YOBÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2718-0972 Yozgat Bozok University Obstetrics and Gynocology Nursing Doğum ve Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği DSÖ Tavsiyeleri Perspektifinde Pandemi Sürecinde Emzirme Öz Yeterliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi Evaluation of Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy During The Pandemic Period in The Perspective of WHO Recommendations İlkin Aydın Emine YOZGAT BOZOK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ, EBELİK BÖLÜMÜ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3476-0740 Höbek Akarsu Rukiye YOZGAT BOZOK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ 07 31 2025 6 2 237 249 03 05 2025 05 20 2025 Copyright © 2020, YOBU Faculty of Health Sciences Journal 2020 YOBU Faculty of Health Sciences Journal

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, pandemi sırasında emziren kadınların DSÖ emzirme önerilerini bilmelerinin ve uygulamalarının emzirme öz yeterlilikleri üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemi 382 kadından oluşmaktadır. Veriler 'Hasta Tanıtım Formu', 'Emzirme Öz Yeterlilik Ölçeği (EÖYÖ)' ve 'Covid-19 Sürecinde Emzirme Bilgi ve Davranış Formu' kullanılarak toplanmıştır.Bulgular: Katılımcıların doğum sonrası emzirme öz-yeterlilik ölçeği puan ortalaması 54.97±10.14 olarak belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların %31,7'si pandemi döneminin emzirme eylemini olumsuz etkilediğini belirtmiştir. Kadınların %59,2'sinin pandemi sürecine özgü DSÖ Covid-19 emzirme önerileri doğrultusunda bilgilendirilmediği tespit edildi. Bu çalışmada, Covid-19 pandemisi koşullarında, doğumda ten tene temas kuran kadınların ve doğumdan sonraki ilk 30 dakika içinde bebeğini emziren annelerin Emzirme Özyeterlilik Ölçeği (EÖYÖ) puan ortalamalarının daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0,05).Sonuç: DSÖ önerileri doğrultusunda bilgi sahibi olan ve Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde bu önerileri uygulayan kadınların emzirme öz yeterliliklerinin daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of knowing and applying WHO recommendations on breastfeeding self-efficacy of breastfeeding women during the pandemic.Materials and Methods: The sample of the study consisted of 382 women. The data were collected using the 'Patient Identification Form', 'Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES)', and 'Breastfeeding Information and Behavior Form in the Covid-19 Process'. Results: Postnatal breastfeeding self-efficacy scale mean score of the participant was determined as 54.97±10.14. According to 31.7% of the participants, they stated that the pandemic period negatively affected the act of breastfeeding. It was determined that 59.2% of the women were not informed about breastfeeding specific to the pandemic process in line with the WHO Covid-19 breastfeeding recommendations. In this study, it was determined that in the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic, women who had skin-to-skin contact at birth and mothers who breastfed their baby in the first 30 minutes after birth had a higher mean score on the BSES (p<0.05).Conclusion: It was determined that the women who had knowledge in line with WHO recommendations and applied these recommendations during the Covid-19 pandemic process has higher breastfeeding self-efficacy.

 Covid-19 Breastfeeding Breastfeeding self-efficacy Nursing Breast milk Covid-19 Emzirme Emzirme öz yeterliliği Hemşirelik Anne sütü No financial support was received for the study. Yıldızhan E. An overview of attachment theory and attachment disorders. Anadolu Clinic Journal of Medical Sciences. 2017;22(1): 66–66. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.237462 Heidari Z, Keshvari M, Kohan S. Breastfeeding promotion, challenges and barriers: A qualitative research. International Journal of Pediatrics. 2016; 4(5): 1687–95. https://doi.org/10.22038/ijp.2016.6733 Riley B, Schoeny M, Rogers L, Asiodu I V., Bigger HR, Meier PP, et al. Barriers to human milk feeding at discharge of very low–birthweight ınfants: Evaluation of neighborhood structural factors. Breastfeeding Medicine. 2016;11(7):335–42. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2015.0185 WHO. Breastfeeding advice during the COVID-19 outbreak | COVID-19 | Nutrition site [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/nutrition/news/breastfeeding-advice-during-the-covid-19-outbreak.html UNICEF. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): What parents should know [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/easterncaribbean/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-what-parents-should-know CDC. Considerations for Inpatient Obstetric Healthcare Settings [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/inpatient-obstetric-healthcare-guidance.html ABM. ABM Statement Coronavırus [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2022 Jun 12]. Available from: https://www.bfmed.org/abm-statement-coronavirus Spatz DL, Davanzo R, Müller JA, Powell R, Rigourd V, Yates A, et al. Promoting and protecting human milk and breastfeeding in a COVID-19 World. Front Pediatr. 2021; 8:633700. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.633700 Brown A, Shenker N. Experiences of breastfeeding during COVID-19: Lessons for future practical and emotional support. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2021;17(1): e13088. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13088. Lavizzari A, Klingenberg C, Profit J, Zupancic JA, Davis AS, Mosca F, et al. International comparison of guidelines for managing neonates at the early phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Pediatric Research. 2021;89(4):940–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-0976-5. Arora KS, Mauch JT, Gibson KS. Labor and delivery visitor policies during the COVID-19 pandemic: balancing risks and benefits. Jama. 2020;323(24):2468–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7563. Davanzo R, Merewood A, Manzoni P. Skin-to-skin contact at birth in the COVID-19 era: in need of help! American Journal of Perinatology. 2020;37(S02):S1–4.https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0040-1714255/ID/JR20009ICCN-32. Dumitriu D, Emeruwa UN, Hanft E, Liao GV, Ludwig E, Walzer L, et al. Outcomes of neonates born to mothers with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection at a large medical center in New York City. JAMA pediatrics. 2021;175(2):157–67. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.4298. Zanardo V, Manghina V, Giliberti L, Vettore M, Severino L, Straface G. Psychological impact of COVID-19 quarantine measures in northeastern Italy on mothers in the immediate postpartum period. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2020;150(2):184–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13249. Salvatore CM, Han JY, Acker KP, Tiwari P, Jin J, Brandler M, et al. Neonatal management and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2020;4(10):72–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30235-2 Oncel MY, Akın IM, Kanburoglu MK, Tayman C, Coskun S, Narter F, et al. A multicenter study on epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 125 newborns born to women infected with COVID-19 by Turkish Neonatal Society. European journal of pediatrics. 2021; 180:733–42.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03767-5. Oddy WH. Infant feeding and obesity risk in the child. Breastfeeding review: professional publication of the Nursing Mothers’Association of Australia. 2012;20(2):7–12. RCPCH. 2021. “COVID-19 Resources | RCPCH.” 2021. Available from: https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/key-topics/covid-19/all-resources. Başer A, Sezer H, Şahin H. Covid 19 pandemi sürecinde anne sütü ve emzirme eğitimi yönetimi. DENT, 2020;28(29). Dennis CL. The breastfeeding self-efficacy scale: Psychometric assessment of the short form. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 2003;32(6):734–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884217503258459. Tokat AM, Okumuş H. The effect of antenatal education based on strengthening the perception of breastfeeding self-efficacy on the perception of breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding success. Education and Research in Nursing. 2013;10(1):21–9. İnce T, Aktaş G, Aktepe N, Aydın A. The evaluation of the factors affecting mothers’ breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding success. Journal of Dr Behcet Uz Children's Hospital.2017; 7(3): 183-190. 10.5222/buchd.2017.183 Aydin D, Aba YA. The relationship between mothers' health literacy levels and their perceptions of breastfeeding self-efficacy. Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Nursing Electronic Journal. 2019;12(1):31–9. Lubbe, Welma, et al. Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on breastfeeding support services and women’s experiences of breastfeeding: a review. International journal of women's health. 2022;1447-1457. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S342754 Gonçalves-Ferri WA, Pereira-Cellini FM, Coca K, Aragon DC, Nader P, Lyra JC, et al. The impact of coronavirus outbreak on breastfeeding guidelines among Brazilian hospitals and maternity services: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J. 2021;16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021- 00377-1 Del Río, R., Dip Perez, E., & Marín Gabriel, M. Á. Multi-centre study showed reduced compliance with the World Health Organization recommendations on exclusive breastfeeding during COVID-19. Acta Paediatr. 2021;110(3), 935-936. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15642 Nismath, S., Rao, S. S., Addala, S., Ravikiran, S. R., & Kamath, N. Breastfeeding self-efficacy in COVID-19 positive postpartum mothers in a community maternal facility in South India: A case control study. Ethiopian journal of health sciences. 2023;33(1):13. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v33i1.3 Gianni ML, Bettinelli ME, Manfra P, Sorrentino G, Bezze E, Plevani L, et al. Breastfeeding difficulties and risk for early breastfeeding cessation. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102266 Costantini C, Joyce A, Britez Y. Breastfeeding experiences during the COVID-19 Lockdown in the United Kingdom: An exploratory study ınto maternal opinions and emotional states. Journal of Human Lactation. 2021;37(4):649–62. Ceulemans M, Verbakel JY, Van Calsteren K, Eerdekens A, Allegaert K, Foulon V. SARS-CoV-2 infections and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in pregnancy and breastfeeding: Results from an observational study in primary care in Belgium. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186766 Rice, K., & Williams, S. Women’s postpartum experiences in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. Canadian Medical Association Open Access Journal. 2021; 9(2), E556-E562. https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20210008 Stojanov J, Stankovic M, Zikic O, Stankovic M, Stojanov A. The risk for nonpsychotic postpartum mood and anxiety disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2021;56(4):228–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091217420981533 Matsushima, M., Tsuno, K., Okawa, S., Hori, A., & Tabuchi, T. (2021). Trust and well-being of postpartum women during the COVID-19 crisis: Depression and fear of COVID-19. SSM-Population Health. 2021;15, 100903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100903 Lubbe W, Botha E, Niela-Vilen H, Reimers P. Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic- a literature review for clinical practice. Int Breastfeed J. 2020;15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-020-00319-3