19. YÜZYILDA CHOSON KRALLIĞI’NIN YÖNETİM ANLAYIŞINDA MEYDANA GELEN DEĞİŞİM VE DIŞ İLİŞKİLERİN BAŞLANGICI

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 51 - 70, 30.04.2019

Müge Kübra Oğuz

https://doi.org/10.31454/usb.582751

Abstract

Choson
Krallığı kuruluşundan itibaren yönetim sisteminde Neo-Konfüçyanist ideolojiyi
benimsemiştir. Bu kapsamda dış ilişkilerini Çin ve Japonya ile sınırlı bir
şekilde tutmuş, diğer devletlerle ilişkiler kurmaktan kaçınarak kendisini izole
hale getirmiştir. Ancak 19. yüzyılda Amerika ve Avrupalı devletler dini,
siyasi, ekonomik gibi birbirinden farklı amaçlarla Asya’ya yönelmişlerdir. Çin
ve Japonya’nın antlaşmalar imzalayarak Batılı devletlerle ilişkiler
kurmalarının ardından Choson’un izolasyon politikasında değişim başlamıştır.
Kore Yarımadası’na Hristiyanlık dini ve Batılı düşüncelerin girmesi bu değişimi
tetiklemiştir. Bu unsurların yarımadaya girişinin yarattığı iç problemleri
fırsat bilen Batılı ülkeler Choson Krallığı ile antlaşmalar imzalamak için
çeşitli denemelerde bulunmuşlardır. Batılı devletlerin antlaşma isteklerini
reddeden Choson’u uluslararası platforma sokan ülke ise 1876 yılında imzaladığı
Kanghwa Antlaşması ile Japonya olmuştur.

Keywords

Kore Yarımadası, Doğu Asya, Dış İlişkiler, Choson Krallığı

References

• (1791, November 8). Jeongjo Sillok, s. 2. (1865, October 10). Gojong Sillok, s. 11. (1866, September 23). Gojong Sillok, s. 1. (1866, July 25). Gojong Sillok, s. 3. (1866, July 27). Gojong Sillok, s. 2. (1874, July 3). Gojong Sillok, s. 1. (1874, June 29). Gojong Sillok, s. 1. (1876, February 3). Gojong Sillok, s. 1. Adams, D. J. (2010). Ghosts, Spirits, and Saints: Ancestors and the Catholic Church in Korea. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch, 85, 109-130. Ahvenainen, J. (1981). The Far Eastern Telegraphs: the History of Telegraphic Communications between the Far East, Europe and America before the First World War. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Armaoğlu, F. (2007). 19. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi. Alkım Yayınevi. Bae, H. S. (1984). 조선에 전래된 천주교 서적 (Choson'a Getirilen Katolik Kitaplar). 한국교회사논문집 (Kore Kilise Tarihi Makaleler Yayını) (Cilt 1, s. 1-31). içinde 한국 교회사 연구소 (Kore Kilise Tarihi Enstitüsü) . Baker, D., & Rausch, F. (2017). Catholics and anti-Catholicism in Choson Korea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Bays, D. H. (2002). A New History of Christianity in China. Blackwell Publishing. Bol, P. K. (2008). Neo-Confucianism in History. Harvard University Press. Brother Anthony. (2014). Origins of the Catholic Church in Korea: A Letter. Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch, 89, 169-192. Cable, E. M. (1938). The United States-Korean Relations 1866-1871. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch, 28, 1-229. Cady, J. F. (1954). The Roots of French Imperialism in Eastern Asia 1901-1996. Cornell University Press. Chang, G. H. (2003, March). “Whose "Barbarism"? Whose "Treachery"? Race and Civilization in the Unknown United States-Korea War of 1871. The Journal of American History, 4, 1331-1365. Cho, K. (2010). 조선 후기 천주교사 연구 의 기초 (Choson'un Son Dönemlerinde Katoliklik Üzerine Araştırmaların Temeli). 경인문화사 (Kyungin Publishing). Choe , C. Y. (1972). The Rule of the T'aewongun, 1864-1873: Restoration in Korea. Cambridge: Harvard Yenching Institute. Choi , S. W. (1986). 한불관계자료:1846-1887 (Resource of Korea-France Relations). 한국교회사연구소 (Hanguk Gyohoesa Yeonguso). Choi, D. S. (2001). King Kojong's Perception of the West during the Period of Opening of Ports. International Journal of Korean History, 2(1), 123-136. Choi, J. G. (2005). 조선 후기 서학의 수용과 발전 (Choson'un Son Dönemlerinde Batı Biliminin Kabulü ve Gelişimi). 한들출판사 (Handl Yayıncılık). Choi, S. B. (1968). The French Jesuit Mission in Korea, 1827-1866. North Dakota Quarterly, 36, 17-29. Chong, E., & Kim, H. K. (1968). Korea and the Politics of Imperialism, 1876-1910. University of California Press. Conroy , H. (1960). The Japanese Seizure of Korea: 1868-1910, A Study of Realism and Idealism in International Relations. University of Pennsylvania Press. Cook, H. F. (1982). On the Centenary of America's First Treaty with Korea. Royal Asiatic Society-Korea Branch, 57, 11-28. Deuchler, M. (1992). The Confucian Transformation of Korea: A Study of Society and Ideology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Eckert, C. J., Lee, K. B., Lew, Y. I., & Robinson, M. (1991). Korea Old and New A History. (E. W. Wagner, Çev.) Harvard University Press. Fairbank, J. K. (1965). East Asia: The Modern Transformation. (A History of East Asian Civilization, Vol. II). Houghton Mifflin. Galaup, J.-F. (1798). The voyage of La Pérouse round the world, in the years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, with the nautical tables. London. Go , B. I. (1977). 한 중 일 동양 3 개항 비교 (Kore,Çin,Japonya Doğu'daki 3 Devletin Ticarete Açılmasının Karşılaştırılması). Seoul: SNU Press. Grayson, J. H. (2006). A Quarter-Millennium of Christianity in Korea. R. E. Buswell (Dü.) içinde, Christianity in Korea (s. 7-28). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Griffis, W. E. (1894). Corea, the Hermit Nation. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Haboush, J. K. (1988). A Heritage of Kings- One Man's Monarchy in the Confucian World. New York: Columbia University Press. Hahm, P. C. (1984). The Korean Perception of the United States. Y. Koo, & D. S. Suh (Dü) içinde, Korea and the United States: A Century of Cooperation (s. 23-52). University of Hawaii Press. Holcombe, C. (2016). Doğu Asya Tarihi: Medeniyetin Köklerinden 21.Yüzyıla Kadar Çin Japonya Kore. (M. Özeren, Çev.) Dergâh Yayınları. Hwang, A. Y., & Kim, L. T. (2009). “The Silk Letter of Alexander Sayong Hwang: Introduction and Abridged Translation s. 167- 179. Missiology: An International Review, 37(2), 167-179. Jansen, M. B. (Dü.). (1989). The Cambridge History of Japan The Nineteenth Century (Cilt 5). Cambridge University Press. Jeong, E. K. (2016). Kore Milliyetçiliği, Türkiye ve Kore’de Milliyetçilik Anlayışlarının Gelişme Süreçleri (1910-1945). Antalya: Likya Yayınları. Kane, D. C. (1999). Bellonet and Roze: Overzealous Servants of Empire and the 1866 French Attack on Korea. Korean Studies, 23, 1-23. Kang, H. J. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations From the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Macmillan Press Ltd. Key, P. Y., & Henderson , G. (1959). An Outline History of Korean Confucianism: Part II: The Schools of Yi Confucianism. The Journal of Asian Studies, 18(2), 259-276. Kim , H. S. (2013). 1875년 朝日交涉의 실패 요인 (1875 Kore-Japonya İletişiminde Başarısızlığın Nedenleri). 한일관계사연구 (The Korea-Japan Historical Review), 45, 289-328. Kim, D. K. (2005). The History of Korea. Greenwood Press. Kim, D. S., & Sarı, Ö. (2013). Osmanlı Devleti ile Choson Devleti’nde Geleneksel Yükseköğretimin Karşılaştırılması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 279-290. Kim, J. (2012). A History of Korea From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. Kim, J. S. (1995). 주문모 신부 선교 활동 전후의 순교자들 (Those who were martyred around the time Father Zhou Wenmo was proselytizing in Korea). 교회사연구 (The Research Foundation of Korean Church History), 10, 93-122. Kim, K. H. (1980). The Last Phase of the East Asian Order: Korea, Japan, and the Chinese Empire, 1860-1882. Berkeley: University of California Press. Kum, C. T. (2004). The Doctrinal Disputes between Confucianism and Western Thought in the Late Choson Period. T. F. Korea, & S. Y. Chai (Dü.). içinde California: Asian Humanities Press. Lee , K. G. (2008). Trope of a Sovereign State: Treaty-Making by Korea from 1876-1899. The Review of Korean Studies, 11(3), 11-36. Lee , S. K. (1962). Some Lesser Known Facts About Taewon-gun and His Foreign Policy. Transactions of the. Korea Branch of the Royal Society, 39, 23-46. Lieven, D. (Dü.). (2006). The Cambridge History Of Russia, Vol.II. Imperial Russia, 1689–1917. Cambridge University Press. Linschoten, J. (1974). Discours of voyages into y[e] East & West Indies. Norwood, N. J. : W. J. Johnson. Macdonald, D. S. (1959). The American Role in the Opening of Korea to the West. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch, 35, 51-66. Marshall, A. (2006). The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800–1917. Routledge. McGovern, W. M. (1920). Modern Japan: Its Political, Military, and Industrial Organization. Fisher Unwin. Min, K. B. (2005). A History of Christian Churches in Korea. Yonsei University Press. Mr. Williams to Prince Kung. (1868, March 3). Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the Second Session of the Fortieth Congress. 10 12, 2018 tarihinde https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1868p1/pg_545 adresinden alındı Mr. Williams to The Foreign Office. (1866, October 23). Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Accompanying the Annual Message of the President to the Second Session of the Fortieth Congress. 10 12, 2018 tarihinde https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1867p1/pg_416 adresinden alındı Murray, I. (2011). Seward's True Folly: American Diplomacy and Strategy During "Our Little War with the Heathens" Korea, 1871. Penn History Review, 18, 43-68. Neff, R. (2012). Robert Thomas’s First Trip To Korea. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, 88, 152-177. Nish, I. H. (2002). Japanese Foreign Policy, 1869-1942: Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka Foreign Policies of The Great Powers. Routledge & K. Paul. Oh, B. B. (1980). Sino-Japanese Rivalry in Korea, 1876-1885. A. Iriye (Dü.) içinde, The Chinese and the Japanese: Essays in Political and Cultural Interactions. Princeton University Press. Oh, M. W. (1933). The Two Visits of the Rev, R. J. Thomas to Korea. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, 22, 97-123. Oppert, E. (1880). A Forbidden Land, Voyages to the Corea. London. Palais, J. (1975). Politics and Policy in Traditional Korea. Harvard University Press. Pyle, K. B. (1969). The New Generation in Meiji Japan: Problems of Cultural Identity 1885- 1895. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press. Seth, M. J. (2011). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman and Littlefield. Shin, I. C. (2006, December). The Experiences of Visiting Catholic Churches in Beijing and the Recognition of Western Learning Reflected in the Journals of Travel to Beijing. The Review of Korean Studies, 9(4), 11-31. Shin, I. C. (2009). Perceptions of the West in Choson Travel Accounts –Choson Encounters with the ‘West’ in Beijing. SOAS-AKS Working Papers in Korean Studies (s. 1-19). University of London. Swisher, E. (1952, August). The Adventure of Four Americans in Korea and Peking in 1855. Pacific Historical Review, 21(3), 237-241. Yoon, M. G. (2002). 한국 천구교회의 기원 (The Origins of The Catholic Church in Korea). 국학자료원 (Kookhak Yayıncılık). 신편 한국사 (Yeni Kore Tarihi) (Cilt 32). (2002). 국사편찬위원회 (Kore Tarihi Ulusal Enstitüsü).