Abstract
Amaç: Dalış, solunan gaz yoğunluğunun artışı, soğuk ve kuru hava soluma, immersiyonun etkisi, oksijen toksisitesi, kabarcıkların akciğerlerde filtrasyonu gibi nedenlerle solunum fonksiyonlarında değişikliklere yol açmaktadır. Bu değişiklikler daha çok az sayıda profesyonel dalgıcı ilgilendiren derin ve özel dalışlarda incelenmiştir ve çoğunlukla uzun süreli etkiler araştırılmıştır. Günümüzde milyonlarca insanın giderek artan bir yoğunlukla katıldığı SCUBA dalışları hakkında araştırma ise oldukça azdır. Bu çalışmada kısa süre yapılan SCUBA dalışlarının solunum fonksiyonları üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma Beden Eğitimi Yüksek Okulu öğrencilerinin 5 günlük dalış eğitimleri sırasında 49’u erkek 24’ü kadın 73 sporcu üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Beş gün boyunca her gün sabah dalışlardan önce ve akşam tüm dalışlar tamamlandıktan sonra solunum fonksiyon testleri yapılmıştır. Dalış verileri dalış bilgisayarları ile toplanmıştır. Çalışma sonunda solunum parametrelerinde günlük ve dönemlik değişimler incelenmiştir.
Bulgular: Ölçümler boyunca solunum parametrelerinden hacim değerlerini ilgilendiren FVC ve FEV1değerlerinde anlamlı değişiklikler saptanmamıştır. Akım hızlarını ilgilendiren PEF değerleririnde beş gün boyunca anlamlı bir değişiklik olmazken FEF25-75’in beş gün boyunca azalma eğiliminde olduğu ve bu azalmanın dalışların son günü anlamlılık kazandığı görülmüştür.
Sonuçlar: Kısa süreli SCUBA dalışlarının akciğer kapasitelerinde değişikliğe sebep olmadığı ancak küçük hava yollarında daralmaya yol açabileceği gösterilmiştir. Ardışık SCUBA dalışlarının kısa dönemde etkisinin araştırıldığı çalışma olmaması nedeni ile bu sonuç oldukça önemlidir. Etkilerin geçici olup olmadığı ve dalış derinlikleri ya da süreleri gibi faktörlerle ilişkisinin araştırlması için ileri çalışmalar gereklidir.
Keywords
References
- Agostoni E, Gurtner G, Torri G, et al. (1966). Respiratory mechanics during submersion and negative-pressure breathing. J Appl Physiol; 21: 251–258.
- Diniz CM, Farias TL, Pereira MC et al. (2014). Chronic adaptations of lung function in breath-hold diving fishermen. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 27: 216–223.
- Lemaître F, Tourny-Chollet C, Lemouton MC. (2006) Ventilatory functions in experienced recreational scuba diver: Evidence of small airways disease? Int J Sports Med, Nov;27(11):875-9
- Pougnet R, Pougnet L, Lucas D, Uguen M, Henckes A et al. (2014). Longitudinal change in professional divers’ lung function: literature review. Int Marit Health, 65, 4: 223–9 DOI: 10.5603/IMH.2014.0042
- Sames C, Gorman DF, Mitchell SJ, et al. (2009). The long-term effects of compressed gas diving on lung function in New Zealand occupational divers: a retrospective analysis. Diving Hyperb Med, 39: 133–137. 69
- Sames C, Gorman DF, Mitchell SJ, Zhou L. (2018). Long-term changes in spirometry in occupational divers: a 10-25 year audit. Diving Hyperb Med, 3:10-16
- Sports and Fitness Industry Association (2015). Participation in recreational diving report, USA
- Tetzlaff K, Theysohn J, Stahl C, Schlegel S, Koch A, Muth CM. (2006) Decline of FEV1 in scuba divers. Chest, 130: 238–243
- Tetzlaff K, Thomas PS. (2017). Short- and long-term effects of diving on pulmonary function. Eur Respir Rev, 26:160097
- Thom SR, Milovanova TN, Bogush M et al. (2012). Microparticle production, neutrophil activation, and intravascular bubbles following open-water SCUBA diving. J Appl Physiol, 112: 1268-78
- Thorsen E, Segadal K, Stuhr LEB et al. (2006). No changes in lung function after a saturation dive to 2.5 MPa with intermittent reduction in PO2during decompression. Eur J Appl Physiol, 98: 270-5
- Tipton MJ. (2016). Environmental extremes: origins, consequences, and amelioration in humans. Exp Physiol, 101: 1-14
- Uhlig F, Muth CM, Tetzlaff K, et al. (2014). Lung function after cold-water dives with a standard scuba regulator or full-face-mask during wintertime. Diving Hyperb Med, 44: 70–73
- Van Ooij PJ, Hollmann MW, van Hulst RA, Sterk PJ. (2013). Assessment of pulmonary oxygen toxicity: relevance to professional diving; a review. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 189: 117–128
- Voortman M, Van Ooij PJAM, van Hulst RA et al. (2016). Pulmonary function changes in Navy divers during their Professional careers. Undersea Hyberb Med, 43: 649-57
- Warkander, D.E., Nagasawa GK, Lundgren CE. (2001). Effects of inspiratory and expiratory resistance in divers’ breathing apparatus. Undersea Hyperbaric Medicine, 28(2):63-73.
- Wilson A. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of lung function changes in recreational scuba divers. Prim Care Respir J, 20: 59–63
Abstract
Aim: Diving causes changes in respiratory functions due to an increase in density of the breathing gas, inhaling cool and dry air, immersion effect, oxygen toxicity, bubble filtration through the lungs. These changes were studied only in deep and specialized dives which are performed mostly by professional divers and generally long-term effects of diving on the lungs were analyzed. Studies about SCUBA dives that became an interest to millions of people lately are scarce. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of short-term SCUBA diving on respiratory functions.
Methods: This study was conducted on 73 School of Sports Training students (49 male, 24 female) during a five-day diving course. Respiratory function tests were carried out daily before morning dives and after afternoon dives for five days. Diving data were collected by dive computers all through the study period. At the end of the course, daily and periodic changes in respiratory parameters were investigated.
Results: It was found that FVC and FEV1 values which are related to lung volumes did not change significantly all through the dives. No significant change was observed in PEF values, as FEF25-75 values decreased through five days and the difference was significant on the fifth day.
Conclusion: This study showed that short-term SCUBA diving does not affect lung volumes but it may cause an obstruction in the small airways. This result is important due to there are not any studies that evaluate acute effects of consecutive SCUBA dives. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the effects are temporary and their relationship with factors such as dive or durations.
References
- Agostoni E, Gurtner G, Torri G, et al. (1966). Respiratory mechanics during submersion and negative-pressure breathing. J Appl Physiol; 21: 251–258.
- Diniz CM, Farias TL, Pereira MC et al. (2014). Chronic adaptations of lung function in breath-hold diving fishermen. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 27: 216–223.
- Lemaître F, Tourny-Chollet C, Lemouton MC. (2006) Ventilatory functions in experienced recreational scuba diver: Evidence of small airways disease? Int J Sports Med, Nov;27(11):875-9
- Pougnet R, Pougnet L, Lucas D, Uguen M, Henckes A et al. (2014). Longitudinal change in professional divers’ lung function: literature review. Int Marit Health, 65, 4: 223–9 DOI: 10.5603/IMH.2014.0042
- Sames C, Gorman DF, Mitchell SJ, et al. (2009). The long-term effects of compressed gas diving on lung function in New Zealand occupational divers: a retrospective analysis. Diving Hyperb Med, 39: 133–137. 69
- Sames C, Gorman DF, Mitchell SJ, Zhou L. (2018). Long-term changes in spirometry in occupational divers: a 10-25 year audit. Diving Hyperb Med, 3:10-16
- Sports and Fitness Industry Association (2015). Participation in recreational diving report, USA
- Tetzlaff K, Theysohn J, Stahl C, Schlegel S, Koch A, Muth CM. (2006) Decline of FEV1 in scuba divers. Chest, 130: 238–243
- Tetzlaff K, Thomas PS. (2017). Short- and long-term effects of diving on pulmonary function. Eur Respir Rev, 26:160097
- Thom SR, Milovanova TN, Bogush M et al. (2012). Microparticle production, neutrophil activation, and intravascular bubbles following open-water SCUBA diving. J Appl Physiol, 112: 1268-78
- Thorsen E, Segadal K, Stuhr LEB et al. (2006). No changes in lung function after a saturation dive to 2.5 MPa with intermittent reduction in PO2during decompression. Eur J Appl Physiol, 98: 270-5
- Tipton MJ. (2016). Environmental extremes: origins, consequences, and amelioration in humans. Exp Physiol, 101: 1-14
- Uhlig F, Muth CM, Tetzlaff K, et al. (2014). Lung function after cold-water dives with a standard scuba regulator or full-face-mask during wintertime. Diving Hyperb Med, 44: 70–73
- Van Ooij PJ, Hollmann MW, van Hulst RA, Sterk PJ. (2013). Assessment of pulmonary oxygen toxicity: relevance to professional diving; a review. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 189: 117–128
- Voortman M, Van Ooij PJAM, van Hulst RA et al. (2016). Pulmonary function changes in Navy divers during their Professional careers. Undersea Hyberb Med, 43: 649-57
- Warkander, D.E., Nagasawa GK, Lundgren CE. (2001). Effects of inspiratory and expiratory resistance in divers’ breathing apparatus. Undersea Hyperbaric Medicine, 28(2):63-73.
- Wilson A. (2011). Prevalence and characteristics of lung function changes in recreational scuba divers. Prim Care Respir J, 20: 59–63
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Medicine |
| Journal Section | SPORT & HEALTH SCIENCES |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 15, 2018 |
| Submission Date | July 22, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 |