Research Article
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INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METAL LEVELS OF BEESWAX IN BEE APIARIES IN ÇANKIRI

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 26 - 37, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1386309

Abstract

A total of 25 samples of beeswax (9 from the southern and 16 from the northern of Çankırı) were collected within the scope of this study. Heavy metal contents of these samples were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The mean iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se) levels in the samples were found to be 36.28 ppm, 1.69 ppm, 1.65 ppm, 1.14 ppm, 0.78 ppm, 0.68 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.13 ppm, 0.06 ppm, 0.01 ppm, respectively. Comparing the northern and southern regions, only Cd (1.10 ppm) was found to be higher in the southern region, whereas the other heavy metals were found to be higher in the northern region. No statistical difference was found between mean Fe, Pb, Zn, Al, Cr, V, and Se levels in the wax samples obtained from the northern and southern regions, whereas a statistically significant difference was found in Mn, Cu, and Cd concentrations. As a result, the heavy metal concentration in beeswax varied between the regions. Except for Cd element, all values were higher in the northern region of Çankırı and this region that is close to the highway with heavy traffic should be evaluated in terms of beekeeping.

Project Number

1919B012205068

References

  • Aalami AH, Hoseinzadeh M, Hosseini Manesh P, Jiryai Sharahi A, Kargar Aliabadi E. Carcinogenic effects of heavy metals by inducing dysregulation of microRNAs: A review. Molecular Biology Reports, 2022; 49(12): 12227-12238, doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07897-x.
  • Aljedani DM. Revealing some elements and heavy metals in honeybee and beeswax samples collected from different environments. Entomology and Applied Science Letters, 2020;7(4): 89-101.
  • Arslan S, Arıkan A. Arı Ürünlerindeki Ağır metal Birikimine Karayollarından Uzaklığın Etkisi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 2013; 1(2): 90-93, doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v1i2.90-93.38.
  • Aygün O. Elazığ’da Üretilen Balların Bazı Toksik Ağır Metal Düzeyleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2020;32(1):119-125 doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.593396.
  • Bommuraj V, Chen Y, Klein H, Sperling R, Barel S, Shimshoni JA. Pesticide and trace element residues in honey and beeswax combs from Israel in association with human risk assessment and honey adulteration. Food chemistry, 2019;299:125123. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125123.
  • Bakirci S. Aydın ilinde üretimi yapılan bazı arı ürünlerindeki ağır metal düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Master's thesis, Aydın, 2019.
  • Chaireh S, Ngasatool P, Kaewtatip K. Novel composite foam made from starch and water hyacinth with beeswax coating for food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020; 165: 1382–1391 doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.007.
  • Ćirić J, Spirić D, Baltić T, Lazić IB, Trbović D, Parunović N et al. Honey bees and their products as indicators of environmental element deposition. Biological Trace Element Research, 2021; 199 (6): 2312-2319 doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02321-6.
  • Di N, Hladun KR, Zhang K, Liu TX, Trumble, JT. Laboratory bioassays on the impact of cadmium, copper and lead on the development and survival of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae and foragers. Chemosphere, 2016; 152: 530-538, doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.033.
  • Dirim N. Kara rapor 2022 hava kirliliği ve sağlık etkileri. 2023; Available at https://www.temizhavahakki.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/KaraRapor_v6.pdf (Accessed Oct 10, 2023).
  • Emek, G. Aydın İli Efeler İlçesi Çeşme Sularındaki Bazı Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Master's thesis, Aydın, 2023.
  • Ernest E, Okeke Onyeka O, Ozuah A, Benard N. Comparative assessment of the heavy and trace metal levels in honey produced within Nsukka and Enugu Metropolis. Food Public Health, 2018; 8(2): 42-46, doi: 10.5923/j.fph.20180802.02.
  • Formicki G, Greń A, Stawarz R, Zyśk B, Gał A. Metal Content in Honey, Propolis, Wax, and Bee Pollen and Implications for Metal Pollution Monitoring. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2013; 22(1): 99-106.
  • Fratini F, Cilia G, Turchi B, Felicioli A. Beeswax: a minireview of its antimicrobial activity and its application in medicine. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2016; 9(9): 839–843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.003.
  • Gajger IT, Kosanović M, Oreščanin V, Kos S, Bilandžić N. Mineral content in honeybee wax combs as a measurement of the impact of environmental factors. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2019; 103: 697–703, doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02713-y.
  • Gürsel O, Eker İ, Kürekçi AE. Demir Metabolizması ve Bozuklukları. Journal of Pediatric Disease, 2015; 9(1): 71-77, doi: 10.12956/tjpd.2014.110.
  • Hassona, NM, El-Wahed AAA. Heavy Metal Concentrations of Beeswax (Apis mellifera L.) at Different Ages. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2023; 111(3): 26, doi.org/10.1007/s00128-023-03779-5.
  • Hladun KR, Smith BH, Mustard JA, Morton RR, Trumble JT. Selenium toxicity to honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) pollinators: effects on behaviors and survival. PloS one, 2012; 7(4): e34137, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034137.
  • Johri N, Jacquillet G, Unwin R. Heavy metal poisoning: the effects of cadmium on the kidney. Biometals, 2010; 23, 783-792, doi: 10.1007/s10534-010-9328-y.
  • Metin E, Koçyiğit M. Arı ürünlerinden apilarnil, apiair ve balmumu’nun sağlığımız için önemi. In: Orient publications, Tamamlayıcı ve Geleneksel Tıp, Ankara, 2022, s.155-171.
  • Mishra M, Nichols L, Dave A. Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Injury and Role of Toxic Heavy Metals in Chronic Kidney Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022; 23(19): 11105, doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911105.
  • Özbolat G, Tuli A. Ağır Metal Toksisitesinin İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri. aktd., 2016; 25(4): 502-521, doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253562.
  • Öztürk GB, Karan MA. Alzheimer hastalığının fizyopatolojisi. Klinik gelişim, 2009; 22(3): 36-45.
  • Pastacı N, Bahtiyar N, Karalük S, Gönül R, Or M, Dursun Ş et al. Köpeklerde alüminyum toksikasyonunun alzheimer hastalığı üzerine etkisi. Tübav Bilim Dergisi, 2010; 3(3): 271-275.
  • Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh, T, Samini F. Honey and health: A review of recent clinical research. Pharmacognosy research, 2017; 9(2): 121-127, doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.204647.
  • Sankhla MS, Kumari M, Nandan M, Kumar R, Agrawal P. Heavy metals contamination in water and their hazardous effect on human health-a review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 2016; 5(10): 759-766, doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3428216 .
  • Sitarz-Palczak E, Kalembkiewicz J, Dagmara Galas D. Evaluation of the content of selected heavy metals in samples of Polish honeys. J Ecol Eng, 2015; 16(13): 130–138,doi: 10.12911/22998993/2946.
  • Topal E, Ceylan Ö, Kösoğlu M, Mărgăoan R, Cıpcıgan MC. Bal mumunun yapısı, kullanım alanları ve bazı temel sorunları. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 2020; 20(2): 209-220, doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.781259.
  • Türker NP. Kanser Gelişiminde Ağır Metallerin Rolü. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 2023; 6(1): 101-118, doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1176738.
  • Ullah R, Jan FA, Gulab H, Saleem S, Ullah N, Wajidullah. Metals contents in honey, beeswax and bees and human health risk assessment due to consumption of honey: a case study from selected districts in Khyber
  • Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2022; 82 (3): 341-354, doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00910-7.
  • Valdovinos-Flores C, Alcantar-Rosales VM, Gaspar-Ramírez O, Saldaña-Loza LM, Dorantes-Ugalde JA. Agricultural pesticide residues in honey and wax combs from Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Apicultural Research, 2017; 56 (5): 667-679, doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2017.1340798.
  • Van der Steen JJ, de Kraker J, Grotenhuis T. Assessment of the potential of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in biomonitoring of air pollution by cadmium, lead and vanadium. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015; 6(02): 96, doi: 10.4236/jep.2015.62011.
  • Yarsan E, Karacal F, Ibrahim IG, Dikmen B, Koksal A, Das YK. Contents of some metals in honeys from different regions in Turkey. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2007; 79: 255-258, doi: 10.1007/s00128-007-9034-9.
  • Zafeiraki E, Sabo R, Kasiotis KM, Machera K, Sabová L, Majchrák T. Adult honeybees and beeswax as indicators of trace elements pollution in a vulnerable environment: distribution among different apicultural compartments. Molecules, 2022; 27(19): 6629, doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196629

Çankırı’da Arı İşletmelerindeki Peteklerin Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Araştırılması

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 26 - 37, 29.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.1386309

Abstract

Bu çalışma kapsamında Çankırı'nın güneyinden 9 ve kuzeyinden 16 olmak üzere toplam 25 örnek alınmıştır. Bu örneklerin ağır metal içerikleri indüktif eşleşmiş plazma kütle spektroskopisi (ICP-MS) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Örneklerdeki ortalama demir (Fe), çinko (Zn), bakır (Cu), mangan (Mn), kurşun (Pb), alüminyum (Al), krom (Cr), vanadyum (V), kadmiyum (Cd), selenyum (Se) değerleri sırasıyla 36,28 ppm, 1,69 ppm, 1,65 ppm, 1,14 ppm, 0,78 ppm, 0,68 ppm, 0,30 ppm, 0,13 ppm, 0,06 ppm, 0,01 ppm'dir. Kuzey ve güney bölgeleri arasında sadece Cd (1.10 ppm) güney bölgesinde yüksek bulunurken, diğer ağır metaller kuzey bölgesinde yüksek bulunmuştur. Çalışmada, kuzey ve güney bölgelerinden alınan balmumu örneklerindeki Fe, Pb, Zn, Al, Cr, V ve Se ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel bir fark bulunmazken, Mn, Cu ve Cd konsantrasyonları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, arı ürünlerinden biri olan balmumundaki ağır metal konsantrasyonu bölgelere göre değişiklik göstermiştir. Cd elementi hariç tüm değerler Çankırı'nın kuzey bölgesinde daha yüksek olup, trafiğin yoğun olduğu karayoluna yakın olan bu bölgenin arıcılık açısından değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.

Supporting Institution

2209-A Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı ile TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

1919B012205068

Thanks

Çankırı Arı Yetiştiricileri Birliği

References

  • Aalami AH, Hoseinzadeh M, Hosseini Manesh P, Jiryai Sharahi A, Kargar Aliabadi E. Carcinogenic effects of heavy metals by inducing dysregulation of microRNAs: A review. Molecular Biology Reports, 2022; 49(12): 12227-12238, doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07897-x.
  • Aljedani DM. Revealing some elements and heavy metals in honeybee and beeswax samples collected from different environments. Entomology and Applied Science Letters, 2020;7(4): 89-101.
  • Arslan S, Arıkan A. Arı Ürünlerindeki Ağır metal Birikimine Karayollarından Uzaklığın Etkisi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 2013; 1(2): 90-93, doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v1i2.90-93.38.
  • Aygün O. Elazığ’da Üretilen Balların Bazı Toksik Ağır Metal Düzeyleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 2020;32(1):119-125 doi.org/10.35234/fumbd.593396.
  • Bommuraj V, Chen Y, Klein H, Sperling R, Barel S, Shimshoni JA. Pesticide and trace element residues in honey and beeswax combs from Israel in association with human risk assessment and honey adulteration. Food chemistry, 2019;299:125123. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125123.
  • Bakirci S. Aydın ilinde üretimi yapılan bazı arı ürünlerindeki ağır metal düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Master's thesis, Aydın, 2019.
  • Chaireh S, Ngasatool P, Kaewtatip K. Novel composite foam made from starch and water hyacinth with beeswax coating for food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol, 2020; 165: 1382–1391 doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.007.
  • Ćirić J, Spirić D, Baltić T, Lazić IB, Trbović D, Parunović N et al. Honey bees and their products as indicators of environmental element deposition. Biological Trace Element Research, 2021; 199 (6): 2312-2319 doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02321-6.
  • Di N, Hladun KR, Zhang K, Liu TX, Trumble, JT. Laboratory bioassays on the impact of cadmium, copper and lead on the development and survival of honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae and foragers. Chemosphere, 2016; 152: 530-538, doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.033.
  • Dirim N. Kara rapor 2022 hava kirliliği ve sağlık etkileri. 2023; Available at https://www.temizhavahakki.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/KaraRapor_v6.pdf (Accessed Oct 10, 2023).
  • Emek, G. Aydın İli Efeler İlçesi Çeşme Sularındaki Bazı Ağır Metal Düzeylerinin Araştırılması. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Master's thesis, Aydın, 2023.
  • Ernest E, Okeke Onyeka O, Ozuah A, Benard N. Comparative assessment of the heavy and trace metal levels in honey produced within Nsukka and Enugu Metropolis. Food Public Health, 2018; 8(2): 42-46, doi: 10.5923/j.fph.20180802.02.
  • Formicki G, Greń A, Stawarz R, Zyśk B, Gał A. Metal Content in Honey, Propolis, Wax, and Bee Pollen and Implications for Metal Pollution Monitoring. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2013; 22(1): 99-106.
  • Fratini F, Cilia G, Turchi B, Felicioli A. Beeswax: a minireview of its antimicrobial activity and its application in medicine. Asian Pac J Trop Med, 2016; 9(9): 839–843, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.003.
  • Gajger IT, Kosanović M, Oreščanin V, Kos S, Bilandžić N. Mineral content in honeybee wax combs as a measurement of the impact of environmental factors. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2019; 103: 697–703, doi.org/10.1007/s00128-019-02713-y.
  • Gürsel O, Eker İ, Kürekçi AE. Demir Metabolizması ve Bozuklukları. Journal of Pediatric Disease, 2015; 9(1): 71-77, doi: 10.12956/tjpd.2014.110.
  • Hassona, NM, El-Wahed AAA. Heavy Metal Concentrations of Beeswax (Apis mellifera L.) at Different Ages. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2023; 111(3): 26, doi.org/10.1007/s00128-023-03779-5.
  • Hladun KR, Smith BH, Mustard JA, Morton RR, Trumble JT. Selenium toxicity to honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) pollinators: effects on behaviors and survival. PloS one, 2012; 7(4): e34137, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034137.
  • Johri N, Jacquillet G, Unwin R. Heavy metal poisoning: the effects of cadmium on the kidney. Biometals, 2010; 23, 783-792, doi: 10.1007/s10534-010-9328-y.
  • Metin E, Koçyiğit M. Arı ürünlerinden apilarnil, apiair ve balmumu’nun sağlığımız için önemi. In: Orient publications, Tamamlayıcı ve Geleneksel Tıp, Ankara, 2022, s.155-171.
  • Mishra M, Nichols L, Dave A. Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Injury and Role of Toxic Heavy Metals in Chronic Kidney Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022; 23(19): 11105, doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911105.
  • Özbolat G, Tuli A. Ağır Metal Toksisitesinin İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri. aktd., 2016; 25(4): 502-521, doi.org/10.17827/aktd.253562.
  • Öztürk GB, Karan MA. Alzheimer hastalığının fizyopatolojisi. Klinik gelişim, 2009; 22(3): 36-45.
  • Pastacı N, Bahtiyar N, Karalük S, Gönül R, Or M, Dursun Ş et al. Köpeklerde alüminyum toksikasyonunun alzheimer hastalığı üzerine etkisi. Tübav Bilim Dergisi, 2010; 3(3): 271-275.
  • Samarghandian S, Farkhondeh, T, Samini F. Honey and health: A review of recent clinical research. Pharmacognosy research, 2017; 9(2): 121-127, doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.204647.
  • Sankhla MS, Kumari M, Nandan M, Kumar R, Agrawal P. Heavy metals contamination in water and their hazardous effect on human health-a review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 2016; 5(10): 759-766, doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3428216 .
  • Sitarz-Palczak E, Kalembkiewicz J, Dagmara Galas D. Evaluation of the content of selected heavy metals in samples of Polish honeys. J Ecol Eng, 2015; 16(13): 130–138,doi: 10.12911/22998993/2946.
  • Topal E, Ceylan Ö, Kösoğlu M, Mărgăoan R, Cıpcıgan MC. Bal mumunun yapısı, kullanım alanları ve bazı temel sorunları. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 2020; 20(2): 209-220, doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.781259.
  • Türker NP. Kanser Gelişiminde Ağır Metallerin Rolü. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 2023; 6(1): 101-118, doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1176738.
  • Ullah R, Jan FA, Gulab H, Saleem S, Ullah N, Wajidullah. Metals contents in honey, beeswax and bees and human health risk assessment due to consumption of honey: a case study from selected districts in Khyber
  • Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2022; 82 (3): 341-354, doi.org/10.1007/s00244-021-00910-7.
  • Valdovinos-Flores C, Alcantar-Rosales VM, Gaspar-Ramírez O, Saldaña-Loza LM, Dorantes-Ugalde JA. Agricultural pesticide residues in honey and wax combs from Southeastern, Central and Northeastern Mexico. Journal of Apicultural Research, 2017; 56 (5): 667-679, doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2017.1340798.
  • Van der Steen JJ, de Kraker J, Grotenhuis T. Assessment of the potential of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in biomonitoring of air pollution by cadmium, lead and vanadium. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015; 6(02): 96, doi: 10.4236/jep.2015.62011.
  • Yarsan E, Karacal F, Ibrahim IG, Dikmen B, Koksal A, Das YK. Contents of some metals in honeys from different regions in Turkey. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2007; 79: 255-258, doi: 10.1007/s00128-007-9034-9.
  • Zafeiraki E, Sabo R, Kasiotis KM, Machera K, Sabová L, Majchrák T. Adult honeybees and beeswax as indicators of trace elements pollution in a vulnerable environment: distribution among different apicultural compartments. Molecules, 2022; 27(19): 6629, doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196629
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Pınar Portakal 0000-0002-5994-5872

Mustafa Çiltepe 0009-0003-7013-1305

Project Number 1919B012205068
Early Pub Date May 25, 2024
Publication Date May 29, 2024
Submission Date November 5, 2023
Acceptance Date January 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Portakal P, Çiltepe M. INVESTIGATION OF HEAVY METAL LEVELS OF BEESWAX IN BEE APIARIES IN ÇANKIRI. U. Arı. D.-U. Bee J. 2024;24(1):26-37.

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