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A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE CRIMEAN TATAR DEPORTATION OF 1944

Year 2015, Issue: 16, 95 - 138, 01.03.2015

Abstract

Over the past decade, Crimean Tatars started to express morerobustly their requests for the international recognition of the 1944 MassDeportation as the crime of genocide. While it can be said, even primafacie, that the 1944 Deportation falls under the scope of the currentdefinition of crimes against humanity, making a similar kind of claimwith the same immediateness is unlikely in terms of the crime of genocideowing to the narrowly constructed legal definition. Moreover, theprinciple of non-retroactivity of laws poses a further challenge in theconsideration of both genocide and crimes against humanity. This paperwill try to answer two interconnected questions: Is it a legally plausiblecase to characterize the 1944 Deportation as genocide or crimes againsthumanity? And, are there any differences between the legalcharacterization of 1944 Deportation as genocide or crimes againsthumanity in terms of their possible consequences?

References

  • Akhavan, Payam. Reducing Genocide to Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012
  • Behrens, Paul. `The mens rea of genocide.` In Elements of Genocide, Edited by Paul Behrens and Ralph Henham, pp.70-97. Oxon: Routledge, 2012
  • Berster, Lars. `Article II.` In Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: A Commentary, edited by Christian Tams, Lars Berster, Björn Schiffbauer, pp.79-157, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2014
  • Chalk, Frank and Kurt Johassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide, Yale University Press 1990
  • Davies, Robert and Stephan Wheatcroft. The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
  • Day, Richard. Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973
  • Drost, Pieter. The Crime of State: Genocide. Leyden: A. W. Sythoff, 1959
  • Fisher, Alan. The Crimean Tatars. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978
  • Fournet, Caroline. The Crime of Destruction and the Law of Genocide. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007
  • Lenin, Vladimir. ‘“Left-Wind” Childishness.’ In Lenin’s Collected Works, 4th English Edition. pp.323-334 Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972
  • Luciuk, Lubomyr. and Lisa Grekul. Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine in Soviet Ukraine, Kingston. Kashtan Press, 2008
  • Nersessian, David. Genocide and Political Groups. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010
  • Mandel Ernest, ‘Trotsky’s Economic Ideas and the Soviet Union Today.’ In Revolutionary Marxism and Social Reality in the 20th Century: Collected Essays of Ernest Mandel, Edited by. Steve Bloom. pp.50- 57 New Jersey: Humanities, 1994
  • Martin, Fanny. ‘The Notion of ‘Protected Group.’ in the Genocide Convention and its Application.’ In The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary, edited by Paola Gaeta. pp.112-128, The Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009
  • Martin, Terry. ’Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies: Pattern, Causes, Consequences.’ In Demography and National Security, edited by Myron Weiner and Sharon Stanton Russell. pp.305-339, New York: Berghahn Book, 2001
  • May, Larry. Genocide: A Normative Account. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010
  • Minahan, James. One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. US: Greenwood, 2000
  • Tams, Christian, Lars Berster and Björn Schiffbauer. ‘General Introduction.’ In Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: A Commentary, edited by Christian Tams, Lars Berster, Björn Schiffbauer. pp.1-33 Oxford: Hart Publishing2014
  • Schabas William, Genocide in International Law: Crimes of Crimes 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000
  • Simon, Thomas. The Laws of Genocide. Westport: PSI, 2007
  • Uehling, Greta Lynn. Beyond Memory: The Crimean Tatars’ Deportation and Return. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
  • Van Den Herik, Larissa. `The Schism between the Legal and the Social concept of Genocide in the Light of Responsibility to Protect.` In The Criminal Law of Genocide, edited by Paul Behrens and Ralph Henham. pp.75-97 Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, 2007
  • Williams, Brian Glyn. The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Leiden: Brill, 2001
  • Williams, Brian Glyn. The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin’s Conquest. London: C.Hurst & Co., 2015
  • Werle, Gerhard. Principals of International Criminal Law 2nd ed. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2005
  • Werth, Nicholas ‘Mass Deportation, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocidal Politics in the Later Russian Empire and the USSR’ in The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies edited by Donald Bloxham and Dirk Moses, pp. 386-407. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010
  • Pethybridge, Roger. One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics under the New Economic Policy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990
  • Van der Herik, Larissa,‘The Meaning of the Word “Destroy” and its Implications for the Wider Understanding of the Concept of Genocide.’ In The Genocide Convention: the Legacy of 60 Years, edited by Harmen Wilt and Jeroen Vervliet. pp.51-59 Leiden; Nijhoff,, 2012
  • Viola, Lynne. Peasant Rebels Under Stalin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996
  • Viola,, Lynne. The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin’s Special Settlements. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 Articles and Papers:
  • Amann, Diana ‘Group Mentality, Expressivism, and Genocide’, International Criminal Law Review 2 (2002), pp.93-143
  • Bandera, Vladimir. ‘New Economic Policy (NEP) as an Economic Policy’, The Journal of Political Economy 71 no.3 (June, 1963), pp.265-279
  • Bilinsky, Yaroslav. ‘Was the Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933 genocide?’, Journal of Genocide Research vol. 2 no.1 (1999), pp.147-156
  • Cassese, Antonio. ‘Balancing the Prosecution of Crimes against Humanity and Non-Retroactivity of Criminal Law: The Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia Case before the ECHR’, Journal of International Criminal Justice 4 (2006), pp.410-418
  • Fix, Liana and Eleanor Knott. ‘In Crimea, time for pressure, not acceptance: why we cannot lose sight of the Crimean Tatars’. DGAPkompakt 16 (2014). pp.1-6
  • Greenawalt, Alexander. ‘Rethinking Genocidal Intent: The Case for a Knowledge-Based Interpretation’, Columbia Law Review 99 (1999), pp. 2259-2294; Jorgensen, Nina. ‘The Genocide Acquittal in the Sikirica Case Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Coming of Age of the Guilty Plea’. Leiden Journal of International Law 15, (2002) p. 389-407
  • Kreß, Claus. ‘The Crime of Genocide under International Law’, International Criminal Law Review vol.6 no.4 (2006), pp.461-502
  • Lewin, Moshe. ‘Society and the Stalinist State in the Period of the FiveYear Plans,’ Social History 1, no. 2 pp.139-158
  • Lippman, Matthew. ‘Genocide: The Crime of the Century—The Jurisprudence of Death at the Dawn of the New Millennium’ Houston International Law Review 23 (2001), pp.467-535
  • Maksudov, Sergei. ‘The Geography of the Soviet Famine of 1933’, Journal of Ukraine Studies vol.8 no.2 (winter 1983), pp.52-58
  • May, Larry. ‘How is Humanity Harmed by Genocide’, International Legal Theory 10 (2004), pp.1-23
  • Quayle, Peter. `Unimaginable Evil: The Legislative of the Genocide Convention`, Int’l Crim. L. Rev. 5 (2005), pp.363-372
  • Pohl, Otto. ‘The deportation and fate of the Crimean Tatars’, Paper presented at 5th Annual World Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities, 2000
  • Richman, Sheldon. ‘War Communism to NEP: The Road from Serfdom’ The Journal of Libertarian Studies 5 vol.1 (Winter 1981) pp.89-97
  • Schabas, William. `Genocide Law in a Time of Transition: Recent Developments in the Law of Genocide` Rutgers Law Review 61, (2008), pp.161-192
  • Schabas, William. `Problems of International Codification – Were the Atrocities in Cambodia and Kosovo Genocide?`, New England Law Review 35, (2001), pp. 287-302
  • Schabas, William ‘Was Genocide Committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? First Judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’, Fordham International Law Journal vol.25 no.1 (2001), pp.21-53
  • Schaack, Beth van. ‘The Crime of Political Genocide: Repairing the Genocide Convention’s Blind Spot’, The Yale Law Journal vol.106 no.7 (1997), pp.2259-2291.
  • Straus, Scott. ’Contested meanings and conflicting imperatives: a conceptual analysis of genocide’, Journal of Genocide Research 3 (2001) pp.349-375
  • Williams, Brian Glyn. ‘The Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. An Historical Reinterpretation’ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 11, (Nov., 2001), pp.329- 348
  • Vardys, Stanley. ‘The Case of the Crimean Tartars’. Russian Review, vol.30 no.2 (apr.1971), pp.100-109
  • Verdirame, Guglielmo. ‘The Genocide Definition in the Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc Tribunals’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49 (2000), pp.578-98
  • Vest, Hans. ‘A Structure Based Concept of Genocidal Intent’, Journal of International Criminal Justice vol.5 no.4 (2007), pp.781-797
  • Tauger, Mark. ‘Natural disaster and human actions in the Soviet famine of 1931–1933’, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies 1506 (2001), pp.67-132

1944 KIRIM TATAR SÜRGÜNÜ’NÜN HUKUKİ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2015, Issue: 16, 95 - 138, 01.03.2015

Abstract

Son dönemde, Kırım Tatarları 1944 Büyük Sürgün’ünün soykırımsuçu olarak tanınmasını ısrarlı bir şekilde talep etmektedir. 1944Sürgün’ünün günümüzdeki anlamıyla insanlığa karşı suçlar kapsamınagirdiği kolaylıkla tespit edilebilirken, soykırım suçu bakımından aynıiddiayı benzer bir rahatlıkla öne sürmek, soykırım suçunun tanımınındarlığı nedeniyle mümkün olmamaktadır. Buna ilave olarak, kanunlarıngeriye yürümezliği ilkesi hem insanlığa karşı suçlar hem de soykırımsuçunun olay bakımından tartışılmasında sorun teşkil etmektedir. Bubağlamda bu çalışma birbiri ile bağlantılı iki soruya cevap arayacaktır:Uluslararası hukuk kapsamında 1944 Sürgün’ünü soykırım suçu ya dainsanlığa karşı suç olarak nitelemek mümkün müdür? Ve bu eylemlerinsoykırım suçu veya insanlığa karşı suç olarak değerlendirilmesininyaratacağı olası sonuçlar bakımından herhangi bir fark var mıdır?

References

  • Akhavan, Payam. Reducing Genocide to Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012
  • Behrens, Paul. `The mens rea of genocide.` In Elements of Genocide, Edited by Paul Behrens and Ralph Henham, pp.70-97. Oxon: Routledge, 2012
  • Berster, Lars. `Article II.` In Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: A Commentary, edited by Christian Tams, Lars Berster, Björn Schiffbauer, pp.79-157, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2014
  • Chalk, Frank and Kurt Johassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide, Yale University Press 1990
  • Davies, Robert and Stephan Wheatcroft. The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
  • Day, Richard. Leon Trotsky and the Politics of Economic Isolation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973
  • Drost, Pieter. The Crime of State: Genocide. Leyden: A. W. Sythoff, 1959
  • Fisher, Alan. The Crimean Tatars. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978
  • Fournet, Caroline. The Crime of Destruction and the Law of Genocide. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007
  • Lenin, Vladimir. ‘“Left-Wind” Childishness.’ In Lenin’s Collected Works, 4th English Edition. pp.323-334 Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1972
  • Luciuk, Lubomyr. and Lisa Grekul. Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine in Soviet Ukraine, Kingston. Kashtan Press, 2008
  • Nersessian, David. Genocide and Political Groups. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010
  • Mandel Ernest, ‘Trotsky’s Economic Ideas and the Soviet Union Today.’ In Revolutionary Marxism and Social Reality in the 20th Century: Collected Essays of Ernest Mandel, Edited by. Steve Bloom. pp.50- 57 New Jersey: Humanities, 1994
  • Martin, Fanny. ‘The Notion of ‘Protected Group.’ in the Genocide Convention and its Application.’ In The UN Genocide Convention: A Commentary, edited by Paola Gaeta. pp.112-128, The Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009
  • Martin, Terry. ’Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies: Pattern, Causes, Consequences.’ In Demography and National Security, edited by Myron Weiner and Sharon Stanton Russell. pp.305-339, New York: Berghahn Book, 2001
  • May, Larry. Genocide: A Normative Account. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010
  • Minahan, James. One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. US: Greenwood, 2000
  • Tams, Christian, Lars Berster and Björn Schiffbauer. ‘General Introduction.’ In Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide: A Commentary, edited by Christian Tams, Lars Berster, Björn Schiffbauer. pp.1-33 Oxford: Hart Publishing2014
  • Schabas William, Genocide in International Law: Crimes of Crimes 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000
  • Simon, Thomas. The Laws of Genocide. Westport: PSI, 2007
  • Uehling, Greta Lynn. Beyond Memory: The Crimean Tatars’ Deportation and Return. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
  • Van Den Herik, Larissa. `The Schism between the Legal and the Social concept of Genocide in the Light of Responsibility to Protect.` In The Criminal Law of Genocide, edited by Paul Behrens and Ralph Henham. pp.75-97 Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing, 2007
  • Williams, Brian Glyn. The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation. Leiden: Brill, 2001
  • Williams, Brian Glyn. The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin’s Conquest. London: C.Hurst & Co., 2015
  • Werle, Gerhard. Principals of International Criminal Law 2nd ed. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 2005
  • Werth, Nicholas ‘Mass Deportation, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocidal Politics in the Later Russian Empire and the USSR’ in The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies edited by Donald Bloxham and Dirk Moses, pp. 386-407. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010
  • Pethybridge, Roger. One Step Backwards, Two Steps Forward: Soviet Society and Politics under the New Economic Policy. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990
  • Van der Herik, Larissa,‘The Meaning of the Word “Destroy” and its Implications for the Wider Understanding of the Concept of Genocide.’ In The Genocide Convention: the Legacy of 60 Years, edited by Harmen Wilt and Jeroen Vervliet. pp.51-59 Leiden; Nijhoff,, 2012
  • Viola, Lynne. Peasant Rebels Under Stalin. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996
  • Viola,, Lynne. The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin’s Special Settlements. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 Articles and Papers:
  • Amann, Diana ‘Group Mentality, Expressivism, and Genocide’, International Criminal Law Review 2 (2002), pp.93-143
  • Bandera, Vladimir. ‘New Economic Policy (NEP) as an Economic Policy’, The Journal of Political Economy 71 no.3 (June, 1963), pp.265-279
  • Bilinsky, Yaroslav. ‘Was the Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933 genocide?’, Journal of Genocide Research vol. 2 no.1 (1999), pp.147-156
  • Cassese, Antonio. ‘Balancing the Prosecution of Crimes against Humanity and Non-Retroactivity of Criminal Law: The Kolk and Kislyiy v. Estonia Case before the ECHR’, Journal of International Criminal Justice 4 (2006), pp.410-418
  • Fix, Liana and Eleanor Knott. ‘In Crimea, time for pressure, not acceptance: why we cannot lose sight of the Crimean Tatars’. DGAPkompakt 16 (2014). pp.1-6
  • Greenawalt, Alexander. ‘Rethinking Genocidal Intent: The Case for a Knowledge-Based Interpretation’, Columbia Law Review 99 (1999), pp. 2259-2294; Jorgensen, Nina. ‘The Genocide Acquittal in the Sikirica Case Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Coming of Age of the Guilty Plea’. Leiden Journal of International Law 15, (2002) p. 389-407
  • Kreß, Claus. ‘The Crime of Genocide under International Law’, International Criminal Law Review vol.6 no.4 (2006), pp.461-502
  • Lewin, Moshe. ‘Society and the Stalinist State in the Period of the FiveYear Plans,’ Social History 1, no. 2 pp.139-158
  • Lippman, Matthew. ‘Genocide: The Crime of the Century—The Jurisprudence of Death at the Dawn of the New Millennium’ Houston International Law Review 23 (2001), pp.467-535
  • Maksudov, Sergei. ‘The Geography of the Soviet Famine of 1933’, Journal of Ukraine Studies vol.8 no.2 (winter 1983), pp.52-58
  • May, Larry. ‘How is Humanity Harmed by Genocide’, International Legal Theory 10 (2004), pp.1-23
  • Quayle, Peter. `Unimaginable Evil: The Legislative of the Genocide Convention`, Int’l Crim. L. Rev. 5 (2005), pp.363-372
  • Pohl, Otto. ‘The deportation and fate of the Crimean Tatars’, Paper presented at 5th Annual World Convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities, 2000
  • Richman, Sheldon. ‘War Communism to NEP: The Road from Serfdom’ The Journal of Libertarian Studies 5 vol.1 (Winter 1981) pp.89-97
  • Schabas, William. `Genocide Law in a Time of Transition: Recent Developments in the Law of Genocide` Rutgers Law Review 61, (2008), pp.161-192
  • Schabas, William. `Problems of International Codification – Were the Atrocities in Cambodia and Kosovo Genocide?`, New England Law Review 35, (2001), pp. 287-302
  • Schabas, William ‘Was Genocide Committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? First Judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’, Fordham International Law Journal vol.25 no.1 (2001), pp.21-53
  • Schaack, Beth van. ‘The Crime of Political Genocide: Repairing the Genocide Convention’s Blind Spot’, The Yale Law Journal vol.106 no.7 (1997), pp.2259-2291.
  • Straus, Scott. ’Contested meanings and conflicting imperatives: a conceptual analysis of genocide’, Journal of Genocide Research 3 (2001) pp.349-375
  • Williams, Brian Glyn. ‘The Ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars. An Historical Reinterpretation’ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 11, (Nov., 2001), pp.329- 348
  • Vardys, Stanley. ‘The Case of the Crimean Tartars’. Russian Review, vol.30 no.2 (apr.1971), pp.100-109
  • Verdirame, Guglielmo. ‘The Genocide Definition in the Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc Tribunals’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49 (2000), pp.578-98
  • Vest, Hans. ‘A Structure Based Concept of Genocidal Intent’, Journal of International Criminal Justice vol.5 no.4 (2007), pp.781-797
  • Tauger, Mark. ‘Natural disaster and human actions in the Soviet famine of 1931–1933’, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies 1506 (2001), pp.67-132
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA25UK26NY
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Onur Uraz

Onur Uraz

Publication Date March 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Issue: 16

Cite

Chicago Uraz, Onur, and Onur Uraz. “1944 KIRIM TATAR SÜRGÜNÜ’NÜN HUKUKİ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, no. 16 (March 2015): 95-138.