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ULUSLARARASI ADALET DİVANI’NIN GAMBİYA-MYANMAR DAVASINDA SOYKIRIM SUÇUNUN TESPİTİ BAKIMINDAN KARŞILAŞACAĞI DÖRT TEMEL HUKUKİ SORUNA DAİR BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2021, Issue: 22, 29 - 75, 01.12.2021

Abstract

Bu makale Gambiya’nın Kasım 2019 tarihinde Uluslararası Adalet Divanı nezdinde Myanmar’a aleyhine yaptığı ve Myanmar’ın Rohingya azınlığına karşı soykırım suçunu işlemekte olduğunu iddia ettiği başvurusunu ve bu başvurunun esasını incelerken mahkemenin karşılaşabileceği temel sorunları irdelemektedir. Gelen raporalar dikkate alındığında Myanmar’da Rohingyalara karşı soykırım suçunun fiillerinin işlendiğine dair kuvvetli deliller mevcuttur. Ancak asıl sorunlar bu fiillerin özel kast (soykırım kastı) ile işlenip işlenmediği ve eğer işlendi ise devletin suçun faili olarak nitelenip nitelenemeyeceğidir. Bu çalışma ilk soruya ilişkin olarak cevabın Divan’ın yorum sırasında alacağı tutuma göre değişmeye açık olduğunu savunacaktır. Buna göre gerek “tek makul çıkarım” doktrinin uygulanması, gerekse “esaslılık şartının” değerlendirilmesi bağlamında kağıt üzerinde hakim görüş olan bireyci görüş takip edilir ve soykırım kastının muhtevası “fiziksel veya biyolojik yok etme” kastına indirgenirse, özel kastın varlığını çıkarsamak daha zor hale gelecektir. Öte yandan tıpkı Srebrenica değerlendirmesinde olduğu gibi kolektivist görüş arka kapıdan da olsa yoruma esas teşkil ederse kastın varlığının tespiti daha muhtemel olacaktır. Öte yandan makale suçun bireysel olarak tanımlandığından hareketle Myanmar’ın devlet olarak soykırım suçunun faili olamayacağını ve ancak önleme yükümlülüğünü ihlal ettiğinden bahisle sorumluluğunun doğabileceğini savunacaktır.

References

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  • Isaacs, Tracy Moral Responsibility in Collective Context (Oxford University Press, 2011)
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  • Kocaoğlu, Serhat Sinan. “Suçların Suçu: Soykırım (Genocide)”. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, sy 90 (Ekim 2010). http://tbbdergisi.barobirlik.org.tr/m2010-90-641.
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  • Lee, Steven ‘The Moral Distinctiveness of Genocide’, 18 The Journal of Political Philosophy (2010)
  • OIC. “Organization of Islamic Cooperation Charter”. Erişim 10 Eylül 2020. https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=53&p_ref=27&lan=en.
  • Özarslan, Bahadır Bumin. “Soykırım Suçunun Önlenmesi ve Cezalandırılması Sözleşmesi Açısından Hocalı Katliamı”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 4, sy 1 (01 Haziran 2014)
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk. 17.Bası. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2018.
  • Sadeque, Samira. “The Story Behind The Gambia’s Lawsuit against Myanmar over the Rohingya Genocide”. Inter Press Service News Agency, 03 Aralık 2019. http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/12/story-behind-gambias-lawsuit-myanamar-rohingya-genocide/.
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AN EVALUATION OF THE FOUR MAIN LEGAL PROBLEMS THAT THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE WILL LIKELY FACE IN ASSESSING THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE IN GAMBIYA – MYANMAR CASE

Year 2021, Issue: 22, 29 - 75, 01.12.2021

Abstract

This article examines four fundamental legal problems that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) will likely face in Gambia v. Myanmar while examining whether the crime of genocide has been committed against the Rohingya People of Myanmar. When the reported evidence is considered, it can be forthrightly argued that the acts of genocide are committed against the Rohingya minority In Myanmar. The real challenge is, however, establishing whether these acts are committed with “genocidal intent” and, if so, whether Myanmar can be considered as the perpetrator as such. As to the first question, the article argues that the outcome of ICJ`s consideration will change depending on the theoretical perspective it endorses. If the Court prefers to emphasise its individualistic reading of the term “intent to destroy” as “intent to physically or biologically destroy” and consider “only reasonable inference” doctrine and the “substantiality requirement” accordingly, then it would be rather challenging to conclude that perpetrators acted with “genocidal intent”. If, on the other hand, the Court uses the backdoors created as to the Srebrenica situation and thus prefers a collectivistic interpretation of the legal definition, then it may become more likely to infer “intent to destroy” from the circumstantial evidence. Regarding the second question, the article will advance that since genocide is defined as an “individualised crime” and states cannot form “intent”, unlike human beings, it seems theoretically implausible to be able to consider states as the principal perpetrators of the crime. Rather states can be held responsible, according to the principles of state responsibility, if they fail in fulfilling their duty to prevent genocide.

References

  • Ahmed, Akbar. “The Rohingya: Myanmar’s Outcasts”. 30 Ocak 2012. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/01/201212710543198527.html.
  • Ambos, Kai Treatise on International Criminal Law: Volume I: Foundations and General Part (Oxford University Press 2013)
  • Amnesty International. “Amnesty International withdraws human rights award from Aung San Suu Kyi”, 12 Kasım 2018. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/11/amnesty-withdraws-award-from-aung-san-suu-kyi/.
  • Ateş, Ahmet. “Burma’dan Myanmar’a Arakan’da Rohingya Müslümanları”. İSTEM, sy 29 (29 Aralık 2017): 173-97.
  • BBC. “Myanmar Rohingya: What You Need to Know About the Crisis”, 23 Ocak 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41566561.
  • Behrens, Paul `The mens rea of genocide` in P. Behrens & R. Henham (eds.), Elements of Genocide (Oxon: Routledge 2012).
  • “Rohingya crisis: The Gambian who took Aung San Suu Kyi to the world court”, 23 Ocak 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51183521. “Will Anyone Help the Rohingya People?”, 10 Haziran 2015. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33007536.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı ve Uluslararası Adalet Divanı Statüsü (t.y.).
  • CIA World Factbook. “Burma”, t.y. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/BM-summary.pdf.
  • Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Erişim 12 Eylül 2020. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf.
  • Council on Foreign Relations. “Global Conflict Tracker”, 20 Ağustos 2020. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/rohingya-crisis-myanmar.
  • Çakan, Varis. “Rohingya Müslümanları ve Arakan Soykırımı”. Asya Araştırmaları Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2, sy 1 (15 Temmuz 2018): 38-56.
  • Çoban, Ebru. “Uluslararası Hukukta Soykırım Suçu ve Suça Zemin Hazırlayan Toplumsal Yapılar: Ruanda Örneği”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 5, sy 17 (01 Mart 2008): 46-72.
  • Dalar, Mehmet, ve Özkan Gökcan. “Myanmar’ın Rohingya Müslümanları Politikası: Tarihsel ve Hukuksal Bir Analiz”. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 8, sy 15 (22 Nisan 2018): 33-64. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.391407.
  • Doğru, Ayşe. “Arakanlı Müslümanlar Zulmün 2’nci Yılında Hala Ülkelerine Dönemedi”. Anadolu Ajansı. 27 Ağustos 2019. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/arakanli-muslumanlar-zulmun-2nci-yilinda-hala-ulkelerine-donemedi/1565999.
  • European Parliament. “Aung San Suu Kyi suspended from the Sakharov Prize Community”, 10 Eylül 2020. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200907IPR86516/aung-san-suu-kyi-suspended-from-the-sakharov-prize-community.
  • Fuad, Abdur Rahman. “Tarihi Açıdan Arakan’daki Müslümanlar ve Budistler Arasında Bölgesel Çatışmaların Arka Planı”. ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi 5, sy 12 (27 Aralık 2018): 56-64.
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  • Goldberg, Mark Leon, ve Param-Preet Singh. “Why The Gambia is Suing Myanmar for The Rohingya Genocide”. Erişim 16 Eylül 2020. https://www.undispatch.com/why-the-gambia-is-suing-myanmar-for-genocide-of-the-rohingya/#:~:text=The%20small%20west%20African%20country,long%20faced%20discrimination%20and%20persecution.
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  • “Burma: New Violence in Arakan State”, 26 Ekim 2012. https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/10/26/burma-new-violence-arakan-state.
  • “Questions and Answers on Gambia’s Genocide Case Against Myanmar before the International Court of Justice”, 05 Aralık 2019. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/05/questions-and-answers-gambias-genocide-case-against-myanmar-international-court. International Court of Justice, Advisory Opinion Concerning Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, (1951).
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  • “IOM Bangladesh: Rohingya Humanitarian Crisis Response Monthly Report”. UN Migration, Ocak 2019.
  • Isaacs, Tracy Moral Responsibility in Collective Context (Oxford University Press, 2011)
  • Khaliq, Riyaz ul. “Who are Rohingya?” Anadolu Ajansı. 25 Ağustos 2019. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/who-are-rohingya/1564502.
  • Kocaoğlu, Serhat Sinan. “Suçların Suçu: Soykırım (Genocide)”. Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, sy 90 (Ekim 2010). http://tbbdergisi.barobirlik.org.tr/m2010-90-641.
  • Kreß, Claus ‘The Crime of Genocide under International Law’ 6(4) International Criminal Law Review (2006) “Myanmar”. İçinde Encyclopædia Britannica, 14 Eylül 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar.
  • Lee, Steven ‘The Moral Distinctiveness of Genocide’, 18 The Journal of Political Philosophy (2010)
  • OIC. “Organization of Islamic Cooperation Charter”. Erişim 10 Eylül 2020. https://www.oic-oci.org/page/?p_id=53&p_ref=27&lan=en.
  • Özarslan, Bahadır Bumin. “Soykırım Suçunun Önlenmesi ve Cezalandırılması Sözleşmesi Açısından Hocalı Katliamı”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 4, sy 1 (01 Haziran 2014)
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin. Uluslararası Hukuk. 17.Bası. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2018.
  • Sadeque, Samira. “The Story Behind The Gambia’s Lawsuit against Myanmar over the Rohingya Genocide”. Inter Press Service News Agency, 03 Aralık 2019. http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/12/story-behind-gambias-lawsuit-myanamar-rohingya-genocide/.
  • Schabas, William ‘Was Genocide Committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina? First Judgment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’, 25 Fordham International Law Journal (2001).
  • Schabas, William Genocide in International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd edn, 2009).
  • Singleterry, Douglas ‘“Ethnic Cleansing” and Genocidal Intent: A Failure of Judicial Interpretation?’ 5 Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal (2010).
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. “İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı (İİT)”. Erişim 11 Eylül 2020. İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı (İİT).
  • “Uluslararası Ceza Divanı”. Erişim 15 Eylül 2020. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/uluslararasi-ceza-divani-ve-turkiye.tr.mfa.
  • Ulucak, Zehra. “Myanmar’da Arakanlı Müslümanların Dramı Son Bulmuyor”. Anadolu Ajansı. 24 Ağustos 2020. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/myanmarda-arakanli-muslumanlarin-drami-son-bulmuyor/1951328.
  • UN Human Rights Council. “Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar”, 2020. https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/hrc/myanmarffm/pages/index.aspx.
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  • Peters, Anne ‘“Vulnerability” versus “Plausibility”: Righting or Wronging the Regime of Provisional Measures? Reflections on ICJ, Ukraine v. Russian Federation, Order of 19 April 2017’, EJIL Talk (5 Mayıs 2017)
  • “Report of OHCHR mission to Bangladesh Interviews with Rohingyas fleeing from Myanmar since 9 October 2016”. Flash Report. United Nations, ubat 2017. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/MM/FlashReport3Feb2017.pdf.
  • UN Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect. “Genocide”. Erişim 18 Eylül 2020. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml.
  • “The Genocide Convention”. Erişim 20 Eylül 2020. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide-convention.shtml.
  • Yunus, Mohammed. A History of Arakan (Past & Present), 1994. http://www.netipr.org/policy/downloads/19940101-Dr-Yunus-History-Of-Arakan.pdf.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Cases Before International Courts
Authors

Onur Uraz

Publication Date December 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 22

Cite

Chicago Uraz, Onur. “ULUSLARARASI ADALET DİVANI’NIN GAMBİYA-MYANMAR DAVASINDA SOYKIRIM SUÇUNUN TESPİTİ BAKIMINDAN KARŞILAŞACAĞI DÖRT TEMEL HUKUKİ SORUNA DAİR BİR DEĞERLENDİRME”. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, no. 22 (December 2021): 29-75.