1998-2005.
  • Al-Waili, NS. 2005. Mixture of honey, beeswax and olive oil inhibits growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Archives of medical research, 36(1): 10-13.
  • Al-Waili, NS. 2004. An alternative treatment for pityriasis versicolor, tinea cruris, tinea corporis and tinea faciei with topical application of honey, olive oil and beeswax mixture: an open pilot study. Complementary therapies in medicine, 12(1): 45-47.
  • Attama, AA., Adikwu, MU. 2007. Use of trona as a permeation enhancer for ointments prepared with beeswax extracted from native honeycombs. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, 4(2).
  • Baales, M., Birker, S., Mucha, F. 2017. Hafting with beeswax in the Final Palaeolithic: a barbed point from Bergkamen. antiquity, 91(359): 1155-1170.
  • Bağçe, A. 2008. Arıcılıkta kullanılan temel peteklerde naftalin kalıntısının belirlemesi üzerinde bir araştırma (Master's thesis, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü). 54 sayfa. Aydın.
  • Bayir, Y., Un, H., Ugan, RA., Akpinar, E., Cadirci, E., Calik, I., Halici, Z. 2019. The effects of Beeswax, Olive oil and Butter impregnated bandage on burn wound healing. Burns, 45(6): 1410-1417.
  • Benson, GG., Hemıngway, SR., Leach, FN. 1978. Composition of the wrappings of an ancient Egyptian mummy. J.Pharmacy and Pharmacol. 30:78.
  • Bernal, JL., Jiménez, JJ., del Nozal, MJ., Toribio, L., Martín, MT. 2005. Physico‐chemical parameters for the characterization of pure beeswax and detection of adulterations. European journal of lipid science and technology, 107(3): 158-166.
  • Bernardini, F., Tuniz, C., Coppa, A., Mancini, L., Dreossi, D., Eichert, D., Hua, Q. 2012. Beeswax as dental filling on a Neolithic human tooth. Plos one, 7(9), e44904.
  • Breed, MD., Garry, MF., Pearce, AN., Hibbard, BE., Bjostad, LB., Page Jr, RE. 1995. The role of wax comb in honey bee nestmate recognition. Animal Behaviour, 50 (2): 489-496.
  • Bommuraj, V., Chen, Y., Klein, H., Sperling, R., Barel, S., Shimshoni, JA. 2019. Pesticide and trace element residues in honey and beeswax combs from Israel in association with human risk assessment and honey adulteration. Food chemistry, 299, 125123.
  • Bogdanov, S. 2004. Quality and standards of pollen and beeswax. Apiacta, 38:334-341.
  • Buchwald, R., Breed, MD., Greenberg, AR., Otis, G. 2006. Interspecific variation in beeswax as a biological construction material. Journal of experimental biology, 209 (20): 3984-3989.
  • Buchwald, R., Breed, MD., Bjostad, L., Hibbard, BE., Greenberg, AR. 2009. The role of fatty acids in the mechanical properties of beeswax. Apidologie, 40(5): 585-594.
  • Calatayud-Vernich, P., Calatayud, F., Simó, E., Picó, Y. 2017. Occurrence of pesticide residues in Spanish beeswax. Science of The Total Environment, 605: 745-754.
  • Calatayud-Vernich, P., Calatayud, F., Simó, E., Picó, Y. 2018. Pesticide residues in honey bees, pollen and beeswax: Assessing beehive exposure. Environmental Pollution, 241: 106-114.
  • Carrillo, MP., Kadri, SM., Veiga, N., Orsi, RDO. 2015. Energetic feedings influence beeswax production by Apis mellifera L. honeybees. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 37(1): 73-76.
  • Carvalho, ADB., da Silva, AL., Silva, ADA., Netto, AJ., de Medeiros, TTB., Araújo Filho, JM., Oliveira, JR. 2019. Effect of slow-release urea microencapsulated in beeswax and its inclusion in ruminant diets. Small Ruminant Research, 179: 56-63.
  • Chauvin R. 1968. Traite' de biologie de l'abeille. Paris: Masson et Cie.
  • Collins, AM., Pettis, JS., Wilbanks, R., Feldlaufer, MF. 2004. Performance of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens reared in beeswax cells impregnated with coumaphos. Journal of Apicultural Research, 43(3): 128-134.
  • El Agrebi, N., Wilmart, O., Urbain, B., Danneels, EL., de Graaf, DC., Saegerman, C. 2019. Belgian case study on flumethrin residues in beeswax: Possible impact on honeybee and prediction of the maximum daily intake for consumers. Science of the total environment, 687: 712-719.
  • El Sakka, A., Abdulrhman, M., Shehata, IH. 2013. Comparison between topical application of honey, bees wax and olive oil propolis extract and nystatin for treatment of diaper dermatitis in infants. International Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health, 1(4): 39-42.
  • Eshete, Y., Eshetie, T. 2018. A Review on Crude Beeswax Mismanagement and Lose: Opportunities for Collection, Processing and Marketing in Ethiopia. Research Journal of Food and Nutrition, 2(4): 4-12.
  • Fratini, F., Cilia, G., Turchi, B., Felicioli, A. 2016. Beeswax: A minireview of its antimicrobial activity and its application in medicine. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 9(9): 839-843.
  • Fu, H., Wang, XJ., Lu, HF., Xu, QW. 2007. Experimental study on beeswax ointment in diabetic rabbit's model of wound healing [J]. Journal of Dalian Medical University, 4.
  • Giampieri, F., Quiles, JL., Orantes-Bermejo, FJ., Gasparrini, M., Forbes-Hernandez, TY., Sánchez-González, C., Cianciosi, D. 2018. Are by-products from beeswax recycling process a new promising source of bioactive compounds with biomedical properties? Food and Chemical Toxicology, 112: 126-133.
  • Güneş, E., Sert, D., Kübra Erçetin, H. 2019. Bal mumu ve propolis gibi kaplama ürünlerinin böcekteki etkisinin belirlenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(4): 2133-2139.
  • Gümüş, K., Özlü, ZK. 2017. The effect of a beeswax, olive oil and Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch mixture on burn injuries: an experimental study with a control group. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 34: 66-73.
  • Hepburn, HR., Bernard, RTF., Davidson, BC., Muller, WJ., Lloyd, P., Kurstjens, SP., Vincent, SL.1991. Synthesis and secretion of beeswax in honeybees. Apidologie, 22(1): 21-36.
  • Hepburn, HR., Pirk, CWW., Duangphakdee, O. 2014. The chemistry of beeswax. In Honeybee Nests (pp. 319-339). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Imran, M., Ahmad, M., Naeem, M., Saeed, S., Nasir, MF., Ahmad, A., Aslam, UA. 2015. Effect of fresh pollen pellets and pollen balls coated with and without beeswax on the life history parameter of bumblebee. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) Vol. 6, No. 5, p. 144-153,
  • Jiménez, JJ., Bernal, JL., del Nozal, MJ., Martín, MT. 2005. Residues of organic contaminants in beeswax. European journal of lipid science and technology, 107(12): 896-902.
  • Karazafiris, E., Tananaki, C., Thrasyvoulou, A., Menkissoglu-Spiroudi, U. 2011. Pesticide residues in bee products. Pesticides in the Modern World-Risks and Benefits, 89-126.
  • Khanzadi, M., Jafari, SM., Mirzaei, H., Chegini, FK., Maghsoudlou, Y., Dehnad, D. 2015. Physical and mechanical properties in biodegradable films of whey protein concentrate–pullulan by application of beeswax. Carbohydrate Polymers, 118: 24-29.
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There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Zootechny (Other)
Journal Section Review
Authors

Erkan Topal 0000-0002-1398-4390

Özgür Ceylan 0000-0002-1865-1093

Mustafa Kösoğlu 0000-0001-6616-089X

Rodica Mărgăoan 0000-0002-9246-1677

Mihaiela Cornea Cıpcıgan 0000-0003-3313-2416

Publication Date November 9, 2020
Acceptance Date September 29, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Topal E, Ceylan Ö, Kösoğlu M, Mărgăoan R, Cıpcıgan MC. BAL MUMUNUN YAPISI, KULLANIM ALANLARI ve BAZI TEMEL SORUNLARI. U. Arı. D.-U. Bee J. 2020;20(2):209-20.

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