<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>yedi</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Yedi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1307-9840</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2687-5357</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Dokuz Eylul University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17484/yedi.680024</article-id>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Jasper Johns&#039; Flag: Beyond Realism and Abstraction</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Jasper Johns&#039;un Flag&#039;i / Bayrak&#039;ı: Realizm ve Soyutun Ötesinde</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2461-1853</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Keki</surname>
                                    <given-names>Başak</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>MEF UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20200724">
                    <day>07</day>
                    <month>24</month>
                    <year>2020</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>24</issue>
                                        <fpage>1</fpage>
                                        <lpage>11</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20200125">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>25</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20200413">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>13</month>
                        <year>2020</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2007, Yedi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2007</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Yedi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Jasper Johns is one of the most provocative American artists of the twentieth century who has shaped the perception of art and has influenced generations of artists. This paper examines one of his most important works, Flag (1955), regarding it as a work defying easy categorizations as either a realist or an abstract work. Without being identified as either kind, it nevertheless displays certain traits of both. As for its suggestion of realism, the work comes up as a response to its political, cultural and artistic context, challenging Cold War aesthetics; albeit in a mocking manner. Its ridicule is evident in its allusion to the concept of ideology via its ‘kitschy’ subject matter whilst its delicately painted surface exhibits brushstrokes reminiscent of abstract expressionism. Yet the work also confronts presumptions of abstract expressionists by drawing attention to their implicit conventionalism despite their claims for authenticity and uniqueness. It will be argued that by calling the notion of identity in question, the work suspends and surpasses neat categories and sparks even further controversy by hinting at postmodern art and evoking ready-mades simultaneously.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Jasper Johns, yerleşik sanat algısını değiştirip şekillendirerek kendisinden sonra gelen birkaç kuşak sanatçıyı etkileyen yirminci yüzyılın en kışkırtıcı Amerikalı sanatçılardan biridir. Bu çalışma O’nun en önemli işlerinden biri olan Flag (1955) / Bayrak (1955)’ı gerçekçi ya da soyut gibi kaba kategorilerin ötesinde bir eser olarak inceler. Tamamen özdeşleşmemekle birlikte, eser her iki ekolden de özellikler taşır. Döneme hükmeden Soğuk Savaş estetiğine meydan okuyarak, eserin içinde bulunduğu dönemin siyasi, kültürel ve sanatsal bağlamına bir tepki olarak ortaya çıkması göz önünde bulundurulunca, eserin alaycı bir şekilde bile olsa gerçekçi bir iddiası olduğu düşünülebilir. Bu alaycı tavır özellikle soyut dışavurumculuğu çağrıştıran fırça darbeleriyle özenli bir biçimde boyanmış yüzeyinin aslında konu olarak bayrak gibi ideoloji kavramının en ‘kiç’ ifadesini kullanmasında kendisini gösterir. Ancak eser bir taraftan da tüm özgünlük ve biriciklik iddialarına karşın soyut dışavurumcuların da gelenekçi ön kabullerini ifşa eder. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle eserin kimlik temasını sorgulayarak kolaycı kategorileri askıya alıp bunları adeta geçersiz kıldığı, sonrasında ise eserin aynı anda hem postmodern sanatı hem de hazır-yapım çalışmaları anımsattığı savunulacaktır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Jasper Johns</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Flag (1955)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Cold War aesthetics</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ideology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  abstract expressionism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  realism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ready-made</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>Jasper Johns</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Flag (1955) / Bayrak (1955)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Soğuk Savaş estetiği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ideoloji</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  soyut dışavurumculuk</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  gerçekçilik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  hazır-yapım</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Benjamin, A. (1996). What is Abstraction? London: Academy Group Ltd.
		
Bernstein, R. (1985). Jasper Johns Paintings and Sculptures 1954-1974: “The Changing Focus of the Eye”. Michigan: UMI Research Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bürger, P. (1984). Theory of the Avant-Garde.  (Trans. Michael Shaw), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Castleman, R. (1986). Jasper Johns: A Print Retrospective. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Crichton, M. Jasper Johns. (1976). New York: Thames and Hudson.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Foster, H. (1983). The Expressive Fallacy. Art in America, January, 80-83.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Greenberg, C. (1940). Towards a Newer Laocoon. In Charles Harrison and Paul Wood (Eds.), Art in Theory 1900-2000: An Anthology of Changing Ideas (p. 562-568), Oxford: Blackwell.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hoffman, W. (1975). Marcel Duchamp and Emblematic Realism. In Joseph Masheck (Ed.), Marcel Duchamp in Perspective (p. 53-66), New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hopkins, D. (2000). After Modern Art: 1945-2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Johns, J. (1955). Flag [Encaustic, oil, and collage on fabric]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. (n.d.) Retrieved from  https://www.moma.org/collection/works/78805.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">-	(1955). Flag detail [Encaustic, oil, and collage on fabric]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/8491292686.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">-	(1955). White flag [Encaustic and collage on canvas]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/renzodionigi/3819713483/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">-	(1958). Three flags [Encaustic on canvas]. Collection of Mr. And Mrs. Bourton Tremaine, Meriden, Connecticut. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.art.com/products/p10296577927-sa-i5934847/jasper-johns-three-flags.htm.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">-	(1955). Flag above white with collage [Encaustic and collage on canvas]. Collection of the artist, New York. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.artchive.com/artchive/J/johns/flagwhit.jpg.html.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">-	(1959). False start [Oil on canvas]. Private collection, New York. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.art-mine.com/collectorscorner/art-prices-collectors/false-start-1959-jasper-johns/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">-	(1961). By the sea. [Encaustic and collage on canvas]. Private collection, New York. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/cone/cone2-16-07_detail.asp?picnum=6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">-	(1962). Fool’s house. [Oil on canvas with objects]. Collection of Leo Castelli, New York. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.leninimports.com/jasper_johns_gallery_1.html/.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">-	(1959). Jubilee. [Oil and collage on canvas]. Collection of David H. Steinmetz, New York. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/saltz/saltz2-25-08_detail.asp?picnum=3.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">-	(1964). According to what. [Oil on canvas with objects]. Private Collection, New York. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/cone/cone2-16-07_detail.asp?picnum=14.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lyotard, J. F. (1989). The Sublime and the Avant-Garde. In Andrew Benjamin (Ed.),  The Lyotard Reader (p. 196-211), Oxford: Basil Blackwell.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mitchell, W. J. T. (1994). Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation.  Chicago: Chicago University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Orton, F. (1994). Figuring Jasper Johns. Massachusettes: Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Steinberg, L. (1972). Other Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth-Century Art. New York: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Summers, D. (1996). Representation. In Robert S. Nelson and Richard Shiff (Eds.), Critical Terms for Art History (p. 3-19), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wallace, I. (2002). From Painting’s Death to the Death in Painting: or, what jasper johns found in marcel duchamp’s tu m’ / tomb. Angelaki, Vol. 7, No:1, April, p. 133-156.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
