j ad vetbio sci tech

Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques

2548-1150

İlker ÇAMKERTEN

10.31797/vetbio.1061489

Veterinary Surgery

Veteriner Cerrahi

Molecular and serological investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in dairy cattle in Konya province

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8302-9607

İnce

Ömer Barış

PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-8793

Sait

Ahmet

PENDİK VETERİNER KONTROL ENSTİTÜSÜ

04 30 2022

7 1 80 88 01 22 2022 04 13 2022

2016

Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is a viral disease observed in many parts of the world and causing significant economic losses in dairy cattle enterprises. The present study was carried out to determine the seropositivity of BVDV and perform the molecular detection of the virus in cattle in dairy enterprises situated in Konya province and its surroundings in the Central Anatolia Region. In this cross-sectional study performed between March 2017 and April 2019, a total of 393 serum samples were collected from twenty-four dairy cattle enterprises by random sampling. The presence of antibodies in the obtained blood serum samples was investigated by the virus neutralization test using NADL, the BVDV reference strain. Samples were controlled for BVDV specific antibody (Ab) presence and titter values using serum neutralization test. The serum samples were examined in terms of the presence of BVDV-specific antigens and specific RNA using a commercial ELISA kit and the RT-PCR method, respectively. According to the results of the analysis, the animal and herd-level seropositivity was 55.72% (219/393) and 79.16% (19/24), respectively. It was revealed that seropositivity between age groups was statistically significant (χ2:11.81; p=0.002). Moreover, the samples were determined to be 45.13%, 60.53%, and 73.07% seropositive in the 6 months-2 years, 2-5 years, and above 5 years age ranges, respectively. It was revealed that all of the samples tested to detect persistently infected animals were negative for antigen and BVDV-specific RNA. As a result, it indicates the presence of BVDV infection in dairy cattle enterprises in Konya province. Therefore, it is essential for the country's economy to prevent the spread of the infection in question and implement voluntary eradication programs.

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus RT-PCR seropositivity virus neutralization test cattle

None of the authors of this paper has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.

Abe, Y., Tamura, T., Torii, S., Wakamori, S., Nagai, M., Mitsuhashi, K., Mine, J., Fujimoto, Y., Nagashima, N., Yoshino, F., Sugita, Y., Nomura, T., Okamatsu, M., Kida, H., & Sakoda, Y. (2016). Genetic and antigenic characterization of bovine viral diarrhea viruses isolated from cattle in Hokkaido. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 78(1), 61-70. doi:10.1292/jvms.15-0186.

Almeida, L.L., Miranda, I.C.S., Hein, H.E., Neto, W.S., Costa, E.F., Marks, F.S., Rodenbusch, C.R., Canal, C.W., & Corbellini, L.G. (2013). Herd-level risk factors for bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in dairy herds from Southern Brazil. Research in Veterinary Science, 95(3), 901-907. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.009

American Dairy Science Association. (2020). Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching, 4th ed https://www.asas.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/agguide_4th.pdf?sfvrsn=56b44ed1_2

Aragaw, K., Sibhat, B., Ayelet, G., Skjerve, E., Gebremedhin, E.Z., & Asmare, K. (2018) Seroprevalence and factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle in three milksheds in Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50, 1821-1827. doi:10.1007/s11250-018-1624-5

Aslan, M.E., Azkur, A.K., & Gazyagci, S. (2015). Epidemiology and genetic characterization of BVDV, BHV-1, BHV-4, BHV-5 and Brucella spp. infections in cattle in Turkey. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 77(11),1371-1377.

Avcı, O., & Yavru, S. (2013). Investigation of Bovine Herpesvirus-1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Bovine Herpesvirus-4 in a Dairy Herd with Naturally Infected in Konya. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 29(2), 82-86.

Bilgili, İ., & Mamak, N. (2019). Isparta İli ve Çevresinde Sığırcılık İşletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) Enfeksiyonunun Serolojik Olarak Araştırılması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute, 7(2), 105-113.

Bulut, O., Yavru, S., Yapkıç, O., Kale, M., Avcı, O., & Hasırcıoğlu, S. (2006). Sütçü sığırların bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) ve bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) enfeksiyonları yönünden elisa ile araştırılması. Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 16(2), 18-24.

Burgu, İ., Alkan, F., Özkul, A., Yeşilbağ, K., Karaoğlu, T., & Güngör, B. (2003). Türkiye’de süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde bovine viral diarrhea (BVDV) enfeksiyonunun epidemiyolojisi ve kontrolü. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 50(2), 127-133. doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000002241

Çabalar, M., & Karaoğlu, T. (1999). Sığırlarda bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus enfeksiyonuna karşı antikor varlığının araştırılmasında nötralizasyon peroksidaz (NPLA) ve serum nötralizasyon (SN) testlerinin karşılaştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 46(2-3), 249-255. doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000000826

Dean, A.G., Sullivan, K.M., & Soe, M.M. (2013). OpenEpi: Open source epidemiologic statistics for public health, http://www.OpenEpi.com, updated 2013/04/06

Demirsoy, A., & Mamak, N. (2020). Antalya İli Çevresinde Sığırcılık İşletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diyare Virus (BVDV) Enfeksiyonunun Serolojik Olarak Araştırılması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Health Sciences Institute, 8(3), 128-137.

Erfani, A.M., Bakhshesh, M., Fallah, M.H., & Hashemi, M. (2019). Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpes virus-1 in Zanjan Province, Iran, Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(2), 313-319. doi:10.1007/s11250-018-1687-3

Erol, N., Gür, S., & Acar, A. (2014). A Serological investigation for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection in and around Afyonkarahisar province. West Anatolia. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 7(1), 17-21. doi:10.5578/kvj.8309

Frey, H.R., & Liess, B. (1971). Vermehrungskinetik und Verwendbarkeit einer zyto-pathogenen VD-MD Virusstammes für diagnostiche Untersuchungen mit der Mikrotiter-methode. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin, 18(1), 61-71. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.1971.tb00343.x

Ghaemmaghami, S., Ahmadi, M., Deniko, A., Mokhberosafa, L., & Bakhshesh, M. (2013). Serological study of BVDV and BHV-1 infections in industrial dairy herds of Arak, Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 5(2), 53-61.

Guarino, H., Núñez, A., Repiso, M.V., Gil, A., & Dargatz, D.A. (2008). Prevalence of serum antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cattle in Uruguay. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 85(1-2), 34-40. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.12.012

Gür, S. (2018). An Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) and Bovine Parainfluenza Type 3 Virus (BPI3V) Infections in Small-Scale Cattle Herds in Afyonkarahisar Province. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 29 (1), 51-56.

Handel, I.G., Willoughby, K., Land, F., Koterwas, B., Morgan, K.L., Tanya, V.N., & Bronsvoort, B.M. (2011). Seroepidemiology of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon and use of the SPOT test to identify herds with PI calves. PloS one, 6(7), e21620. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021620

Hierholzer, J.C., & Killington, R.A. (1996). Virus isolation and quantitation. In: Virology methods manual, Ed;Mahy, B.W.J., Kangro, H.O. Academic Press, London (pp. 25-46).

Horner, G.W., Tham, K.M., Orr, D., Ralston, J., Rowe, S., & Houghton, T. (1995). Comparison of an antigen capture enzyme-linked assay with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cell culture immunoperoxidase tests for the diagnosis of ruminant pestivirus infections. Veterinary Microbiology, 43(1),75-84. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(94)00080-g

Hou, P., Zhao, G., Wang, H., & He, H. (2019). Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy cattle herds in eastern China. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51(4), 791-798. doi:10.1007/s11250-018-1751-z

Houe, H. (1999). Epidemiological features and economical importance of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections. Veterinary Microbiology, 64(2-3), 89-107.

İnce, Ö.B. (2020). Investigation of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) Infection Epidemiology at Dairies in the Province of Afyonkarahisar. Van Veterinary Journal, 31(3), 122-126. doi:10.36483/vanvetj.731514

Kampa, J. (2006) Epidemiology of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus and Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 Infections in Dairy Cattle Herds. [Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Department of Clinical Sciences] ( pp. 1-43)

Kokkonos, K.G., Fossat, N., Nielsen, L., Holm, C., Hepkema, W.M., Bukh, J., & Scheel, T.K.H. (2020). Evolutionary selection of pestivirus variants with altered or no microRNA dependency. Nucleic Acids Research, 48(10), 5555–5571. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa300

Lorenz, R.J., & Bögel, K. (1973). Laboratory techniques in rabies: methods of calculation. Monograph series. World Health Organization, 23, 321-335.

McDermott, J.J., & Schukken, Y.H. (1994). A review of methods used to adjust for cluster effects in explanatory epidemiological studies of animal populations. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 18(3), 155-173. doi:10.1016/0167-5877(94)90073-6

Milián-Suazo, F., Herná¡ndez-Ortáz, R., Herná¡ndez-Andrade, L., Alvarado-Islas, A., Dáaz-Aparicio, E., Mejá¬a-Estrada, F., Palomares-Resándiz, E.G., Reyes, I.B., & Zendejas-Martánez, H. (2016). Seroprevalence and risk factors for reproductive diseases in dairy cattle in Mexico. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, 8(8), 89-98. doi:10.5897/JVMAH2016.0483

Mockeliuniene, V., Salomskas, A., Mockeliunas, R., & Petkevicius, S. (2004). Prevalence and Epidemiological Features of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Infection in Lithuania. Veterinary Microbiology, 99(1), 51-57. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.11.008

National Research Council. (2011). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Ed. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/12910.

OIE. (2018). Listed Diseases, World Organisation for Animal Health. https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.04.07_BVD.pdf

Passler, T., Walz, P., Ditchkoff, S., Givens, M., Maxwell, H., & Brock, K. (2007). Experimental persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virüs in white-tailed deer. Veterinary Microbiology, 122(3-4), 350-356. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.028

Ran, X., Chen, X., Ma, L., Wen, X., Zhai, J., Wang, M., Tong, X., Hou, G., & Ni, H. (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle in China. Acta Tropica, 190,296-303. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.031.

Richter, V., Kattwinkel, E., Firth, C., Marschik, T., Dangelmaier, M., Trauffler, M., Obritzhauser, W., Baumgartner, W., Käsbohrer, A., & Pinior, B. (2019). Mapping the global prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection and its associated mitigation programmes. Veterinary Record, 184(23), 711. doi:10.1136/vr.105354

Scharnböck, B., Roch, F.F., Richter, V., Funke, C., Firth, C.L., Obritzhauser, W., Baumgartner, W., Käsbohrer, A., & Pinior, B. (2018). A meta-analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) prevalences in the global cattle population. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14420. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32831-2

Schweizer, M., Matzener, P., Pfaffen, G., Stalder, H., & Peterhans, E. (2006). "Self" and "Nonself" Manipulation of Interferon Defense during Persistent Infection: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Resists Alpha/Beta Interferon without Blocking Antiviral Activity against Unrelated Viruses Replicating in Its Host Cells. Journal of Virology, 80(14): 6926-6935. doi:10.1128/JVI.02443-05

Şimşek, A., & Öztürk, F. (1997). Klinik olarak sağlıklı sığır sürülerinde persiste bovine viral diarrhea virus enfeksiyonlarının araştırılması ve epizootiyolojik önemi. Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2), 113-119.

Şevik, M. (2018). The Role of Pestiviruses (BDV and BVDV) in Ruminant Abortion Cases in the Afyonkarahisar Province. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 11(3), 238-244. doi:10.30607/kvj.418451

Şevik, M. (2021). Genomic characterization of pestiviruses isolated from bovine, ovine and caprine foetuses in Turkey: A potentially new genotype of Pestivirus I species. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 68(2), 417- 426. doi:10.1111/tbed.13691

Tan, M.T., Karaoğlu, T., Erol, N., & Yıldırım, Y. (2006). Serological and virological investigations of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle herds in Aydın province. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 30, 299-304.

Uddin, M.A., Ahasan, A., Islam, K., Islam, M.Z., Mahmood, A., Islam, A., Islam, K., & Ahad, A. (2017). Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus in crossbred dairy cattle in Bangladesh. Veterinary World, 10(8), 906-913. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2017.906-913

Vilcek, S., Herring, A.J., Herring, J.A., Nettleton, P.F., Lowings, J.P., & Paton, D.J. (1994). Pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. Archives of Virology, 136(3-4), 309-323.

Yavru, S., Şimşek, A., Yapkıç, O., & Kale, M. (2005). Serological Evaluation of Viral Infections in Bovine Respiratoy Tract. Acta Veterinary Beograd, 55(2-3), 219-226. doi:10.2298/AVB0503219Y

Yavru, S., Simsek, A., Kale, M., Bulut, O., Yapici, O., Avci, O., & Dik, I. (2013). Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus antibodies in blood and milk serum in dairy cattle by ELISA. Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 29(2), 97-102.

Yazıcı, Z., Okur-Gümüşova, S., & Albayrak, H. (2007). Serological profile of some viral infections in unvaccinated cattle in Turkey. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 63(2), 187-189. Yeşilbağ, K., Förster, C., Bank-Wolf, B., Yılmaz, Z., Alkan, F., Ozkul, A., Burgu, I., Rosales, S.C., Thiel, H.J., & König, M. (2008). Genetic heterogeneity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) isolates from Turkey: identification of a new subgroup in BVDV-1. Veterinary Microbiology, 130(3-4), 258-267.

Yıldırım, Y., & Burgu, İ. (2005). Kuzeydoğu Anadolu bölgesindeki sığırlarda mavi dil (BT), IBR, PI-3, EBL ve BVD enfeksiyonlarının seroprevalansı. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 52(2), 113-117. doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000000036

Yılmaz, H., Altan, E., Ridpath, J., & Turan, N. (2012). Genetic diversity and frequency of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) detected in cattle in Turkey, Comparative Immunology, Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, 35(5), 411-416. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2012.03.006