Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Human as the Other: Subjectivity and Ideology in Posthumanist Theory

Year 2022, Issue: 15, 163 - 178, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.8.15.109

Abstract

With the rise of the Renaissance and Enlightenment traditions, humanism began to take its place at the center of philosophy. The concept, which is founded on the understanding of man as the absolute subject of historical progress, has ensured the subordination of other natural subjects. As a result, an ethic of thought has emerged which associates intellectual action with the superior good of human.
The posthumanist theory, which has emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century, attempts to make a radical critique of humanism by proposing the dominance of non-human subjects. The theory argues that philosophy should produce a new form of subjectivity that transcends human, asserting that the modern human is just an imagery that damages the material conditions of life, fetishizes historical progress, and dominates technological developments.
The purpose of this study is to explain the conceptual set of posthumanism in a systematic way while criticizing the discrepancies in its current state. For this, the methodological and philosophical dimensions of the theory were focused on, and they were discussed using the concepts of subject and ideology: "Subject" meets posthumanism's epistemological struggle against the humanist status quo, while "ideology" meets the political consequences of the given struggle.
In the first part of the study, the main discussions of posthumanist theorists and the tensions in the production process of posthuman subjects are examined. In the second part, the theory’s understanding of subjectivity is explained. In the third part, the possibility of a posthumanist ideological paradigm is evaluated. The study concludes that posthumanism might systematically revise its conceptual set and produce new forms of activism to exist in the public sphere.

References

  • Agamben, Giorgio. Kutsal İnsan: Egemen, İktidar ve Çıplak Hayat. Çeviren: İsmail Türkmen, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2020.
  • Arendt, Hannah. İnsanlık Durumu. Çeviren: Bahadır Sina Şener, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2021.
  • Aretoulakis, Emmanouil. “Towards a Posthumanist Ecology.” European Journal of English Studies 18, No: 2 (2014): 172-190, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13825577.2014.9170
  • Aristoteles. Nikomakhos’a Etik. Çeviren: Saffet Babür, Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Blanco-Wells, Gustavo. “Ecologies of Repair: A Post-human Approach to Other-Than-Human Natures.” Frontiers in Psychology (2021), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633737
  • Blok, Alexander. “The Collapse of Humanism,” Isiah Berlin Virtual Library. Çeviren: Isaiah Berlin (1931), https://isaiah-berlin.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/bib11_8.pdf
  • Braidotti, Rosi. Transpositions. Cambridge, Malden: Polity Press, 2006.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. “The Contested Posthumanities,” Conflicting Humanities içinde, Editörler: Rosi Braidotti ve Paul Gilroy, 9-45. London, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. İnsan Sonrası. Çeviren: Öznur Karakaş, İstanbul: Kolektif Yayınları, 2018.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. “İnsan Sonrası, Pek İnsanca: Bir Posthümanistin Anıları ve Emelleri.” Cogito 95-96 (2019): 53-97.
  • Braidotti, Rosi ve Simone Bignall, eds. Posthuman Ecologies: Complexity and Process after Deleuze. New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2019.
  • Chandler, David. “The World of Attachment? The Post-humanist Challenge to Freedom and Necessity.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 11, No: 3 (2013): 516-534, https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829813481840
  • Cudworth, Erika ve Stephen Hobden. Posthuman International Relations: Complexity, Ecologism, and Global Politics. London: Zed Books, 2011.
  • De Landa, Manuel. Yeni Bir Toplum Felsefesi: Öbekleşme teorisi ve toplumsal karmaşıklık. Çeviren: Sercan Çalcı, İstanbul: Kolektif Yayınları, 2019.
  • Ferrando, Francesca. Philosophical Posthumanism. London, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.
  • Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. London, New York: Routledge, 2005.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. İnsan Doğasının Geleceği. Çeviren: Kaan H. Ökten, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2019.
  • Haraway, Donna J. A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2016.
  • Heidegger, Martin. ““Hümanizm” Üzerine Mektup.” Hümanizmin Özü içinde, Çeviren: Ahmet Aydoğan, 37-95. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2002.
  • Iovino, Serenella. “Ecocriticism and a non-anthropocentric humanism: Reflections on local natures and global responsibilities.” Local Natures, Global Responsibilities: Ecocritical Perspectives on New English Literatures içinde, Editörler: Laurenz Volkmann, Nancy Grimm, Ines Detmers, and Katrin Thomson, 29-53 (Leiden: Brill Publishing, 2010).
  • Jameson, Frederic. Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991.
  • Jameson, Frederic. A Singular Modernity: Essay on the Ontology of the Present. London, New York: Verso Books, 2002.
  • Lyotard, Jean-François. Postmodern Durum. Çeviren: İsmet Birkan, Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Morin, Edgar. Introduction à la pensée complexe. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2005.
  • Payne, James L. “Violence in the Twentieth Century: A Closer Look.” The Independent Review 6, No: 3 (2002): 447-455.
  • Pichardo, Luz María. “Reinventing Bioethics in a Post-humanist and Post-truth Society. The Present and Future of Bioethics.” Persona y Bioética 22, No: 2 (2018): 212-222, https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2018.22.2.2
  • Seidel, Asher. Inhuman Thoughts: Philosophical Explorations of Posthumanity. Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2009.
  • Stables, Andrew. “Environmental Ethics and Ontologies: Humanist or Posthumanist? The Case for Constrained Pluralism.” Journal of Philosophy of Education 54, No: 1 (2020): 888-899, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12464
  • Squier, Susan M. “Reproducing the Posthuman Body: Ectogenetic Fetus, Surrogate Mother, Pregnant Man.” Posthuman Bodies içinde, Editörler: Judith Halberstam ve Ira Livingston, 113-132. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995.
  • Valera, Luca. “Posthumanism: beyond humanism?” Cuad Bioet 25, No: 85 (2014): 481-491.
  • Wolfe, Cary. What is Posthumanism? Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.
  • Zapf, Hubert. “Posthumanism or Ecohumanism? Environmental Studies in the Anthropocene.” Journal of Ecohumanism 1, No: 1 (2022): 5-17, https://doi.org/10.33182/joe.v1i1.1743

Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik ve İdeoloji

Year 2022, Issue: 15, 163 - 178, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.8.15.109

Abstract

Hümanizm, Rönesans ve Aydınlanma geleneklerinin yükselişi ile birlikte felsefenin merkezinde yer almaya başlamıştır. İnsanın tarihsel ilerlemenin mutlak öznesi olarak kavranmasına dayanan kavram, doğaya içkin olan diğer öznelerin ikincilleşmesini sağlamıştır. Böylece entelektüel eylemi insanın üstün iyiliğiyle özdeşleştiren bir düşünce etiği ortaya çıkmıştır. İlk ürünlerini 20. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde veren posthümanist kuram ise hümanizmin radikal bir eleştirisini yapmayı amaçlamış ve bunun için insan-dışı öznelerin başatlığını önermiştir. Modern insanın yaşamın maddi koşullarını zedeleyen, tarihsel ilerlemeyi fetişize eden ve teknolojik gelişmeler üzerinde tahakküm kuran bir imgelemden ibaret olduğunu tartışan kuram, felsefenin insanı aşan yeni bir öznellik biçimi üretmesi gerektiğini savunmuştur. Bu çalışmada posthümanizmin kavram setinin sistemli bir şekilde açıklanması ve mevcut hâlindeki kırılmalara eleştiri getirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için, kuramın metodolojik ve felsefi boyutlarına odaklanılmış ve bu boyutlar, özne ve ideoloji kavramları üzerinden ele alınmıştır: “Özne” posthümanizmin hümanist statükoya karşı verdiği epistemolojik mücadeleyi, “ideoloji” ise bu mücadelenin ortaya çıkaracağı politik sonuçları karşılamaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde posthümanist kuramcıların temel tartışmaları ve insanötesi öznelerin üretim sürecindeki gerilimleri incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde kuramın ortaya çıkardığı öznellik anlayışı açıklanmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise posthümanist bir ideolojik paradigmanın imkânı araştırılmıştır. Çalışma ile posthümanizmin kamusal alanda yer alabilmek için kavram setini daha sistemli bir hâle getirebileceği ve yeni aktivizm biçimleri geliştirebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

References

  • Agamben, Giorgio. Kutsal İnsan: Egemen, İktidar ve Çıplak Hayat. Çeviren: İsmail Türkmen, İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2020.
  • Arendt, Hannah. İnsanlık Durumu. Çeviren: Bahadır Sina Şener, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2021.
  • Aretoulakis, Emmanouil. “Towards a Posthumanist Ecology.” European Journal of English Studies 18, No: 2 (2014): 172-190, https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13825577.2014.9170
  • Aristoteles. Nikomakhos’a Etik. Çeviren: Saffet Babür, Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık, 2020.
  • Blanco-Wells, Gustavo. “Ecologies of Repair: A Post-human Approach to Other-Than-Human Natures.” Frontiers in Psychology (2021), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633737
  • Blok, Alexander. “The Collapse of Humanism,” Isiah Berlin Virtual Library. Çeviren: Isaiah Berlin (1931), https://isaiah-berlin.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/bib11_8.pdf
  • Braidotti, Rosi. Transpositions. Cambridge, Malden: Polity Press, 2006.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. “The Contested Posthumanities,” Conflicting Humanities içinde, Editörler: Rosi Braidotti ve Paul Gilroy, 9-45. London, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. İnsan Sonrası. Çeviren: Öznur Karakaş, İstanbul: Kolektif Yayınları, 2018.
  • Braidotti, Rosi. “İnsan Sonrası, Pek İnsanca: Bir Posthümanistin Anıları ve Emelleri.” Cogito 95-96 (2019): 53-97.
  • Braidotti, Rosi ve Simone Bignall, eds. Posthuman Ecologies: Complexity and Process after Deleuze. New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2019.
  • Chandler, David. “The World of Attachment? The Post-humanist Challenge to Freedom and Necessity.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 11, No: 3 (2013): 516-534, https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829813481840
  • Cudworth, Erika ve Stephen Hobden. Posthuman International Relations: Complexity, Ecologism, and Global Politics. London: Zed Books, 2011.
  • De Landa, Manuel. Yeni Bir Toplum Felsefesi: Öbekleşme teorisi ve toplumsal karmaşıklık. Çeviren: Sercan Çalcı, İstanbul: Kolektif Yayınları, 2019.
  • Ferrando, Francesca. Philosophical Posthumanism. London, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019.
  • Foucault, Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. London, New York: Routledge, 2005.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. İnsan Doğasının Geleceği. Çeviren: Kaan H. Ökten, İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2019.
  • Haraway, Donna J. A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2016.
  • Heidegger, Martin. ““Hümanizm” Üzerine Mektup.” Hümanizmin Özü içinde, Çeviren: Ahmet Aydoğan, 37-95. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2002.
  • Iovino, Serenella. “Ecocriticism and a non-anthropocentric humanism: Reflections on local natures and global responsibilities.” Local Natures, Global Responsibilities: Ecocritical Perspectives on New English Literatures içinde, Editörler: Laurenz Volkmann, Nancy Grimm, Ines Detmers, and Katrin Thomson, 29-53 (Leiden: Brill Publishing, 2010).
  • Jameson, Frederic. Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke University Press, 1991.
  • Jameson, Frederic. A Singular Modernity: Essay on the Ontology of the Present. London, New York: Verso Books, 2002.
  • Lyotard, Jean-François. Postmodern Durum. Çeviren: İsmet Birkan, Ankara: BilgeSu Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Morin, Edgar. Introduction à la pensée complexe. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2005.
  • Payne, James L. “Violence in the Twentieth Century: A Closer Look.” The Independent Review 6, No: 3 (2002): 447-455.
  • Pichardo, Luz María. “Reinventing Bioethics in a Post-humanist and Post-truth Society. The Present and Future of Bioethics.” Persona y Bioética 22, No: 2 (2018): 212-222, https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2018.22.2.2
  • Seidel, Asher. Inhuman Thoughts: Philosophical Explorations of Posthumanity. Plymouth: Lexington Books, 2009.
  • Stables, Andrew. “Environmental Ethics and Ontologies: Humanist or Posthumanist? The Case for Constrained Pluralism.” Journal of Philosophy of Education 54, No: 1 (2020): 888-899, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12464
  • Squier, Susan M. “Reproducing the Posthuman Body: Ectogenetic Fetus, Surrogate Mother, Pregnant Man.” Posthuman Bodies içinde, Editörler: Judith Halberstam ve Ira Livingston, 113-132. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995.
  • Valera, Luca. “Posthumanism: beyond humanism?” Cuad Bioet 25, No: 85 (2014): 481-491.
  • Wolfe, Cary. What is Posthumanism? Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press, 2010.
  • Zapf, Hubert. “Posthumanism or Ecohumanism? Environmental Studies in the Anthropocene.” Journal of Ecohumanism 1, No: 1 (2022): 5-17, https://doi.org/10.33182/joe.v1i1.1743
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Umutcan Tarcan 0000-0001-6295-2005

Tuba Kancı 0000-0002-1834-5440

Early Pub Date December 30, 2022
Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date August 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 15

Cite

APA Tarcan, U., & Kancı, T. (2022). Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik ve İdeoloji. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(15), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.8.15.109
AMA Tarcan U, Kancı T. Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik ve İdeoloji. JOSOC. December 2022;(15):163-178. doi:10.32739/uskudarsbd.8.15.109
Chicago Tarcan, Umutcan, and Tuba Kancı. “Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik Ve İdeoloji”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 15 (December 2022): 163-78. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.8.15.109.
EndNote Tarcan U, Kancı T (December 1, 2022) Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik ve İdeoloji. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 15 163–178.
IEEE U. Tarcan and T. Kancı, “Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik ve İdeoloji”, JOSOC, no. 15, pp. 163–178, December 2022, doi: 10.32739/uskudarsbd.8.15.109.
ISNAD Tarcan, Umutcan - Kancı, Tuba. “Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik Ve İdeoloji”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 15 (December 2022), 163-178. https://doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.8.15.109.
JAMA Tarcan U, Kancı T. Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik ve İdeoloji. JOSOC. 2022;:163–178.
MLA Tarcan, Umutcan and Tuba Kancı. “Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik Ve İdeoloji”. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 15, 2022, pp. 163-78, doi:10.32739/uskudarsbd.8.15.109.
Vancouver Tarcan U, Kancı T. Öteki Olarak İnsan: Posthümanist Kuramda Öznellik ve İdeoloji. JOSOC. 2022(15):163-78.

The opinions in the articles published in Üsküdar University Journal of Social Sciences belong to the author. The articles published in another journal, book, and so on are not accepted. National or international conference presentations, seminar presentations, or panel presentations can be included in the publication process after being specified in the footnote and converted into the article format.
Academic articles published in the journal can only be reproduced for educational purposes. The articles and the graphics and tables in the articles cannot be duplicated or archived in part or as a whole without permission except for educational purposes. Quotations may be made from the articles under the condition that they are indicated in the academic publications.
It is assumed that the authors undertake that they would not claim royalties for the articles they submit to Üsküdar University Journal of Social Sciences.