Research Article
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DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 55 - 67, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1071300

Abstract

Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) is one of the leafy vegetables that can be used to alleviate the problem of micronutrient malnutrition, prominent in tropical Africa. To ensure availability in non-growing areas, the vegetable needs to be preserved. Processing and preservation methods influence the nutrient content of the vegetables. This research work is therefore focused on the development of a modular bitter leaf washing and juice extraction machine. The machine is an electrically powered bitter leaf juice extractor that washes bitter leaf fed into it and at the same time squeezes out the juice. It uses stainless steel beaters inclined to angle of 0o to wash and squeeze the leaves against the cylindrical hopper incorporated with a perforated plate that drained juice while pulp is expelled. The beater is designed to work with the principle of oscillatory motion. The designed and fabricated bitter leaf juice washing and extraction machine was evaluated to determine the power, torque, force, etc., that are required to wash and extract the juice. The results obtained showed that the speed reduction, angular velocity, centrifugal force, torque, and power of 0.0127 m3, 480 rpm, 50.285 rad/sec, 303.430 N, 3.03 Nm, 0.75 hp are required. Also, a minimum bitter leaf extraction time of 398.28 seconds was required by the machine in comparison to manual extraction time of 724.13 seconds. Besides, the result of volume of bitter leaf juice extracted manually and mechanically from 407.54 g of bitter leaf were 3.60 litre and 3.63 litre respectively. The efficiency of the machine and the machine throughput capacity were obtained as 55.00 % and 1.032 g/sec respectively. This simply implies that the developed machine is 55.00 % efficient than manual method of washing bitter leaf.

References

  • 1 Alabi QK, Adeyemi WJ. Vernonia amygdalina (Del) as an an- tioxidant, aspirin toxicity, and oxidative stress. Toxicology. 2021; 491–504. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819092-0.00048-0
  • 2. Alem S, Woldemariam T. A comparative assessment on regeneration status of indigenous woody plants in Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest. Journal of Forestry Research. 2009; 20(1):31-36
  • 3. IfedibaluChukwu EI, Aparoop D, Kamaruz Z. Antidiabetic, anthelmintic and an- tioxidation properties of novel and new phytocompounds isolated from the methano- lic stem-bark of Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae). Scientific African. 2020;10, doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00578
  • 4. Habtamu A, Melaku Y. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Compounds from the Flower Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/4083736
  • 5. Tekou FA, Kuate D, Nguekouo PT, Woumbo CY, Oben JE. Effect of cooking treatments on the phytochemical composition and antidiabetic potential of Vernonia amygdalina. Food Sci Nutr. 2018; 6(6):1684–1691. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.732
  • 6. Oyeyemi IT, Aderiike AA, Adewumi A, Aleshinloye AO, Oyeyemi OT. Vernonia amygdalina: A folkloric herb with anthelminthic properties. Beni-Suef Uni J Basic Ap- plied Sci J. 2018; 43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.07.007
  • 7. Alara OR, Abdurahman NH, Mudalipa SKA, Olalere OA. Phytochem- ical and pharmacological properties of Vernonia amygdalina: a review. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology. 2017; 2: 80–96. doi: 10.15282/JCEIB-V2-07.29/9/2017/2.2 8. Alabi QK, Adeyemi WJ. Vernonia amygdalina (Del) as an an- tioxidant, aspirin toxicity, and oxidative stress. Toxicology. 2021; 491–504. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819092-0.00048-0
  • 9. Momoh M, Adikwu M, Oyi AR. Vernonia amygdalina and CD4+ cell counts: An immune study. Global Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2010; 5: 92-96
  • 10. Oladosu-Ajayi RN, Dienye HE, Ajayi CT, Agha IU (2016) 8. Vernonia amygdalina [Bitter leaf] extracts as preservative for catfish, Clarias-gariepinus. International Journal of Nutritional Science and Food Tech¬nology 3: 2471-7371
  • 11. Habtamu A, Melaku Y. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Compounds from the Flower Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. Adv Pharmacol Sci; 2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/4083736
  • 12. Yedjou CG, Sims JN, Njiki S, Tsabang N, Ogungbe IV, Tchounwou PB. Ver- nonia amygdalina delile exhibits a potential for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Glob J Adv Eng Technol Sci; 2018 5 (8): 1–9. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.134359.1
  • 13. Fadimu OY, Iliya M, Sani RZ. Ethnomedicinal survey of anti-typhoid plants in ijebu ode local government area of Ogun state, Nigeria. Int J Sci Nat. 2014; 5 (2): 332–336
  • 14. Asante DB, Henneh IT, Acheampong DO, Kyei F, Adokoh CK, Ofori EG, Domey NK, Adakudugu E, Tangella LP, Ameyaw EO. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity of young and old leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Biomed Phar-macother. 2019; 111: 1187–1203. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.147
  • 15. Okpe O, Habila N, Ikwebe J, Upev VA, Okoduwa SI, Isaac OT. Antimalarial Po- tential of Carica papaya and Vernonia amygdalina in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei. J Trop Med; 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/8738972
  • 16. Oladele JO, Oyeleke OM, Oladele OT, Olaniyan M. Neuroprotective mechanism of Vernonia amygdalina in a rat model of neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol Rep. 2020; 14 (7):1223–1232. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.005
  • 17. Atangwho IJ, Edet EE, Uti DE, Obi AU, Asmawi MZ, Ahmad M. Biochemical and histological impact of Vernonia amygdalina supplemented diet in obese rats. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2012; 19 (3): 385–392. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.05.003
  • 18. Hasibuan P, Harahap U, Sitorus P, Satria D. The anticancer activities of Ver- nonia amygdalina Delile. leaves on 4T1 breast cancer cells through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Heliyon. 2020;6(7). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04449
  • 19. Eziuche AU, Okezie E, Emmanuel DD, Grace OA, Ositadimma CU, Chibuike I, Emeka JI. Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology. 2021; 1:1-15
  • 20. Nwaoguikpe RN. The Effect of Extract of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) on Blood Glucose Levels of Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Biology and Chemical Sciences. 2010; (4):721–729
  • 21. Adama KK, Oberafo AA, Dika SI. Bitter leaf as local substitute for hops in the Nigerian brewing industry. Archive of Applied Sciences Research. 2011; (3): 388-397
  • 22. Udochukwu U, Omeje FI, Uloma IS, Oseiwe ID. Phytochemical Analysis of Vernonia Amygdalina and Ocimum Gratissimum Extracts and their antibacterial activity on some Drug Resistant Bacteria. Am J of Res Comm. 2015; 3(5): 225-235
  • 23. Oke AO, Koya OA, Akanbi CT. Development of a Machine for Expressing Veronia Amygbalina Leaf Juice. Ife Journal of Technoogy. 2015;23(2):1-9
  • 24. Badare J, Akpojare A, Okwon MN. Design and Fabrication of Bitter Leaf Washing Machine. A final year project work carried out in Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Benin, 2010.
  • 25. Khurmi RJ, Gupta JK. Machine Design, Eurasia Publishing House (pvt) Ltd, New Delhi, 2013
Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 55 - 67, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1071300

Abstract

References

  • 1 Alabi QK, Adeyemi WJ. Vernonia amygdalina (Del) as an an- tioxidant, aspirin toxicity, and oxidative stress. Toxicology. 2021; 491–504. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819092-0.00048-0
  • 2. Alem S, Woldemariam T. A comparative assessment on regeneration status of indigenous woody plants in Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest. Journal of Forestry Research. 2009; 20(1):31-36
  • 3. IfedibaluChukwu EI, Aparoop D, Kamaruz Z. Antidiabetic, anthelmintic and an- tioxidation properties of novel and new phytocompounds isolated from the methano- lic stem-bark of Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae). Scientific African. 2020;10, doi: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00578
  • 4. Habtamu A, Melaku Y. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Compounds from the Flower Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/4083736
  • 5. Tekou FA, Kuate D, Nguekouo PT, Woumbo CY, Oben JE. Effect of cooking treatments on the phytochemical composition and antidiabetic potential of Vernonia amygdalina. Food Sci Nutr. 2018; 6(6):1684–1691. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.732
  • 6. Oyeyemi IT, Aderiike AA, Adewumi A, Aleshinloye AO, Oyeyemi OT. Vernonia amygdalina: A folkloric herb with anthelminthic properties. Beni-Suef Uni J Basic Ap- plied Sci J. 2018; 43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.07.007
  • 7. Alara OR, Abdurahman NH, Mudalipa SKA, Olalere OA. Phytochem- ical and pharmacological properties of Vernonia amygdalina: a review. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology. 2017; 2: 80–96. doi: 10.15282/JCEIB-V2-07.29/9/2017/2.2 8. Alabi QK, Adeyemi WJ. Vernonia amygdalina (Del) as an an- tioxidant, aspirin toxicity, and oxidative stress. Toxicology. 2021; 491–504. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819092-0.00048-0
  • 9. Momoh M, Adikwu M, Oyi AR. Vernonia amygdalina and CD4+ cell counts: An immune study. Global Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry. 2010; 5: 92-96
  • 10. Oladosu-Ajayi RN, Dienye HE, Ajayi CT, Agha IU (2016) 8. Vernonia amygdalina [Bitter leaf] extracts as preservative for catfish, Clarias-gariepinus. International Journal of Nutritional Science and Food Tech¬nology 3: 2471-7371
  • 11. Habtamu A, Melaku Y. Antibacterial and Antioxidant Compounds from the Flower Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. Adv Pharmacol Sci; 2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/4083736
  • 12. Yedjou CG, Sims JN, Njiki S, Tsabang N, Ogungbe IV, Tchounwou PB. Ver- nonia amygdalina delile exhibits a potential for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Glob J Adv Eng Technol Sci; 2018 5 (8): 1–9. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.134359.1
  • 13. Fadimu OY, Iliya M, Sani RZ. Ethnomedicinal survey of anti-typhoid plants in ijebu ode local government area of Ogun state, Nigeria. Int J Sci Nat. 2014; 5 (2): 332–336
  • 14. Asante DB, Henneh IT, Acheampong DO, Kyei F, Adokoh CK, Ofori EG, Domey NK, Adakudugu E, Tangella LP, Ameyaw EO. Anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antipyretic activity of young and old leaves of Vernonia amygdalina. Biomed Phar-macother. 2019; 111: 1187–1203. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.147
  • 15. Okpe O, Habila N, Ikwebe J, Upev VA, Okoduwa SI, Isaac OT. Antimalarial Po- tential of Carica papaya and Vernonia amygdalina in Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei. J Trop Med; 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/8738972
  • 16. Oladele JO, Oyeleke OM, Oladele OT, Olaniyan M. Neuroprotective mechanism of Vernonia amygdalina in a rat model of neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol Rep. 2020; 14 (7):1223–1232. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.005
  • 17. Atangwho IJ, Edet EE, Uti DE, Obi AU, Asmawi MZ, Ahmad M. Biochemical and histological impact of Vernonia amygdalina supplemented diet in obese rats. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2012; 19 (3): 385–392. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.05.003
  • 18. Hasibuan P, Harahap U, Sitorus P, Satria D. The anticancer activities of Ver- nonia amygdalina Delile. leaves on 4T1 breast cancer cells through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Heliyon. 2020;6(7). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04449
  • 19. Eziuche AU, Okezie E, Emmanuel DD, Grace OA, Ositadimma CU, Chibuike I, Emeka JI. Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology. 2021; 1:1-15
  • 20. Nwaoguikpe RN. The Effect of Extract of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) on Blood Glucose Levels of Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Biology and Chemical Sciences. 2010; (4):721–729
  • 21. Adama KK, Oberafo AA, Dika SI. Bitter leaf as local substitute for hops in the Nigerian brewing industry. Archive of Applied Sciences Research. 2011; (3): 388-397
  • 22. Udochukwu U, Omeje FI, Uloma IS, Oseiwe ID. Phytochemical Analysis of Vernonia Amygdalina and Ocimum Gratissimum Extracts and their antibacterial activity on some Drug Resistant Bacteria. Am J of Res Comm. 2015; 3(5): 225-235
  • 23. Oke AO, Koya OA, Akanbi CT. Development of a Machine for Expressing Veronia Amygbalina Leaf Juice. Ife Journal of Technoogy. 2015;23(2):1-9
  • 24. Badare J, Akpojare A, Okwon MN. Design and Fabrication of Bitter Leaf Washing Machine. A final year project work carried out in Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Benin, 2010.
  • 25. Khurmi RJ, Gupta JK. Machine Design, Eurasia Publishing House (pvt) Ltd, New Delhi, 2013
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Patrick Ebomwonyi This is me 0000-0003-1191-5356

Ejiroghene Kelly Orhorhoro 0000-0002-0803-1034

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date February 10, 2022
Acceptance Date June 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ebomwonyi, P., & Orhorhoro, E. K. (2022). DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 5(1), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1071300
AMA Ebomwonyi P, Orhorhoro EK. DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE. UUJES. June 2022;5(1):55-67. doi:10.47137/uujes.1071300
Chicago Ebomwonyi, Patrick, and Ejiroghene Kelly Orhorhoro. “DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE”. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences 5, no. 1 (June 2022): 55-67. https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1071300.
EndNote Ebomwonyi P, Orhorhoro EK (June 1, 2022) DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences 5 1 55–67.
IEEE P. Ebomwonyi and E. K. Orhorhoro, “DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE”, UUJES, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 55–67, 2022, doi: 10.47137/uujes.1071300.
ISNAD Ebomwonyi, Patrick - Orhorhoro, Ejiroghene Kelly. “DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE”. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences 5/1 (June 2022), 55-67. https://doi.org/10.47137/uujes.1071300.
JAMA Ebomwonyi P, Orhorhoro EK. DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE. UUJES. 2022;5:55–67.
MLA Ebomwonyi, Patrick and Ejiroghene Kelly Orhorhoro. “DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE”. Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, 2022, pp. 55-67, doi:10.47137/uujes.1071300.
Vancouver Ebomwonyi P, Orhorhoro EK. DEVELOPMENT OF A MODULAR BITTER LEAF WASHING AND JUICE EXTRACTION MACHINE. UUJES. 2022;5(1):55-67.

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