For many years, literacy has been one of the focal points of academic studies. A review of the literature reveals that literacy is defined as the ability to identify, interpret, assemble, communicate and compute using a variety of written sources and contemporary materials. The increasing use of information technologies once again emphasizes the importance of this area. Over time, the process of adaptation to digital devices and platforms has accelerated and the use of technological devices in daily life has increased significantly. This increase has led to the creation of large data sets and the concept of big data, as well as the concept of data literacy. This study aims to present the definitions, different aspects and skill set of data literacy, which is one of the popular topics of recent years. In addition, the study discusses the growth of data, includes studies on the data management process and tries to present a conceptual framework with different approaches to data literacy through a literature review. Finally, studies on open data in Turkey are also mentioned, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are presented.
Anderson, J., & Rainie, L. (2017, Ekim 19). The Future of Truth and Misinformation Online. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/10/19/the-future-of-truth-and-misinformation-online/
Arsari, M. H. A. A. (2022). The importance of digital literacy to enhance students' ability in english language. Jambura Journal of English Teaching and Literature, 3(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.37905/jetl.v3i1.13939
Baig, M. I., Shuib, L., & Yadegaridehkordi, E. (2019). Big Data Tools: Advantages and Disadvantages. Journal of Soft Computing & Decision Support Systems, 6(6).
Bellinger, G., Castro, D., & Mills, A. (2004). Data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. https://homepages.dcc.ufmg.br/~amendes/SistemasInformacaoTP/TextosBasicos/Data-Information-Knowledge.pdf
Best, J. (2013). Stat-spotting: A field guide to identifying dubious data (Updated and expanded, First paperback printing). University of California Press.
Bhargava, R., Kadouaki, R., Bhargava, E., Castro, G., & D’Ignazio, C. (2016). Data Murals: Using the Arts to Build Data Literacy. The Journal of Community Informatics, 12(3), Art. 3. https://doi.org/10.15353/joci.v12i3.3285
Boyd, D., ve Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679.
Briney, K. (2015). Data management for researchers: Organize, maintain and share your data for research success. Pelagic Publishing.
Capone, M. (2019). Council Post: Why Data Management And Data Literacy Need To Go Together. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/06/05/why-data-management-and-data-literacy-need-to-go-together/
Carlson, J., Fosmire, M., Miller, C. C., & Nelson, M. S. (2011). Determining Data Information Literacy Needs: A Study of Students and Research Faculty. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 11(2), 629-657. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2011.0022
Chai, W., Labbe, M., ve Stedman, C. (2021). What is Big Data Analytics and Why is it Important? Business Analytics. https://www.techtarget.com/searchbusinessanalytics/definition/big-data-analytics
Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject. Television & New Media, 20(4), 336-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418796632
Davenport, T. H., Harris, J. G., De Long, D. W., & Jacobson, A. L. (2001). Data to knowledge to results: Building an analytic capability. California management review, 43(2), 117-138.
De Mauro, A., Greco, M., & Grimaldi, M. (2015). What is big data? A consensual definition and a review of key research topics. AIP conference proceedings, 1644(1), 97-104.
Deahl, E. S. (2014). Better the Data You Know: Developing Youth Data Literacy in Schools and Informal Learning Environments. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2445621
Deja, M., Januszko-Szakiel, A., Korycińska, P., & Deja, P. (2021). The Impact of Basic Data Literacy Skills on Work- Related Empowerment: The Alumni Perspective. College & Research Libraries, 82, 708-729. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.82.5.708
Demarest, M. (1997). Understanding knowledge management. Long Range Planning, 30(3), 374-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(97)90250-8
Demirci, A. (2014). Literatür Taraması. Içinde Yılmaz Arı & İlhan Kaya (Ed.), Coğrafya Araştırma Yöntemleri (1. bs, ss. 73-109). Coğrafyacılar Derneği.
D’Ignazio, C., & Bhargava, R. (2015). Approaches to building big data literacy. Bloomberg data for good exchange.
du Plessis, M. (2007). Knowledge management: What makes complex implementations successful? Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710738942
Enakrire, R. T. (2021). Data literacy for teaching and learning in higher education institutions. Library Hi Tech News, 38(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-01-2020-0005
Fidan, A. (2003). Tarım, Sanayi ve Bilgi Toplumunda Üretim Ve Tüketim İlişkilerinin İşletme ve Yönetimleri Üzerindeki Etkileri. Mevzuat Dergisi, 6(62). https://www.mevzuatdergisi.com/2003/02a/03.htm
Fontichiaro, K., & Oehrli, J. A. (2016). Why Data Literacy Matters. Knowledge Quest, 44(5), 21-27.
Frank, M., Walker, J., Attard, J., & Tygel, A. (2016). Data Literacy-What is it and how can we make it happen? The Journal of Community Informatics, 12(3).
Gasevic, D., Dawson, S., & Siemens, G. (2015). Let’s not forget: Learning analytics are about learning. TechTrends, 59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-014-0822-x
Gerstenschlager, N. E., & Marin, K. (2023). GPS: Growing Statistical Literacy. Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12.
Getz, K., & Brodsky, M. (Ed.). (2022). The data literacy cookbook. Association of College and Research Libraries.
Gould, R. (2017). Data Lıteracy is Statistical Literacy. Statistics Education Research Journal, 16(1), 22-25. https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v16i1.209
Han, J., & Kamber, M. (2012). Data mining: Concepts and techniques (3rd ed). Elsevier.
Hooper, L. (2021, Mart 12). Data Literacy: 7 Things Beginners Need to Know. Venngage. https://venngage.com/blog/data-literacy/
Johnson, C. A. (2012). The information diet: A case for conscious consumption (1st ed). O’Reilly Media.
Kitchin, R., & McArdle, G. (2016). What makes Big Data, Big Data? Exploring the ontological characteristics of 26 datasets. Big Data & Society, 3(1), 2053951716631130.
Knight, M. (2023). Data Literacy Trends in 2023: Formalizing Programs. Dataversity. https://www.dataversity.net/data-literacy-trends-in-2023-formalizing-programs/
Koltay, T. (2014). Big data, big literacies? Читалиште (Čitalište), 24, 3-8.
Linden, J. (2002). Finding, Evaluating and Using Numeric Data. IASSIST 2002 conference, Connecticut.
Mandinach, E. B., & Gummer, E. S. (2013). A Systemic View of Implementing Data Literacy in Educator Preparation. Educational Researcher, 42(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12459803
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Brown, B., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Roxburgh, C., & Byers, A. H. (2011). Big data: The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity. McKinsey Global Institute.
Mayer-Schönberger, V., & Cukier, K. (2013). Big data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Mayer-Schönberger, V. (2013). Big data and the end of theory? Foreign Affairs, 91(3), 28-40.
Markham, A. N. (2020). Taking Data Literacy to the Streets: Critical Pedagogy in the Public Sphere. Qualitative Inquiry, 26(2), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800419859024
McCosker, A. (2017). Data literacies for the postdemographic social media self. First Monday. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i10.7307
ODI. (2023). Data Decade homepage [Resmi Web Sitesi]. https://www.theodi.org/
Palmer, M. (2006). Data is the New Oil [Blog Website]. ANA Marketing Maestros. https://ana.blogs.com/maestros/2006/11/data_is_the_new.html
Panetta, K. (2021). A Data Literacy Guide For D&A Leaders. Gartner. https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/a-data-and-analytics-leaders-guide-to-data-literacy
Pangrazio, L., & Sefton-Green, J. (2020). The social utility of ‘data literacy’. Learning, Media and Technology, 45(2), 208-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1707223
Pence, H. E. (2014). What is big data and why is it important? Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 43(2), 159-171.
Prado, J. C., & Marzal, M. Á. (2013). Incorporating Data Literacy into Information Literacy Programs: Core Competencies and Contents. Libri, 63(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/libri-2013-0010
Rowley, J. (1999). What is knowledge management? Library Management, 20(8), 416-420. https://doi.org/10.1108/01435129910291175
Russell Ackoff. (1989). From data to wisdom. Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, 16, 3-9.
Schadt, E. E., Linderman, M. D., Sorenson, J., Lee, L., & Nolan, G. P. (2010). Computational solutions to large-scale data management and analysis. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(9), 647-657. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2857
Shields, M. (2005). Information Literacy, Statistical Literacy, Data Literacy. IASSIST Quarterly, 28(2), 6. https://doi.org/10.29173/iq790
Silver D, Schrittwieser J, Simonyan K, Antonoglou I, Huang A, Guez A, Hubert T, Baker L, Lai M, Bolton A, Chen Y, Lillicrap T, Hui F, Sifre L, van den Driessche G, Graepel T, Hassabis D. (2017). Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge. Nature. Oct 18;550(7676):354-359. doi: 10.1038/nature24270. PMID: 29052630
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Statista. (2022). Global mobile data traffic 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/271405/global-mobile-data-traffic-forecast/
Stobierski, T. (2021). Data Literacy: An Introduction for Business [Üniversite Web Sayfası]. online.hbs.edu/. https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/data-literacy
Striphas, T. (2015). Algorithmic culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(4-5), 395-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549415577392
Tableau. (2023). Data Literacy | Tableau. Tableau Resmi Sayfası. https://www.tableau.com/why-tableau/data-literacy
Toffler, A., & Toffler, H. (2006). Revolutionary wealth (1st pbk. ed). Currency/Doubleday.
Wiig, K. M. (1999). What future knowledge management users may expect. Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(2), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673279910275611
Wolff, A., Wermelinger, M., & Petre, M. (2019). Exploring design principles for data literacy activities to support children’s inquiries from complex data. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 129, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.03.006
Zan, Ç. Ö. (2022). Veri okuryazarlığı nedir? · Miuul Not Defteri [Blog Website]. miuul. https://www.miuul.com/not-defteri/veri-okuryazarligi-nedir
Zuboff, S. (2019). Surveillance capitalism and the challenge of collective action. New labor forum, 28(1), 10-29.
Teknoloji ve Bilgi Çağında Veri Okuryazarlığı: Tanım, Özellikler ve Türkiye'deki Uygulamalara Bakış
Year 2024,
Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 57 - 74, 30.06.2024
Uzun yıllardır, okuryazarlık akademik çalışmaların odak noktalarından biri olmuştur. Literatür incelendiğinde, okuryazarlığın çeşitli yazılı kaynakları ve güncel materyalleri kullanarak tanımlama, yorumlama, bir araya getirme, iletişim kurma ve hesap yapma becerisi olarak tanımlandığı görülmektedir. Artan bilgi teknolojilerinin kullanımı bu alandaki önemi bir kez daha vurgulamaktadır. Zamanla, dijital cihazlara ve platformlara uyum süreci hızlanmış ve günlük yaşamda teknolojik cihaz kullanımı önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Bu artış, büyük veri setlerinin oluşmasına ve büyük veri kavramının gündeme gelmesine yol açmıştır, aynı zamanda veri okuryazarlığı kavramını da gündeme getirmiştir. Bu çalışma, son yılların popüler konularından biri olan veri okuryazarlığının tanımlarını, farklı yönlerini ve beceri setini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Ayrıca, çalışma kapsamında verinin artışı tartışılmış, veri yönetimi sürecine ilişkin çalışmalara yer verilmiş ve literatür taraması yapılarak veri okuryazarlığına dair farklı yaklaşımlarla kavramsal bir çerçeve sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak, Türkiye'de açık veri ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalara da değinilerek sonuçlar çıkarılmış ve öneriler sunulmuştur.
Anderson, J., & Rainie, L. (2017, Ekim 19). The Future of Truth and Misinformation Online. Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2017/10/19/the-future-of-truth-and-misinformation-online/
Arsari, M. H. A. A. (2022). The importance of digital literacy to enhance students' ability in english language. Jambura Journal of English Teaching and Literature, 3(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.37905/jetl.v3i1.13939
Baig, M. I., Shuib, L., & Yadegaridehkordi, E. (2019). Big Data Tools: Advantages and Disadvantages. Journal of Soft Computing & Decision Support Systems, 6(6).
Bellinger, G., Castro, D., & Mills, A. (2004). Data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. https://homepages.dcc.ufmg.br/~amendes/SistemasInformacaoTP/TextosBasicos/Data-Information-Knowledge.pdf
Best, J. (2013). Stat-spotting: A field guide to identifying dubious data (Updated and expanded, First paperback printing). University of California Press.
Bhargava, R., Kadouaki, R., Bhargava, E., Castro, G., & D’Ignazio, C. (2016). Data Murals: Using the Arts to Build Data Literacy. The Journal of Community Informatics, 12(3), Art. 3. https://doi.org/10.15353/joci.v12i3.3285
Boyd, D., ve Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 662-679.
Briney, K. (2015). Data management for researchers: Organize, maintain and share your data for research success. Pelagic Publishing.
Capone, M. (2019). Council Post: Why Data Management And Data Literacy Need To Go Together. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2019/06/05/why-data-management-and-data-literacy-need-to-go-together/
Carlson, J., Fosmire, M., Miller, C. C., & Nelson, M. S. (2011). Determining Data Information Literacy Needs: A Study of Students and Research Faculty. Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 11(2), 629-657. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2011.0022
Chai, W., Labbe, M., ve Stedman, C. (2021). What is Big Data Analytics and Why is it Important? Business Analytics. https://www.techtarget.com/searchbusinessanalytics/definition/big-data-analytics
Couldry, N., & Mejias, U. A. (2019). Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject. Television & New Media, 20(4), 336-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476418796632
Davenport, T. H., Harris, J. G., De Long, D. W., & Jacobson, A. L. (2001). Data to knowledge to results: Building an analytic capability. California management review, 43(2), 117-138.
De Mauro, A., Greco, M., & Grimaldi, M. (2015). What is big data? A consensual definition and a review of key research topics. AIP conference proceedings, 1644(1), 97-104.
Deahl, E. S. (2014). Better the Data You Know: Developing Youth Data Literacy in Schools and Informal Learning Environments. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2445621
Deja, M., Januszko-Szakiel, A., Korycińska, P., & Deja, P. (2021). The Impact of Basic Data Literacy Skills on Work- Related Empowerment: The Alumni Perspective. College & Research Libraries, 82, 708-729. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.82.5.708
Demarest, M. (1997). Understanding knowledge management. Long Range Planning, 30(3), 374-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(97)90250-8
Demirci, A. (2014). Literatür Taraması. Içinde Yılmaz Arı & İlhan Kaya (Ed.), Coğrafya Araştırma Yöntemleri (1. bs, ss. 73-109). Coğrafyacılar Derneği.
D’Ignazio, C., & Bhargava, R. (2015). Approaches to building big data literacy. Bloomberg data for good exchange.
du Plessis, M. (2007). Knowledge management: What makes complex implementations successful? Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(2), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270710738942
Enakrire, R. T. (2021). Data literacy for teaching and learning in higher education institutions. Library Hi Tech News, 38(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-01-2020-0005
Fidan, A. (2003). Tarım, Sanayi ve Bilgi Toplumunda Üretim Ve Tüketim İlişkilerinin İşletme ve Yönetimleri Üzerindeki Etkileri. Mevzuat Dergisi, 6(62). https://www.mevzuatdergisi.com/2003/02a/03.htm
Fontichiaro, K., & Oehrli, J. A. (2016). Why Data Literacy Matters. Knowledge Quest, 44(5), 21-27.
Frank, M., Walker, J., Attard, J., & Tygel, A. (2016). Data Literacy-What is it and how can we make it happen? The Journal of Community Informatics, 12(3).
Gasevic, D., Dawson, S., & Siemens, G. (2015). Let’s not forget: Learning analytics are about learning. TechTrends, 59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-014-0822-x
Gerstenschlager, N. E., & Marin, K. (2023). GPS: Growing Statistical Literacy. Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12.
Getz, K., & Brodsky, M. (Ed.). (2022). The data literacy cookbook. Association of College and Research Libraries.
Gould, R. (2017). Data Lıteracy is Statistical Literacy. Statistics Education Research Journal, 16(1), 22-25. https://doi.org/10.52041/serj.v16i1.209
Han, J., & Kamber, M. (2012). Data mining: Concepts and techniques (3rd ed). Elsevier.
Hooper, L. (2021, Mart 12). Data Literacy: 7 Things Beginners Need to Know. Venngage. https://venngage.com/blog/data-literacy/
Johnson, C. A. (2012). The information diet: A case for conscious consumption (1st ed). O’Reilly Media.
Kitchin, R., & McArdle, G. (2016). What makes Big Data, Big Data? Exploring the ontological characteristics of 26 datasets. Big Data & Society, 3(1), 2053951716631130.
Knight, M. (2023). Data Literacy Trends in 2023: Formalizing Programs. Dataversity. https://www.dataversity.net/data-literacy-trends-in-2023-formalizing-programs/
Koltay, T. (2014). Big data, big literacies? Читалиште (Čitalište), 24, 3-8.
Linden, J. (2002). Finding, Evaluating and Using Numeric Data. IASSIST 2002 conference, Connecticut.
Mandinach, E. B., & Gummer, E. S. (2013). A Systemic View of Implementing Data Literacy in Educator Preparation. Educational Researcher, 42(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12459803
Manyika, J., Chui, M., Brown, B., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Roxburgh, C., & Byers, A. H. (2011). Big data: The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity. McKinsey Global Institute.
Mayer-Schönberger, V., & Cukier, K. (2013). Big data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Mayer-Schönberger, V. (2013). Big data and the end of theory? Foreign Affairs, 91(3), 28-40.
Markham, A. N. (2020). Taking Data Literacy to the Streets: Critical Pedagogy in the Public Sphere. Qualitative Inquiry, 26(2), 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800419859024
McCosker, A. (2017). Data literacies for the postdemographic social media self. First Monday. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i10.7307
ODI. (2023). Data Decade homepage [Resmi Web Sitesi]. https://www.theodi.org/
Palmer, M. (2006). Data is the New Oil [Blog Website]. ANA Marketing Maestros. https://ana.blogs.com/maestros/2006/11/data_is_the_new.html
Panetta, K. (2021). A Data Literacy Guide For D&A Leaders. Gartner. https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/a-data-and-analytics-leaders-guide-to-data-literacy
Pangrazio, L., & Sefton-Green, J. (2020). The social utility of ‘data literacy’. Learning, Media and Technology, 45(2), 208-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1707223
Pence, H. E. (2014). What is big data and why is it important? Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 43(2), 159-171.
Prado, J. C., & Marzal, M. Á. (2013). Incorporating Data Literacy into Information Literacy Programs: Core Competencies and Contents. Libri, 63(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/libri-2013-0010
Rowley, J. (1999). What is knowledge management? Library Management, 20(8), 416-420. https://doi.org/10.1108/01435129910291175
Russell Ackoff. (1989). From data to wisdom. Journal of Applied Systems Analysis, 16, 3-9.
Schadt, E. E., Linderman, M. D., Sorenson, J., Lee, L., & Nolan, G. P. (2010). Computational solutions to large-scale data management and analysis. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11(9), 647-657. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2857
Shields, M. (2005). Information Literacy, Statistical Literacy, Data Literacy. IASSIST Quarterly, 28(2), 6. https://doi.org/10.29173/iq790
Silver D, Schrittwieser J, Simonyan K, Antonoglou I, Huang A, Guez A, Hubert T, Baker L, Lai M, Bolton A, Chen Y, Lillicrap T, Hui F, Sifre L, van den Driessche G, Graepel T, Hassabis D. (2017). Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge. Nature. Oct 18;550(7676):354-359. doi: 10.1038/nature24270. PMID: 29052630
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Statista. (2022). Global mobile data traffic 2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/271405/global-mobile-data-traffic-forecast/
Stobierski, T. (2021). Data Literacy: An Introduction for Business [Üniversite Web Sayfası]. online.hbs.edu/. https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/data-literacy
Striphas, T. (2015). Algorithmic culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(4-5), 395-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549415577392
Tableau. (2023). Data Literacy | Tableau. Tableau Resmi Sayfası. https://www.tableau.com/why-tableau/data-literacy
Toffler, A., & Toffler, H. (2006). Revolutionary wealth (1st pbk. ed). Currency/Doubleday.
Wiig, K. M. (1999). What future knowledge management users may expect. Journal of Knowledge Management, 3(2), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1108/13673279910275611
Wolff, A., Wermelinger, M., & Petre, M. (2019). Exploring design principles for data literacy activities to support children’s inquiries from complex data. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 129, 41-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.03.006
Zan, Ç. Ö. (2022). Veri okuryazarlığı nedir? · Miuul Not Defteri [Blog Website]. miuul. https://www.miuul.com/not-defteri/veri-okuryazarligi-nedir
Zuboff, S. (2019). Surveillance capitalism and the challenge of collective action. New labor forum, 28(1), 10-29.
Arık, K. (2024). Teknoloji ve Bilgi Çağında Veri Okuryazarlığı: Tanım, Özellikler ve Türkiye’deki Uygulamalara Bakış. International Journal of Management Information Systems and Computer Science, 8(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.33461/uybisbbd.1387343