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UNDERWATER ROBOT SWARMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 37 - 50, 01.03.2011

Abstract

Research on autonomous vehicles has been a key area of concern especially in the last two-three decades. Underwater vehicles took their share in such studies. In addition to single remotely-controlled and autonomous underwater vehicles, ongoing research deals with construction of coordinated missions to be performed by groups of such vehicles. In this study, which can be considered as a condensed review of the underwater robot swarms, we try to summarize the challenges and practical issues in this area. In addition, we try to illustrate the advantages of a swarm formation with a basic case study

References

  • L.L. Whitcomb, “Underwater robotics: Out of the research laboratory and into the field”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom., 2000, pp. 85–90.
  • R. Wernli, “AUV Commercialization - Who’s leading the pack?”, presented in MTS/lEEE Oceans’01 Conference, 2001.
  • A. Martins, J.M. Almeida, and E. Silva, “Coordinated Maneuver for Gradient Search Using Multiple AUVs”, in IEEE Oceans Conference Records, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 347– 352.
  • D.B. Edwards, T.A. Bean, D.L. Odell, and M.J. Anderson, “A Leader-FoIlower Algorithm for Multiple AUV Formations”, in Proc. IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, 2004, pp. 40–46.
  • G. Beni and J. Wang, “Swarm Intelligence in Cellular Robotic Systems”, presented in NATO Advanced Workshop on Robots and Biological Systems, 1989.
  • R. Brooks, P. Maes, M. Mataric, and G. Moore, “Lunar Base Construction Robots”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop Intelligent Robots and Systems, 1990, pp. 389–392.
  • M. Mataric, “Minimizing Complexity in Controlling a Mobile Robot Population”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom., 1992, vol. 1, pp. 830–835.
  • D.O. Popa, A.C. Sanderson, R.J. Komerska, S.S. Mupparapu, D.R. Blidberg, and S.G. Chappel, “Adaptive Sampling Algorithms for Multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles”, in Proc. IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, 2004, pp. 108–118.
  • L. Bayındır and E. Şahin, “A Review of Studies in Swarm Robotics”, Turk. J. Elec. Engin., 2007, vol.15, no.2, pp. 115–147.
  • E. Silva, A. Martins, I. Almeida, and F. Pereira, “Specification of multiple AUV strategies for search of freshwater oceanic sources”, in Proc. MTS/IEEE Oceans, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 346.
  • J. Bellingham, M. Tillerson, M. Alighanbari, and J. How, “Cooperative path planning for multiple UAVs in dynamic and uncertain environments,” in Proc. 4th IEEE Conf. Dec. Cont., 2002, pp. 2816–2822 .
  • C.C. Sotzing, J. Evans, and D.M. Lane, “A Multi-Agent Architecture to Increase Coordination Efficiency in Multi-AUV Operations”, in Proc. OCEANS 2007 – Europe, 2007, pp. 1–6 .
  • J.G. Proakis, J.A. Rice, E.M. Sozer, M. Stojanovic, “Shallow water acoustic networks”, in Encyclopedia of Telecommunications (ed. J.G. Proakis), John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
  • L. Stutters, H. Liu, C. Tiltman, and D.J. Brown, “Navigation Technologies for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles”, IEEE Trans. Sys., Man, Cyber. – Part C: Appl. Rev., 2008, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 581–589.
  • J.J. Leonard, A.A. Bennett, C.M. Smith, H.J.S. Feder, “Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Navigation”, in Proc. IEEE ICRA Workshop Navigat. Outdoor Aut.. Vehicles, 1998.
  • E. Bovio, D. Cecchi, F. Baralli, “Autonomous underwater vehicles for scientific and naval operations”, Annual Reviews in Control, 2006, vol. 30, pp. 117–130.
  • R. E. Kalman, “A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems”, Trans. ASMA J. Basic Eng. Series D, 1960, vol. 82, pp. 35–45.
  • S. J. Julier and J. Uhlmann, “A new extension of the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems,” presented at Int. Symp. Aerosp./Defense Sensing, Simul. Controls, 1997.
  • E. Wan and R. van der Merwe, “The unscented Kalman filter for nonlinear estimation,” in Proc. IEEE Adapt. Syst. Signal Process., Commun., Control Symp. (AS-SPCC), 2000, pp. 153–158.
  • B. Ristic, S. Arulampalam, and N. Gordon, Beyond the Kalman Filter: Particle Filters for Tracking Applications. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2004.
  • F. Gustafsson, F. Gunnarsson, N. Bergman, U. Forssell, J. Jansson, R. Karlsson, and P. Nordlund, “Particle filters for positioning, navigation and tracking,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 2002, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 425–437.
  • M. W. M. G. Dissanayake, P. Newman, S. Clark, H. F. Durrany-Whyte, and M. Csorba, “A solution to the simultaneous localization and map building (SLAM) problem,” IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom., 2001, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 229–241.
  • I.T. Ruiz, S. Reed, Y. Petillot, J. Bell, and D.M. Lane, “Concurrent mapping and localisation using side-scan sonar for autonomous navigation,” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 2004, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 442–456.
  • S. Shahabudeen, M. Chitre, and M. Motani, A multi-channel MAC protocol for AUV networks”, in Proc. OCEANS 2007 – Europe, 2007, pp. 1–6 .
  • I.F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, T. Melodia, "Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges", Ad Hoc Networks, 2005, vol. 3, pp. 257–279.
  • E.M. Sozer, M. Stojanovic, and J.G. Proakis, “Underwater Acoustic Networks”, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 2000, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 72–83.
  • R. Somaraju and F. Schill, “A Communication Module and TDMA Scheduling for a Swarm of Small Submarines”, Turk. J. Elec. Engin., 2007, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 283–306.
  • J.B. Sousa and F.L. Pereira, “A General Control Architecture For Multiple Vehicles”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom., 1996, pp. 692–697.
  • J.B. Sousa, F.L. Pereira, and E.P. da Silva, “A General Control Architecture For Multiple AUVs”, in Proc. Symp. on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology (AUV '96), 1996, pp. 223–230.
  • J.B. Sousa and F.L. Pereira, “A Generalized Vehicle Based Control Architecture for Multiple AUVs”, in Proc. MTS/IEEE Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment (OCEANS '95), 1995, pp. 1643–1650.
  • P.K.C. Wang, F.Y. Hadaegh, and K. Lau, “Synchronized formation rotation and attitude control of multiple free-flying spacecraft”, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 1999, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 28–35.
  • D.J. Stilwell, B.E. Bishop, “Platoons of underwater vehicles”, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 2000, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 45-52.
  • J. Ghommam, O. Calvo, and A. Rozenfeld, “Coordinated path following for multiple underactuated AUVs”, in Proc. MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean (OCEANS 2008), 2008, pp. 1–7.
  • A. Jadbabaie, J. Lin, and A.S. Morse, “Coordination of groups of mobile autonomous agents using nearest neighbor rules”, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2003, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 988–1001.
  • L. Moreau, “Stability of multi-agent systems with time-dependent communication links”, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2005, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 169–182.
  • J.R. Lawton, R.W. Beard, and B. Young, “A decentralized approach to formation maneuvers”, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 2003, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 933–941.
  • S. Sarkka, “Unscented Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoother”, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2008, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 845–849.
  • A. Gelb, Applied Optimal Estimation, The MIT Press, 1974.
  • D.C. Fraser and J.E. Potter, “The Optimum Linear Smoother as a Combination of Two Optimum Linear Filters”, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1969, vol. AC-14, pp. 387–390.
  • J. Hartikainen and S. Särkkä, “Optimal filtering with Kalman filters and smoothers – a Manual http://www.lce.hut.fi/research/mm/ekfukf/, Last Accessed: 04.06.2009. Matlab toolbox EKF/UKF”, Available Online:
Year 2011, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 37 - 50, 01.03.2011

Abstract

References

  • L.L. Whitcomb, “Underwater robotics: Out of the research laboratory and into the field”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom., 2000, pp. 85–90.
  • R. Wernli, “AUV Commercialization - Who’s leading the pack?”, presented in MTS/lEEE Oceans’01 Conference, 2001.
  • A. Martins, J.M. Almeida, and E. Silva, “Coordinated Maneuver for Gradient Search Using Multiple AUVs”, in IEEE Oceans Conference Records, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 347– 352.
  • D.B. Edwards, T.A. Bean, D.L. Odell, and M.J. Anderson, “A Leader-FoIlower Algorithm for Multiple AUV Formations”, in Proc. IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, 2004, pp. 40–46.
  • G. Beni and J. Wang, “Swarm Intelligence in Cellular Robotic Systems”, presented in NATO Advanced Workshop on Robots and Biological Systems, 1989.
  • R. Brooks, P. Maes, M. Mataric, and G. Moore, “Lunar Base Construction Robots”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop Intelligent Robots and Systems, 1990, pp. 389–392.
  • M. Mataric, “Minimizing Complexity in Controlling a Mobile Robot Population”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom., 1992, vol. 1, pp. 830–835.
  • D.O. Popa, A.C. Sanderson, R.J. Komerska, S.S. Mupparapu, D.R. Blidberg, and S.G. Chappel, “Adaptive Sampling Algorithms for Multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles”, in Proc. IEEE/OES Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, 2004, pp. 108–118.
  • L. Bayındır and E. Şahin, “A Review of Studies in Swarm Robotics”, Turk. J. Elec. Engin., 2007, vol.15, no.2, pp. 115–147.
  • E. Silva, A. Martins, I. Almeida, and F. Pereira, “Specification of multiple AUV strategies for search of freshwater oceanic sources”, in Proc. MTS/IEEE Oceans, 2003, vol. 1, pp. 346.
  • J. Bellingham, M. Tillerson, M. Alighanbari, and J. How, “Cooperative path planning for multiple UAVs in dynamic and uncertain environments,” in Proc. 4th IEEE Conf. Dec. Cont., 2002, pp. 2816–2822 .
  • C.C. Sotzing, J. Evans, and D.M. Lane, “A Multi-Agent Architecture to Increase Coordination Efficiency in Multi-AUV Operations”, in Proc. OCEANS 2007 – Europe, 2007, pp. 1–6 .
  • J.G. Proakis, J.A. Rice, E.M. Sozer, M. Stojanovic, “Shallow water acoustic networks”, in Encyclopedia of Telecommunications (ed. J.G. Proakis), John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
  • L. Stutters, H. Liu, C. Tiltman, and D.J. Brown, “Navigation Technologies for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles”, IEEE Trans. Sys., Man, Cyber. – Part C: Appl. Rev., 2008, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 581–589.
  • J.J. Leonard, A.A. Bennett, C.M. Smith, H.J.S. Feder, “Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Navigation”, in Proc. IEEE ICRA Workshop Navigat. Outdoor Aut.. Vehicles, 1998.
  • E. Bovio, D. Cecchi, F. Baralli, “Autonomous underwater vehicles for scientific and naval operations”, Annual Reviews in Control, 2006, vol. 30, pp. 117–130.
  • R. E. Kalman, “A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems”, Trans. ASMA J. Basic Eng. Series D, 1960, vol. 82, pp. 35–45.
  • S. J. Julier and J. Uhlmann, “A new extension of the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems,” presented at Int. Symp. Aerosp./Defense Sensing, Simul. Controls, 1997.
  • E. Wan and R. van der Merwe, “The unscented Kalman filter for nonlinear estimation,” in Proc. IEEE Adapt. Syst. Signal Process., Commun., Control Symp. (AS-SPCC), 2000, pp. 153–158.
  • B. Ristic, S. Arulampalam, and N. Gordon, Beyond the Kalman Filter: Particle Filters for Tracking Applications. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2004.
  • F. Gustafsson, F. Gunnarsson, N. Bergman, U. Forssell, J. Jansson, R. Karlsson, and P. Nordlund, “Particle filters for positioning, navigation and tracking,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 2002, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 425–437.
  • M. W. M. G. Dissanayake, P. Newman, S. Clark, H. F. Durrany-Whyte, and M. Csorba, “A solution to the simultaneous localization and map building (SLAM) problem,” IEEE Trans. Robot. Autom., 2001, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 229–241.
  • I.T. Ruiz, S. Reed, Y. Petillot, J. Bell, and D.M. Lane, “Concurrent mapping and localisation using side-scan sonar for autonomous navigation,” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 2004, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 442–456.
  • S. Shahabudeen, M. Chitre, and M. Motani, A multi-channel MAC protocol for AUV networks”, in Proc. OCEANS 2007 – Europe, 2007, pp. 1–6 .
  • I.F. Akyildiz, D. Pompili, T. Melodia, "Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges", Ad Hoc Networks, 2005, vol. 3, pp. 257–279.
  • E.M. Sozer, M. Stojanovic, and J.G. Proakis, “Underwater Acoustic Networks”, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., 2000, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 72–83.
  • R. Somaraju and F. Schill, “A Communication Module and TDMA Scheduling for a Swarm of Small Submarines”, Turk. J. Elec. Engin., 2007, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 283–306.
  • J.B. Sousa and F.L. Pereira, “A General Control Architecture For Multiple Vehicles”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom., 1996, pp. 692–697.
  • J.B. Sousa, F.L. Pereira, and E.P. da Silva, “A General Control Architecture For Multiple AUVs”, in Proc. Symp. on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology (AUV '96), 1996, pp. 223–230.
  • J.B. Sousa and F.L. Pereira, “A Generalized Vehicle Based Control Architecture for Multiple AUVs”, in Proc. MTS/IEEE Challenges of Our Changing Global Environment (OCEANS '95), 1995, pp. 1643–1650.
  • P.K.C. Wang, F.Y. Hadaegh, and K. Lau, “Synchronized formation rotation and attitude control of multiple free-flying spacecraft”, Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 1999, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 28–35.
  • D.J. Stilwell, B.E. Bishop, “Platoons of underwater vehicles”, IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 2000, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 45-52.
  • J. Ghommam, O. Calvo, and A. Rozenfeld, “Coordinated path following for multiple underactuated AUVs”, in Proc. MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean (OCEANS 2008), 2008, pp. 1–7.
  • A. Jadbabaie, J. Lin, and A.S. Morse, “Coordination of groups of mobile autonomous agents using nearest neighbor rules”, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2003, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 988–1001.
  • L. Moreau, “Stability of multi-agent systems with time-dependent communication links”, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2005, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 169–182.
  • J.R. Lawton, R.W. Beard, and B. Young, “A decentralized approach to formation maneuvers”, IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 2003, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 933–941.
  • S. Sarkka, “Unscented Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoother”, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 2008, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 845–849.
  • A. Gelb, Applied Optimal Estimation, The MIT Press, 1974.
  • D.C. Fraser and J.E. Potter, “The Optimum Linear Smoother as a Combination of Two Optimum Linear Filters”, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 1969, vol. AC-14, pp. 387–390.
  • J. Hartikainen and S. Särkkä, “Optimal filtering with Kalman filters and smoothers – a Manual http://www.lce.hut.fi/research/mm/ekfukf/, Last Accessed: 04.06.2009. Matlab toolbox EKF/UKF”, Available Online:
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA79YZ52BN
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özgür Yıldız This is me

Recep Bülent Gökal This is me

Asım Egemen Yılmaz This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

IEEE Ö. Yıldız, R. B. Gökal, and A. E. Yılmaz, “UNDERWATER ROBOT SWARMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS”, UTBD, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 37–50, 2011.

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