Medyalararasılık Penceresinden Podcast

Year 2025, Issue: 15, 302 - 328, 30.04.2025

Çiğdem Özkan Sev

https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2025.8.15.293

Abstract

Medyadaki değişim, medya araştırmaları alanında her zaman önemli bir tema olmuştur. Zira medyada yaşanan değişimler, toplumsal değişimlerin hem nedeni hem de sonucu olmasıyla toplumun ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Medyayı anlamak, mikro düzeyde toplumu ve daha sonra dünyayı anlamayı sağlar ve toplum/dünya medya aracılığıyla anlamlandırılır. Bu çalışmanın derdi de yükselen bir mecra olarak podcasti anlamaktır. Türkiye’de henüz serpilmeye başlayan podcast mecrası, küresel medya ekosisteminde neredeyse olgunluk dönemine ulaşmış olsa da onun neliğine yönelik sorular hala sorulmaya devam edilmektedir. Bunların en başında ise podcast radyonun bir versiyonu mudur, yoksa dört başı mamur, kendine has yeni bir mecra mıdır sorusu gelmektedir. Bir mecranın hangi toplumsal koşullar içerisinde ortaya çıktığı ve serpildiği, üretim ve tüketim pratikleri ile ortaya koyduğu kültürel anlamlar dizisi ve içerisinde yer alan güç ilişkileri ancak onun en temelde ne olduğu sorusuna yanıt verdikten sonra irdelenebilir. Podcast bu bakımdan göze ilk bakışta bir ara form gibi görünmesiyle problematiktir. O, sesli bir mecra olmasıyla radyo gibidir, fakat üretim pratikleri bakımından radyonun kurumsal yapısına meydan okur. Atası olarak görülen radyo geleneksel bir mecra iken, podcast internetin çocuğudur. Tek bir duyuya seslenen, tek yönlü bir mecra gibi görünse de dinleyici ile ilişki kurma kapasitesine sahiptir. Podcast mecrası bu nitelikleriyle medya değişiminde tarihsel ilerleme anlayışı açısından süreksizlikler yaratır. Bu çalışmada yükselen bir mecra olarak podcastler, karakteristik özellikleri ve sesli medyaya getirdiği teknolojik yeniliklerin yanında, diğer medya ile ilişkileri bakımından irdelenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda podcast mecrası öncelikle radyo üzerinden okunmuş, medyadaki değişim kuramsal düzeyde “iyileştirme” yaklaşımı çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Benimsediği bu yaklaşım bakımından çalışma, podcast mecrasını medyalararasılık düzeyinde tartışmaya açmaktadır.

Keywords

Podcast , medyalararasılık , iyileştirme kuramı , radyo , yeni medya

Podcast within the Framework of Intermediality

Abstract

Change in the media has always been an important theme in the field of media research. This is because changes in the media are an integral part of society as they are both the cause and the result of social changes. Understanding the media enables us to understand society at the micro level and then the world, and society/the world is made sense of through the media. The concern of this study is to understand podcasting as an emerging medium. Although the podcast medium, which has just started to flourish in Turkey, has almost reached its maturity in the global media ecosystem, questions about what it is are still being asked. Foremost among these is the question of whether podcasting is a version of radio or a complete and unique new medium. The social conditions under which a medium emerges and flourishes, the practices of production and consumption, the set of cultural meanings it reveals, and the power relations within it can only be analyzed after answering the question of what it is at its most basic level. In this respect, the podcast is problematic in that it appears to be an in-between form at first glance. It is like radio in that it is an audio medium, but it challenges the institutional structure of radio in terms of its production practices. Considered its ancestor, radio is a traditional medium, while podcast is the child of the Internet. Although it is a one-way medium that appeals to a single sense, it has the capacity to establish a relationship with the listener. With these characteristics, the podcast medium creates discontinuities in terms of the understanding of historical progress in media change. In this study, podcasts as an emerging medium are analyzed in terms of their characteristics and the technological innovations they bring to audio media, as well as their relations with other media. In this direction, the podcast medium is firstly read through radio, and the change in the media is discussed within the framework of the " remediation" approach at the theoretical level. In terms of this approach, the study opens the podcast medium to discussion at the level of intermediality.

Keywords

Podcast , intermediality , remediation theory , radio , new media.

References

• Alonso, E., Broullón, M., & Graván, M. (2016). Empirical analysis of the dynamics of remediation between television and the internet in Spain: The Discourses of users. Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, 179-196. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2016-1090en
• Aydin, Y. (2019). Dolaysızlık ve Glitch Arasındaki ilişkiye bir bakış. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(2), 881-898. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.503293
• Baelo-Allué, S. (2019). Transhumanism, transmedia and the serial podcast: Redefining storytelling in times of enhancement. International Journal of English Studies, 19(1), 113-131. https://doi.org/10.6018/ijes.335321
• Bayraktar, R. (2020). İyileştirme kuramı bağlamında geleneksel TV’den IPTV’ye dönüşen izleyici tercihleri: Literatür üzerine teorik bir inceleme. Atatürk İletişim Dergisi, 19, 79-93. https://doi.org/10.32952/atauniiletisim.702436
• Beer, D., & Burrows, R. (2007). Sociology and, of and in Web 2.0: Some initial considerations. Sociological Research Online, 12(5), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.1560
• Berry, R. (2006). Will the iPod kill the Radio Star? Profiling podcasting as radio. Convergence, 12(2), 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856506066522
• Berry, R. (2016). Podcasting: Considering the evolution of the medium and its association with the word ‘radio’. Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, 14, 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1386/rjao.14.1.7_1
• Birch, H., & Weitkamp, E. (2010). Podologues: Conversations created by science podcasts. New Media & Society, 12(6), 889-909. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809356333
• Boczkowski, P. J. (2004). Digitizing the news: Innovation in online newspapers (First Edition). Mit Pr.
• Bolter, J. D. (2007). Remediation and the language of new media. Northern Lights: Film & Media Studies Yearbook, 5(1), 25-37.
• ---------------- (2012). Transference and transparency: Digital technology and the remediation of cinema. Intermédialités : Histoire et théorie des arts, des lettres et des techniques / intermediality: History and theory of the arts, literature and technologies, 20, 171-184. https://doi.org/10.7202/1023532ar
• Bolter, J. D., & Gromala, D. (2003). Windows and mirrors: Interaction design, digital art, and the myth of transparency. MIT Press.
• Bolter, J. D., & Grusin, R. (2000). Remediation: Understanding new media (Revised ed. edition). The MIT Press.
• Bonet, M., & Sellas, T. (2019). Del flujo al stock: El programador radiofónico ante la gestión del catálogo digital. El Profesional de la Informacion, 28. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.ene.09
• Bonini, T. (2022). Podcasting as a hybrid cultural form between old and new media. M. Lindgren & J. Loviglio (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Radio and Podcast Studies içinde (1st edition, ss. 19-29). Routledge.
• Bottomley, A. J. (2015). Podcasting: A decade in the life of a “new” audio medium: Introduction. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 22(2), 164-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2015.1082880
• Brecht, B. (1978). Brecht on theatre: The development of an aesthetic (J. Willett, Ed.). Hill and Wang.
• Carlton, S. (2018). Producing human rights memory: Analysis of an ‘everyday human rights’ radio show/podcast. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 10(2), 355-366. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huy016
• Chamberlin, F. (2018). Podcasting historias: Public outreach through digital storytelling in iberian history. Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies, 43(1), 104-133.
• Coyle, R. (2006). Editorial: Ether to 01 - digitizing radio. Convergence, 12(2), 123-127. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856506066109
• Crofts, S., Fox, M., Retsema, A., & Williams, B. (2005). Podcasting: A new technology in search of viable business models. First Monday, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v10i9.1273
• Çankaya, Ö. (2011). Kaybolan bir program formatı: Radyo tiyatrosu. Selçuk İletişim, 6(4), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.18094/si.19454
• Deloitte. (2024). Türkiye’de tahmini medya ve reklam yatırımları—2024 ilk 6 ay raporu (ss. 1-36). Interaktif Reklamcılık Derneği Türkiye. https://iabtr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-Ilk-Yariyil-Medya-ve-Reklam-Yatirimlari.pdf
• Demir, V. (2014). Türkiye’de özel radyo ve televizyonların çıkışı ve bu konuda devlet tekelinin kalkması. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 7(7), 179-190.
• Demiroğlu, T. M. (2002). Demokrasi-radyo yayıncılığı etkileşimi, Türkiye`de alternatif radyoculuk [Yyaımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/332370
• Deuze, M. (2006). Participation, remediation, bricolage: Considering principal components of a digital culture. The Information Society, 22(2), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240600567170
• Dikmen, E. Ş. (2017). Türkiye’de televizyon yayıncılığının dönüşümü: Sosyal Tv yayıncılığı. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 5(1), 425-448. https://doi.org/10.19145/gumuscomm.283117
• Dobson, S. (2006). Remediation: Understanding new media – Revisiting a classic. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54183538
• Donison, J. (2019). The serial podcast and storytelling in the digital age, Ellen McCracken (Ed.), New Routledge (2017), 117. Digital Journalism, 7(10), 1357-1359. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1648188
• Dowling, D., Johnson, P., & Ekdale, B. (2022). Hijacking journalism: Legitimacy and metajournalistic discourse in right-wing podcasts. Media and Communication, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i3.5260
• Dubber, A. (2013). Radio in the digital age. John Wiley & Sons.
• Edison, Research. (2020, Ekim 13). The spoken word audio report 2020. Edison Research. https://www.edisonresearch.com/the-spoken-word-audio-report-2020-from-npr-and-edison-research/
• ------------------------ (2024, Mayıs 16). The Podcast Consumer 2024 by Edison Research. Edison Research. https://www.edisonresearch.com/the-podcast-consumer-2024-by-edison-research/
• Fox, R. (2008). Sober drag queens, digital forests, and bloated “lesbians”: Performing gay identities online. Qualitative Inquiry, 14(7), 1245-1263. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800408321719
• Geoghegan, M. W., & Klass, D. (2007). Podcast solutions: The complete guide to audio and video podcasting. Apress Berkeley, CA.
• Hammersley, B. (2004, Şubat 12). Audible revolution. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/feb/12/broadcasting.digitalmedia
• Herkman, J. (2012). Intermediality and media change. University of Tampere.
• IAB. (2022, Mayıs 9). U.S. podcast advertising revenue report: FY 2021 results & 2022-2024 growth projections. IAB. https://www.iab.com/insights/u-s-podcast-advertising-revenue-report-fy-2021-results-2022-2024-growth-projections/
• Kirchoff, J. (2012). Beyond remediation: Comic book captions and silent film intertitles as the same genre. Studies in Comics, 3(1), 25-45. https://doi.org/10.1386/stic.3.1.25_1
• Kocabaşoğlu, U. (2010). Şirket telsizinden devlet radyosuna. İletişim Yayınları.
• -------------------- (2020). TRT dönemi öncesi türk radyo tarihi. TRT Akademi, 5(9), 376-387.
• Leadbeater, C., & Miller, P. (2004). The pro-am revolution: How enthusiasts are changing our society and economy. Demos.
• Lehtonen, M. (2012). Media: One or many? J. Herkman, T. Hujanen, & P. Oinonen (Ed.), Intermediality and Media Change içinde (ss. 31-44). Tampere University Press.
• Lindgren, M. (2016). Personal narrative journalism and podcasting. Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, 14(1), 23-41. https://doi.org/10.1386/rjao.14.1.23_1
• ------------------ (2021). Intimacy and emotions in podcast journalism: A study of award-winning Australian and British podcasts. Journalism Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1943497
• Llinares, D. (2022). “Podcast Studies” And its techno-social discourses. M. Lindgren & J. Loviglio (Ed.), The Routledge Companion to Radio and Podcast Studies içine (ss. 408-417). Routledge.
• Lüders, M. (2008). Conceptualizing personal media. New Media & Society, 10(5), 683-702. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444808094352
• Madsen, V. (2009, Ocak 1). Voices-cast: A report on the new audiosphere of podcasting with specific insights for public broadcasting. Refereed proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand communications association conference 2009. Australian and New Zealand Communication Association Conference, Australia.
• Markman, K. (2011). Doing radio, making friends, and having fun: Exploring the motivations of independent audio podcasters. New Media & Society, 4(14), 547-565. https://doi.org/10.1177
• ----------------- (2015). Considerations-Reflections and future research. Everything old is new again: Podcasting as radio’s revival. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 22(2), 240-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2015.1083376
• Marshall, A. (2019). Surviving: A journalistic podcast exploring life beyond abuse (University Honors College, Middle Tennessee State University). http://jewlscholar.mtsu.edu/xmlui/handle/mtsu/6035
• Mchugh, S. (2016). How podcasting is changing the audio storytelling genre. The Radio Journal - International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, 14, 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1386/rajo.14.1.65_1
• McLuhan, M., & Lapham, L. H. (1994). Understanding media: The extensions of man (Reprint edition). The MIT Press.
• Menduni, E. (2007). Four steps in innovative radio broadcasting: From QuickTime to podcasting. Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, 5(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1386/rajo.5.1.9_1
• Millette, M. (2011). Independent podcasting as a specific online participative subculture: A case study of Montreal’s podcasters. AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research.
• Moe, M. (2023). Podvertising II: “Just like My Best Friend” – relationships in host-read podcast advertisements. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 30(1), 362-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2021.1960840
• Morris, J. W., & Patterson, E. (2015). Podcasting and its apps: Software, sound, and the interfaces of digital audio. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 22(2), 220.
• Nacaroğlu, D. (2023). Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında radyo ve radyo yayıncılığının etkileri. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25 (100. Yılında Cumhuriyet Özel Sayısı), 151-174. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1322143
• Nee, R., & Santana, A. (2021). Podcasting the pandemic: Exploring storytelling formats and shifting journalistic norms in news podcasts related to the coronavirus. Journalism Practice, 16(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1882874
• Novaceanu, M. (2020). From the traditional radio to podcast or to the à la carte. World Journal of Research and Review, 11(1), 17-21. https://doi.org/10.31871/WJRR.11.1.8
• Omar, B. (2017). Online news production, consumption and immediacy: The remediation perspective. Jurnal Komunikasi, Malaysian Journal of Communication, 33(3), 250-266. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2017-3303-15
• Oxford English Dictionary. (t.y.). Podcast. 30 Mart 2024 tarihinde https://www.oed.com/dictionary/podcast_n adresinden erişilmiştr.
• Özkan Sev, Ç. (2024). Podcastin parasosyal doğası üzerine bir araştırma (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Park, C. S. (2016). Carnivalism and engaging journalism in the current-affairs podcasts in South Korea. Advances in Journalism and Communication, 4(3), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajc.2016.43008
• ------------- (2017). Citizen news podcasts and journalistic role conceptions in the United States and South Korea. Journalism Practice, 11(9), 1158-1177. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2016.1224682
• Perdomo, G., & Rodrigues-Rouleau, P. (2022). Transparency as metajournalistic performance: The New York times’ Caliphate Podcast and new ways to claim journalistic authority. Journalism, 23(11), 2311-2327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884921997312
• Rajewsky, I. O. (2005). Intermediality, Intertextuality, and remediation: A Literary perspective on intermediality. Intermédialités : Histoire et Théorie des Arts, des Lettres et des Techniquesintermediality : / History and Theory of the Arts, Literature and Technologies, 6, 43-64. https://doi.org/10.7202/1005505ar
• -------------------- (2010). Border talks: The problematic status of media borders in the current debate about intermediality. L. Elleström (Ed.), Media Borders, Multimodality and Intermediality içinde (ss. 51-68). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230275201_3
• Ritter, E. A., & Cho, C.-H. (2009). Effects of ad placement and type on consumer responses to podcast ads. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(5), 533-537. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0074
• Salvati, A. J. (2015). Podcasting the past:Hardcore History, Fandom, and DIY Histories. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 22(2), 231.
• Schlütz, D., & Hedder, I. (2022). Aural parasocial relations: Host–listener relationships in podcasts. Journal of Radio & Audio Media, 29(2), 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376529.2020.1870467
• Sellas, T. (2012). A two-dimensional approach to the study of podcasting in Spanish talk radio stations. Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, 10(1), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1386/rjao.10.1.7_1
• Sharon, T., & John, N. A. (2019). Imagining an ideal podcast listener. Popular Communication, 17(4), 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2019.1610175
• Shingler, M., & Wieringa, C. (1998). On air: Methods and meanings of radio. Bloomsbury Academic.
• Siles, I. (2013). Inventing Twitter: An Iterative approach to new media development. International Journal of Communication, 7, 2105-2127.
• Sullivan, J. L. (2018). Podcast movement: Aspirational labour and the for- malisation of podcasting as a cultural industry. D. Llinares, N. Fox, & R. Berry (Ed.), Podcasting: New aural cultures and digital media içinde (ss. 35-56). Palgrave Macmillan.
• ---------------- (2019). The platforms of podcasting: Past and present. Social Media + Society, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119880002
• ---------------- (2021). “Uber for Radio?” Professionalism and production cultures in podcasting. B. Dolber, M. Rodino-Colocino, C. Kumanyika, & T. Wolfson (Ed.), The gig economy: Workers and media in the age of convergence içinde (ss. 92-106). Routledge.
• Şener, O. (2020). Gazetecilik için podcast. T. Durna (Ed.), Sivil toplum kuruluşları için hak temelli gazetecilik kılavuzu içinde (ss. 215-252). um:ag yayınları. https://www.nadirkitap.com/sivil-toplum-orgutleri-icin-hak-temelli-gazetecilik-kilavuzu-editor-tezcan-durna-kitap23741149.html
• Tacchi, J. (2000). The need for radio theory in the digital age. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 3(2), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/136787790000300217
• Toivanen, P., Nelimarkka, M., & Valaskivi, K. (2022). Remediation in the hybrid media environment: Understanding countermedia in context. New Media & Society, 24(9), 2127-2152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444821992701
• Tran, T. (2019). Creating sound in silences: The second wave podcast and pluralizing Vietnamese diasporic histories. Popular Communication, 17(4), 288-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2019.1634809
• Tranová, K. L., & Veneti, A. (2022). The use of podcasting in political marketing: The case of the Czech Republic. Journal of Political Marketing, 23(4), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2021.2024479
• Tufan, F. (2020). Podcasting trends of radio stations in Turkey. A. Akkor Gül, Y. D. Ertürk, & P. Elmer (Ed.), Digital transformation in media & society içinde (ss. 63-81). İstanbul University Press.
• Vickery, A. J., & Ventrano, S. (2021). Listening goals and parasocial relationships: How listening styles impact the development of parasocial relationships with media personas. International Journal of Listening, 35(3), 149-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2020.1781637
• von Krogh, T., & Svensson, G. (2017). Media responses to media criticism: An analysis of response practices in the weekly Swedish podcast MattssonHelin. Nordicom Review, 38(1), 47-64.
• Waddingham, J. A., Zachary, M. A., & Ketchen, D. J. (2020). Insights on the go: Leveraging business podcasts to enhance organizational performance. Business Horizons, 63(3), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.02.001
• Winer, D. (2005, Mart 25). Scripting news. http://scripting.com/2005/03/25.html#When:5:03:44AM
• Winocur, R. (2005). Radio and everyday life: Uses and meanings in the domestic sphere. Television & New Media, 6(3), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476405276472
• Wolterink, S. K. (2022). How podcast hosts influence the sexual behavioral in- tention of the audience through parasocial relationships (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Tilburg University.
• Yee, T. (2019). Podcasting and personal brands: Mapping a theoretical path from participatory empowerment to individual persona construction. Persona Studies, 5(1), 92-106. https://doi.org/10.21153/psj2019vol5no1art837
• Zuraikat, L. (2020). The parasocial nature of the podcast. Radio’s Second Century içinde (ss. 39-52). Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813598505-005