<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>uujfe</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2148-4155</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Bursa Uludağ University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17482/uumfd.1771008</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Environmental Engineering (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Çevre Mühendisliği (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Characterization of Treatment Sludge Generated in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Investigation of Disposal Methods: The Case of Van Province</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>ATIKSU ARITMA TESİSLERİNDE OLUŞAN ARITMA ÇAMURLARININ KARAKTERİZASYONU VE BERTARAF YÖNTEMLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI: VAN İLİ ÖRNEĞİ</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6088-4416</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Türkmenoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, MADEN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1071-2813</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özgüven</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ayşe</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>VAN YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÇEVRE MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6576-4146</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çiftçi</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ali</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Van Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü (VASKİ)</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260410">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>10</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>31</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>151</fpage>
                                        <lpage>170</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250824">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>24</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20251217">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>17</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2002, Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2002</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Uludağ University Journal of The Faculty of Engineering</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the disposal of sewage sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants without creating new pollution sources. However, studies on facilities around Lake Van are quite limited. This study aims to determine the physical, chemical, and heavy metal contents of sludge samples collected from wastewater treatment plants in the Van city center, Edremit, Gevaş, Çatak, Başkale, and Erciş districts, which are adjacent to or impact Lake Van, and to assess the environmental impacts of these sludges. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the sludges contained high organic matter and moisture; the carbon content varied between 30.05% (Çatak) and 42.72% (Van Center), hydrogen between 4.01–6.02%, nitrogen between 4.97–8.61%, and sulfur between 0.63–0.85%. High carbon and hydrogen content are directly related to the calorific value of the sludge. Therefore, the lower calorific values of the sludges taken from facilities such as Van Center (42.72% C, 6.02% H) and Başkale (40.52% C, 5.69% H) were also found to be high (4160 kcal/g and 3670 kcal/kg). In heavy metal analyses, the highest zinc (Zn) content was detected in the Erciş Çelebibağı sample (1130.9 mg/kg), while the highest arsenic (As) content was detected in the Van Merkez sample (19.72 mg/kg). The study findings indicate that the treatment sludge in the Lake Van basin is rich in organic matter but poses a limited risk of heavy metals in some areas. Therefore, considering the high heat content and appropriate ash content, it was concluded that a disposal method based on thermal drying and energy recovery may be a suitable alternative. This research is the first comprehensive characterization study for the sustainable management of sludge generated in treatment plants in the Lake Van basin and provides an important scientific basis for future environmental risk analyses and reuse.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Son yıllarda atıksu arıtma tesislerinde oluşan arıtma çamurlarının yeni bir kirlilik kaynağı oluşturmadan bertaraf edilmesi üzerinde pek çok araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak, Van Gölü çevresinde bulunan tesisler için yapılan çalışmalar oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma, Van Gölü’ne kıyısı veya etkisi bulunan Van Merkez, Edremit, Gevaş, Çatak, Başkale ve Erciş ilçelerindeki atıksu arıtma tesislerinden alınan çamur örneklerinin fiziksel, kimyasal ve ağır metal içeriklerinin belirlenmesini ve bu çamurların çevresel etkilerinin değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Analizler sonucunda, çamurların yüksek organik madde ve nem içerdiği; karbon oranının %30,05 (Çatak)–%42,72 (Van Merkez), hidrojenin %4,01–6,02, azotun %4,97–8,61, ve kükürdün %0,63–0,85 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Yüksek karbon ve hidrojen oranları, çamurun ısıl değeriyle doğrudan ilişkilidir. Bu nedenle Van Merkez (%42,72 C, %6,02 H) ve Başkale (%40,52 C, %5,69 H) gibi tesislerden alınan çamurların alt ısıl değerleri de yüksek bulunmuştur (4160 kcal/kg ve 3670 kcal/kg). Ağır metal analizlerinde, en yüksek çinko (Zn) içeriği Erciş Çelebibağı örneğinde (1130,9 mg/kg), en yüksek arsenik (As) içeriği ise Van Merkez örneğinde (19,72 mg/kg) tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, Van Gölü havzasındaki arıtma çamurlarının organik maddece zengin, fakat yer yer ağır metal açısından sınırlı risk taşıdığını göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda, ısı içeriklerinin yüksekliği ve kül oranlarının uygunluğu dikkate alınarak, termal kurutma ve enerji geri kazanımına dayalı bertaraf yönteminin uygun alternatif olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu araştırma, Van Gölü havzasındaki arıtma tesislerinde oluşan çamurların sürdürülebilir yönetimi için ilk kapsamlı karakterizasyon çalışması olup, gelecekte yapılacak çevresel risk analizleri ve yeniden kullanım açısından önemli bir bilimsel altyapı sunmaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Van</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Atıksu Arıtma Çamuru</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ağır Metal</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Van</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Wastewater Sewage Sludge</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Heavy Metal</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                            <award-id>FHD-2025-11588</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Acar, R., Mücevher, O., Öztekin, M., Dursun, Ş., Akay, A., Bitgi, S., Ulutaş, S., Koyuncu, S., 2024. Erozyon Tehdidi Altındaki Doğal bir Merada Arıtma Çamurunun Ot Verimine Etkisi. Ziraat Mühendisliği (380), 70-85.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Amin, S. K., Hamid, E. A., El-Sherbiny, S. A., Sibak, H. A. and Abadir, M. F. (2018). The use of sewage sludge in the production of ceramic floor tiles, HBRC journal, 14(3), 309-315.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aghanaghad, M., Asgari, E., Sheikhmohammadi, A., Tajfar, H., 2025. Health risk assessment of heavy metals/metalloid caused by using sewage sludge in agriculture. Desalination and Water Treatement, 321, 100977.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Angon, P. B., Islam, M. S., Das, A., Anjum, N., Poudel, A. and Suchi, S. A. (2024) Sources, effects and present perspectives of heavy metals contamination: Soil, plants and human food chain. Heliyon, 10 (7). doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28357.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akdeniz, H., Yilmaz, I., Bozkurt, M. A., &amp; Keskin, B. (2006) The Effects of Sewage Sludge and Nitrogen Applications on Grain Sorghum Grown (Sorghum vulgare L.) in Van-Turkey. Polish journal of Environmental studies, 15(1).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aparicio Ardila, M. A., Souza, S. T. D., Silva, J. L. D., Valentin, C. A., Dantas and A.D.B. (2020) Geotextile tube dewatering performance assessment: An experimental study of sludge dewatering generated at a water treatment plant. Sustainability, 12 (19), 8129. doi: 10.3390/su12198129.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Appels, L., Baeyens, J., Degrève, J. and Dewil, R. (2008) Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Progress in energy and combustion science, 34 (6), 755-781.doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bay, T., Erman Kara, E., Bayseç, S., Söylemez, M.S., Yumrutaş, R., 2016. Arıtma Çamuru Bertarafında Kullanılan Yakma Yönteminin Dünya ve Türkiye’de Kullanımı. Akademik Bilim Fen Bilimleri Dergisi (ABFED), ISSN (print): 2149-5122,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boysan Canal, S. ve Bozkurt, M.A., 2018. Kadmiyum Toksisitesine Karşı Demir Gübrelemesi ve Arıtma Çamurunun Marul (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) Bitkisinin Gelişimine ve Antioksidatif Enzim Aktivitesine Etkisi. YYÜ Tar. Bil. Derg. 28(1):19-26.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bozkurt, M.A., Akdeniz, A., Keskin, B., 2020. The Effects of Sewage Sludge Application Doses and Times on Extractable Metal Concentrations in a Calcereous Pasture Soil. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa derg, 23(2):328-335.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">BS ISO 1928:2020 (E) “Coal and coke – Determination of gross calorific value” British Standard, fourth edition 2020-10, BSI Standards Publication.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buthnoo, R. Sungthong, D., 2025. Chemical Speciation and Ecological Risk of heavy metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge from Bangkok, Thailand. Sustainability, 17, 7572.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chang, Z., Long, G., Xie, Y., Zhou, L. J. (2022) Recyclig sewage sludge ash and limestone for sustainable cementitious material production. Journal of Building Engineering, 49, 15, 104035.doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104035.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chen, L., Liao, Y., Xia, Y., Ma, X. (2024). Combustion characteristics of co-combusted municipal solid wastes and sewage sludge, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 46(1), 5730-5742.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çakır, H.N. ve Çimrin, K.M., 2018. Kentsel Arıtma Çamuru Uygulamalarının Etkisi; II. Mısır bitkisi ve Toprağın Mikro Besin element ve Ağır Metal İçerikleri Üzerine Etkisi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa Derg, 21(6):891-901.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Demirkan Çetinkale, G., Söğüt, Z. (2018) Kentsel atıksu arıtma çamuru uygulamalarının Anadolu Sığla Ağacı’nda (Liquidambar orientalis) bitki gelişimi üzerine etkileri, Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15, 57-66.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doğan, E. ve Demirer, G. N. (2009) Volatile fatty acid production from organic fraction of municipal solid waste through anaerobic acidogenic digestion. Environmental Engineering Science, 26 (9), 1443-1450. doi:10.1089=ees.2009.0062.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Düzgün, T., Ankara İli Evsel Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinden Oluşan Çamurların Nihai Bertarafı Örneği, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aksaray Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aksaray, 2018.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Egle, L., Marschinski, R., Jones, A., Mezquita, F. Y., Schillaci, C., &amp; Huygens, D. (2023) Feasibility study in support of future policy developments of the Sewage Sludge Directive (86/278/EEC). Publications Office of the European Union.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">EPA, (1993) Preparing Sewage Sludge for Land Application or Surface Disposal-A Guide for Preparers on the Monitoring, Record Keeping, and Reporting Requirements of the Federal Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">EPA, (2000) Biosolids technology fact sheet: In-vessel composting of biosolids. United States, Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Water; Washington, D.C. http://purl.access.gpo.gov/ GPO/LPS50760.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ersoy, Ö., Özbay, M., 2023. Marmara Bölgesinde Bulunan Organize Sanayi Bölgelerinin Atık Su Arıtma Tesislerinde Oluşan Arıtma Çamurlarının Enerji Kaynağı Olarak Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi. BİLAR, Bilim Armoni Dergisi, 6 (1): 64-81. DOİ: 10.37215/bilar.1246638</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">European Communities Commission. (1986) Council Directive 86/278/EEC: Use of sewage sludge in agriculture. Official Journal of the European Communities, L, 181, 6-12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Farrell, M., Rangott, G., Krull, E.,2013. Difficulties in using soil-based methods to assess plant availability of potentially toxic elements in biochars and their feedstocks. J. Hazard. Mater. 250–251, 29–36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fytili, D. and Zabaniotou, A. (2008) Utilization of sewage sludge in EU application of old and new methods-A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), 116–140. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2006.05.014.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Galvin, R.F., Lopez, J.M.C., Mellado, J.M.R. (2009) Chemical characterization of biosolids from three spanish WWTPs: Transfer of organics and metallic pollution from urban wastewater to biosolids, Clean, 37, 52. doi: 10.1002/clen.200800154.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hamood, A., Khatib, J. M. and Williams, C. (2017). The effectiveness of using Raw Sewage Sludge (RSS) as a water replacement in cement mortar mixes containing Unprocessed Fly Ash (u-FA), Construction and Building Materials, 147, 27-34.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Harrison, E. Z., McBride, M. B. and Bouldin, D.R. (1999). Land application of sewage sludges: an appraisal of the US regulations. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 11(1), 1-36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hua, L., Wu, W.X., Liu, Y.X., Tientchen, C.M., Chen, Y.X. (2008) Heavy metals and PAHs in sewage sludge from twelve wastewater treatment plants in Zhejiang Province, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 21, 345-352.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jensen, J., Jepsen, S.E. (2005) The production, use and quality of sewage sludge in Denmark, Waste Management, 25, 239-247.doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2004.08.011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kamiloğlu, M., 2016. Van Gölü Havzasında Uygulanan Atıksu Arıtma Tesisleri. İller Bankası Anonim Şirketi, Uzmanlık Tezi, 85 s, Van.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karvelas, M., Katsoyiannis, A., Samara, C. (2003) Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process, Chemosphere, 53, 1201-1210.doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00591-5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kelessidis, A. ve Stasinakis, A. S. (2012). Comparative study of the methods used for treatment and final disposal of sewage sludge in European countries, Waste management, 32(6), 1186-1195.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Koncagül, E., Tran, M. and Connor, R. (2020) The United Nations world water development report 2020: Water and climate change, facts and figures. UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kosobucki, P., Chmarzynski, A. and Buszewski, B. (2000). Sewage sludge composting, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 9(4), 243-248.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kumaş, K., Yıldırım, R. ve Akyüz, A., 2021. Determination of animal, agricultural, urban and treatment sludge waste potential and calculation of total combustion energy values of Uşak, Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Trends,  5  (2), 60-70.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lemming, C., Oberson, A., Hund, A., Jensen, L.S., Magid, J., 2016. Opportunity costs for maize associated with localised application of sewage sludge derived fertilisers, as indicated by early root and phosphorus uptake responses. Plant Soil, 406, 201–217.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu, Y. and Tay, J. H. (2001). Strategy for minimization of excess sludge production from the activated sludge process, Biotechnology advances, 19(2), 97-107.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lynn, C. J., Dhir, R. K., Ghataora, G. S., West, R. P. (2015). Sewage sludge ash characteristics and potential for use in concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 98, 767-779.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nunes, N., Ragonezi, C., Gouveia, C.S.S., Carvalha, M.A.A.P., 2021. Rewiew of sewage sludge as a soil amendment in relation to current international Guidelines: A heavy metal perspective, Sustainability, 13, 2317.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oleszczuck, P. (2008) Phytotoxicity of municipal sewage sludge compost related to physico-chemical properties, PAHs and heavy metals, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 69, 496-505.doi: doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.04.006.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ögüd, Y., 2025. Atıksu Arıtma Tesislerinde Arıtma Çamurları ve Bertaraf Uygulamaları: Niksar Belediyesi Örneği. TC Aksaray Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 82 s, Aksaray.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özyazıcı, M.A. ve Özyazıcı, G., 2012. Arıtma Çamurunun Toprağın Bazı Temel Verimlilik Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri, Anadolu Tarım Bilim. Derg., 27(2):101-109.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pawlowski, B., Krawczyk, J., &amp; Bala, P. (2013). The premature deterioration of zinc-coated steel pipes in water distribution system. International Journal of Material and Mechanical Engineering, 2, 43-47.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pappu, A., Saxena M., Asolekar, S.R. (2007) Solid Wastes Generation in India and Their Recycling Potential in Building Materials. Building and Environment, 42 (6): 2311-2320.doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.04.015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Resmi Gazete (2010). Evsel ve Kentsel Arıtma Çamurlarının Toprakta Kullanılmasına Dair Yönetmelik Sayı: 27661, Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rocha, F., Ratola, N., Homem, V., 2025. Heavy metal(loid)s and nutrients in sewage sludge in Portugal-Suitability for use in agricultural soils and assessment of potential risks. Science of the Total Environment, 964, 178595.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Salva, J., Seckar, M., Schwarz, M., Samesova, D., Mordacova, M., Ponist, J. and Veverkova, D. (2025). Analysis of the current state of sewage sludge treatment from the perspective of current European directives, Environmental Sciences Europe, 37(1), 1-27.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sayılgan, E., Ünlü, H.I., 2021. Evsel Arıtma Çamurunun Kapalı Solar Kurutulmasında Mevsim Faktörünün Değerlendirilmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Müh. Bil. Dergisi, 33(1), 251-261.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seleiman, M.F., Santanen, A., Stoddard, F.L., Mäkelä, P.,2012. Feedstock quality and growth of bioenergy crops fertilized with sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 89, 1211–1217.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Singh, R. P. and Agrawal, M. (2008). Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Management, 28 (2), 347–358.doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2006.12.010.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">SKKY (2004) Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği, Resmî Gazete, 31 Aralık 2004, Sayı: 25687.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Smith, S. R. (2009) A critical review of the bioavailability and impacts of heavy metals in municipal solid waste composts compared to sewage sludge. Environment International, 35(1), 142–156.doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Spinosa, L. and Vesilind, P. A. (2001) Sludge into Biosolids: Processing, Disposal, and Utilization. IWA Publishing.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Swierczek, L., Cieslik, B. M. and Konieczka, P. (2018). The potential of raw sewage sludge in construction industry–a review, Journal of Cleaner Production, 200, 342-356.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tepecik, M., Ongun, A.R., Kayıkcıoğlu, H.H., Delibacak, S., Birişçi, T., Aktaş, E., Kalaycı Önaç, A., Balık, G., 2023. Arıtma Çamurunun Kadife Çiçeği (Tagetes erecta L.) ve Yer Minesi (Verbena hybrida) Bitkileri ile Toprağın Besin Elementleri ve Ağır Metal Üzerine Etkisi. KSÜ Tarım ve Doğa derg, 26(1):161-171.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Werther, J. and Ogada, T. (1999) Sewage sludge combustion. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 25 (1), 55–116.doi: 10.1016/S0360-1285(98)00020-3.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldız, A. U. (2021) Cost-Based Optimization of Land Application of Sludge in Gediz Basin. Master&#039;s thesis, Middle East Technical University (Turkey).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yiğit, B., Salihoğlu, G., Mardani-Aghabaglou, A., Salihoğlu, N. K., Özen, S. (2020). Atıksu arıtma çamurlarının yakılmasıyla oluşan küllerin yapı malzemesi olarak geri kazanımı, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(3), 1647-1664.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">YSKY (2012) Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği, Resmî Gazete, 30 Kasım 2012, Sayı: 28483.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yurten, M., Arıtma çamuru ve biyokütle kaynaklarının biyoyakıt üretim potansiyellerinin atıktan enerjiye incelenmesi, Doktora tezi, Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sakarya, 2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhang, Y. M., Jia, L. T., Mei, H., Cui, Q., Zhang, P. G. and Sun, Z. M. (2016). Fabrication, microstructure and properties of bricks fired from lake sediment, cinder and sewage sludge, Construction and Building Materials, 121, 154-160.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhao, F. J., Ma, Y., Zhu, Y. G., Tang, Z., &amp; McGrath, S. P. (2015) Soil contamination in China: current status and mitigation strategies. Environmental science &amp; technology, 49(2), 750-759.doi: 10.1021/es5047099.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
