<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>usbed</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler ve Eğitim Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2687-3060</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Aytekin Demircioğlu</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Business Administration</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>İşletme </subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Marka mutluluğu ölçek geliştirme çalışması ve uygulaması</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Brand happiness scale development study and implementation</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5734-2552</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Süer</surname>
                                    <given-names>Süheyla</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                                    <volume>8</volume>
                                        <issue>14</issue>
                                        <fpage>267</fpage>
                                        <lpage>296</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260113">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>13</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260219">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>19</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019, International Journal of Social and Educational Sciences</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>International Journal of Social and Educational Sciences</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Marka mutluluğu, tüketicinin ya da müşterinin, farklı temas noktalarında karşılaştığı, markanın etkisinden ve yüksek marka hizmetinden aldığı duyusal ve duygusal tatminidir. Bu çalışma bir ölçek geliştirme çalışmasıdır. Çalışma kapsamında tüketici bakış açısıyla marka mutluluğu ölçeği geliştirilmiş, mutluluk kavramı marka özelinde ele alınmıştır. Önce tüketicilerin mutluluk konusundaki algıları 548 tüketicinin katılımıyla araştırılmıştır. Daha sonra ise marka mutluluğuna yönelik 52 tüketicinin katılımıyla araştırma yapılmış ve tüketicilerin markadan mutlu olma parametreleri ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Marka mutluluğuna ait bu parametreler 2 akademisyen ve 3 pazarlama uzmanıyla değerlendirilmiş ve bir anket formu oluşturulmuştur. Bir sonraki aşamada ise oluşturulan anketin pilot çalışması 31 tüketicinin katılımıyla yapılmış ve anket soruları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda hazır anket formu 460 Türk tüketiciye uygulanmış ve veriler analiz edilmiştir. Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve güvenirlik analizleri sonucu iki faktör, on üç maddeden oluşan marka mutluluğu ölçeği elde edilmiştir. Ölçeğin birinci faktörü marka etkisi faktörüdür. Bu faktör altında yedi madde bulunmaktadır. İkinci faktör ise marka hizmeti faktörüdür ve bu faktör altında altı madde bulunmaktadır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda elde edilen değerler kabul edilebilir düzeydedir. Ölçeğin χ2/sd= 2,654 ve p değeri= 0,000 bulunmuştur. Yapılan analiz sonucunda uyum indeksleri (RMSEA = 0,060; RMR = 0,025; GFI = 0,948; AGFI = 0,923; CFI = 0,941; NFI = 0,909; IFI = 0,942; TLI (NNFI) = 0,926) ölçeğin kabul edilir düzeyde olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca ölçek geliştirme sürecinin her aşamasında tüketicilere kendilerini en mutlu eden marka sorulmuştur. Aşamaların büyük çoğunluğunda tüketicileri en mutlu eden markanın Zara markası olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Ölçek Türk tüketiciler üzerinde uygulanmıştır dolayısıyla literatürdeki diğer ölçeklerle karşılaştırıldığında coğrafya, zaman, kültür, tutum ve davranış bakımından Türk tüketicilerini ve pazarını daha iyi yansıtmakta ve ölçmektedir. Geliştirilen bu ölçeğin markaların gelişimine katkı sunacağı, markadan mutlu müşterilerin markaların pazar paylarının artmasına katkı sağlayacağı ve tüketicinin markaya sadakatini, uzun vadede memnuniyetini sağlayacağı ön görülmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Brand happiness is the sensory and emotional satisfaction that the consumer or customer receives from the brand&#039;s impact and high brand service encountered at different touch points. This study is a scale development study. Within the scope of the study, a brand happiness scale was developed from a consumer perspective and the concept of happiness was addressed specifically for the brand. First, consumers&#039; perceptions of happiness were investigated with the participation of 548 consumers. Later, a research was conducted with the participation of 52 consumers regarding brand happiness and the parameters of consumers&#039; happiness with the brand were revealed. These parameters of brand happiness were evaluated by 2 academicians and 3 marketing experts and a survey form was created. In the next stage, the pilot study of the survey was conducted with the participation of 31 consumers and the survey questions were evaluated. As a result of this evaluation, the ready-made survey form was applied to 460 Turkish consumers and the data was analyzed. As a result of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis, a brand happiness scale consisting of two factors and thirteen items was obtained. The first factor of the scale is the brand impact factor. There are seven items under this factor. The second factor is the brand service factor and there are six items under this factor. The values obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis are within acceptable limits. The analysis results show that the fit indices indicate (RMSEA = 0,060; RMR = 0,025; GFI = 0,948; AGFI = 0,923; CFI = 0,941; NFI = 0,909; IFI = 0,942; TLI (NNFI) = 0,926) the scale is at an acceptable level. Additionally, at each stage of the scale development process, consumers were asked which brand made them happiest. It has been found that the brand that makes consumers happiest in the majority of the stages is Zara. The scale was applied to Turkish consumers, so compared to other scales in the literature, it better reflects and measures Turkish consumers and the market in terms of geography, time, culture, attitude and behavior. It is anticipated that this developed scale will contribute to the development of brands, that customers happy with the brand will contribute to the increase of the brands&#039; market shares and that it will ensure consumer loyalty to the brand and satisfaction in the long term.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Marka Mutluluğu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ölçek Geliştirme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Marka</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Mutluluk</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Tüketici</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Brand Happiness</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Scale Development</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Brand</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Happiness</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Consumer</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">American Marketing Association. (2025, July 2). Definitions of marketing. https://www.ama.org/the-definition-of-marketing-what-is-marketing/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Armstrong, G., &amp; Kotler, P. (2013). Marketing. Pearson Education.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baltaş, A. (2022). Hayatın hakkını vermek. Doğan Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Banerjee, S., Shaikh, A., &amp; Sharma, A. (2024). The role of online retail website experience on brand happiness and willingness to share personal information: An SOR perspective. Marketing Intelligence &amp; Planning, 42(3), 553-575.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Batra, R., Ahuvia, A., &amp; Bagozzi, R. P. (2012). Brand love. Journal of Marketing, 76, 1-16.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bjørnskov, C. (2020). Mutluluk (A. E. Pilgir, Çev.). Edisyon Kitap.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Brakus, J. J., Schmitt, B. H., &amp; Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand experience: What is it? How is it measured? Does it affect loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 73, 52-68.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Browne, M. W., &amp; Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods &amp; Research, 21, 230-258.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bruhn, M., &amp; Schnebelen, S. (2017). Brand happiness: The searching and finding of the “holy grail” of marketing. Die Unternehmung, 71(4), 464-489.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64-73.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Comrey, A. L., &amp; Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Psychology Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., &amp; Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Pegem Akademi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demir, M. (2024). Marka mutluluğunun marka savunuculuğu ve satın alma niyetine etkisinde marka aşkı ve marka kıskançlığının rolü (Tez Numarası 864020) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fornell, C., &amp; Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(4), 343-353.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gürbüz, S., &amp; Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri (5. bs.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., &amp; Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., &amp; Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R. Springer Nature.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hamid, M. R. A., Sami, W., &amp; Sidek, M. H. M. (2017). Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell &amp; Larcker criterion versus HTMT criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890, 1-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Helm, D. T. (2000). The measurement of happiness. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 105(5), 326-335.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Keller, K. L. (2013). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity (4th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lavrakas, P. J. (Ed.). (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lenoir, F. (2021). Mutluluk üstüne (A. Turgut, Çev.). Bilge Kültür Sanat.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marofi, Z., Bandari, R., Heravi-Karimooi, M., Rejeh, N., &amp; Montazeri, A. (2020). Cultural adoption, and validation of the Persian version of the Coronary Artery Disease Education Questionnaire (CADE-Q): A second-order confirmatory factor analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 20(345), 1-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marsh, H. W., &amp; Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 562-582.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mogilner, C., Aaker, J., &amp; Kamvar, S. D. (2012). How happiness affects choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 39(2), 429-443.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Morgan, N. J., Pritchard, A., &amp; Piggott, R. (2003). Destination branding and the role of the stakeholders: The case of New Zealand. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9(3), 285-299.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mucuk, İ. (2017). Pazarlama ilkeleri (20. bs.). Türkmen Kitabevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nikkhah, M., Heravi-Karimooi, M., Montazeri, A., Rejeh, N., &amp; Nia, H. S. (2018). Psychometric properties the Iranian version of Older People’s Quality of Life Questionnaire (OPQOL). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(174), 1-10.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oliver, R. L. (2010). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer (2nd ed.). Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oliver, R. L., Rust, R. T., &amp; Varki, S. (1997). Customer delight: Foundations, findings, and managerial insight. Journal of Retailing, 73(3), 311-336.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Park, C. W., MacInnis, D. J., Priester, J., Eisingerich, A. B., &amp; Iacobucci, D. (2010). Brand attachment and brand attitude strength: Conceptual and empirical differentiation of two critical brand equity drivers. Journal of Marketing, 74, 1-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Qing, T., &amp; Haiying, D. (2021). How to achieve consumer continuance intention toward branded apps from the consumer brand engagement perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60, Article 102486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102486</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ricard, M. (2021). Mutluluğa övgü (O. Kunal, Çev.). Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schmid, W. (2019). Mutsuz olmak (T. Bora, Çev.). İletişim Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seçer, İ. (2017). SPSS ve LISREL ile pratik veri analizi: Analiz ve raporlaştırma (2. bs.). Anı Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shrestha, N. (2021). Factor analysis as a tool for survey analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 9(1), 4-11.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sığrı, Ü. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Beta Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Storbeck, J., &amp; Wylie, J. (2018). The functional and dysfunctional aspects of happiness: Cognitive, physiological, behavioral, and health considerations. In H. C. Lench (Ed.), The function of emotions: When and why emotions help us (pp. 195-220). Springer International Publishing.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">T. C. Resmî Gazete. (1995, June 27). 27.06.1995 tarihli ve 22326 sayılı Resmî Gazete. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22326.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Thomson, M., MacInnis, D. J., &amp; Park, C. W. (2005). The ties that bind: Measuring the strength of consumers&#039; emotional attachments to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(1), 77-91.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türk Dil Kurumu. (2025). Güncel Türkçe sözlük. https://sozluk.gov.tr/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Türkiye Ölçme Araçları Dizini. (2025). Mutluluk [Arama sonuçları]. https://toad.halileksi.net/?s=mutluluk&amp;sm=b&amp;sonuc=25&amp;sirala=baslik</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Veenhoven, R. (2012). Happiness: Also known as &#039;life satisfaction&#039; and &#039;subjective well-being&#039;. In K. C. Land, A. C. Michalos, &amp; M. J. Sirgy (Eds.), Handbook of social indicators and quality of life research (pp. 1-28). Springer.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Word Art. (2025). Kelime bulutu [Word cloud generator]. https://wordart.com/create</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">World Database of Happiness. (2025). Welcome to the World Database of Happiness. https://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 341-352.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zorkol, S. (2022). Tüketim kültüründe marka ve marka mutluluğu (Tez Numarası 737898) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
