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Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşında Yaptırımlar ve Enerji Güvenliği; Karşılıklı Ekonomik Bağımlılıklar Perspektifinden Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 3, 549 - 573, 14.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1222200

Abstract

Şubat 2022’de sıcak çatışmalarla başlayan Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı özellikle AB ülkelerini enerji arzı güvenliği konusunda yakın geçmişte hiç olmadığı kadar ciddi sorunlarla karşı karşıya getirmiştir. Bir yandan AB çatısı diğer yandan NATO şemsiyesi altında Rusya’nın Ukrayna’ya saldırısına yaptırımlar yoluyla tepki vermeye yönelen Avrupa ülkelerinin, özellikle Rus doğalgazına bağımlılıkları nedeniyle beklenen etkiyi gösterdiklerini söylemek zordur. AB içine düştüğü enerji krizinden kurtulmak için alternatif enerji tedarik yollarına başvurmuş olsa da yeni ve ciddi anlamda yüksek maliyetli yatırımlar gerektirdiği için, bu çaba kısa vadede etkili bir çözüm bulmaktan uzaktır. Dolayısıyla hiçbir AB ülkesi Rusya ile ilişkilerini bitirme anlamına gelebilecek katı bir tutum sergilemeyi göze alamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşının AB ülkelerinde yol açtığı enerji arz güvenliği sorunu ve buna bağlı olarak kısa ve orta vadede AB-Rusya ilişkilerinin geleceği üzerine değerlendirmelere yer verilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Enerji Güvenliği, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı, Yaptırımlar
JEL Sınıflandırması: F51, F52, F53.

References

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  • AB Türkiye Delegasyonu (2016). AB'nin Uzun Vadeli İklim Değişikliği Hedefleri, https://www.avrupa.info.tr/sites/default/files/2016-08/brochure_2_v2.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2022
  • Akdemir, E. (2014). Avrupa Birliği’nin Ukrayna Politikası: Eski Komşu Mu? Yeni Aday Mı?, Karadeniz Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı 41, 61-75.
  • APERC (Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre) (2007). Quest for Energy Security in the 21st Century: Resources and Constraints. Tokyo: Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre.
  • Buzan, B. (1991). New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century. International Affairs, 67 (3), 431-451.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O. and de Wilde, J. (1998). Security A New Framework for Analysis, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • BBC (2022a). Putin: Batı'nın Rusya'ya yönelik yaptırımları dünya ekonomisi için en büyük tehdit (7 Eylül), https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cgrdq40p6m6o,Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2022.
  • BBC (2022b). Rusya, Avrupa'ya gaz akışını nasıl kesiyor? (7 Eylül), https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/crgj3jd28wmo, Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2022
  • Bloomberg HT (2022). Biden'dan Rusya'ya sert yaptırımlar (25 Şubat), https://www.bloomberght.com/biden-dan-rusya-ya-sert-yaptirimlar-2299859, Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2022.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O. and de Wilde, J. (1998). SECURITY A New Framework for Analysis, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (2000). Green Paper Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52000DC0769&from=EN, Erişim Tarihi: 16.12.2022.
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  • Çelikpala, M. (2014). Enerji Güvenliği: NATO’nun Yeni Tehdit Algısı, Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 40, 75-99.
  • Dağcı, K. ve Çaman E. (2013). Enerji Politikaları ve Enerji Güvenliği Perspektifinden Avrupa Birliği’nin Orta Asya Politikası, OAKA Dergisi, 8 (16), 21-48.
  • EC (European Commission), (2022a). Sanctions adopted following Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, https://finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine_en, Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2022.
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  • Euronews (2022). Putin: Batının yaptırımları beyhude, Asya yükselişte Batı ise düşüşe geçti (7 Eylül), https://tr.euronews.com/2022/09/07/putin-batinin-yaptirimlari-beyhude-asya-yukseliste-bati-ise-dususe-gecti, Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2022.
  • EUROSTAT (2022). File:Extra-EU imports of petroleum oil by partner.png, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Extra-EU_imports_of_petroleum_oil_by_partner.png; File:Extra-EU imports of petroleum oil by partner 2022S1.png, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Extra-; EU_imports_of_petroleum_oil_by_partner_2022S1.png&oldid=577048; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Extra-EU_imports_of_natural_gas_by_partner.png; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_international_trade_in_goods_-_latest_developments&oldid=579759#Extra-EU_imports_of_energy_products:_falling_shares_for_imports_from_Russia, Erişim Tarihi: 19.11.2022.
  • FINANCIAL TIMES (2022). Russia sanctions list: What the west imposed over the Ukraine invasion (Eir Nolsøe in London and Valentina Pop in Brussels March 4 2022), https://www.ft.com/content/6f3ce193-ab7d-4449-ac1b-751d49b1aaf8, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2022.
  • Göral, E. (2011). Avrupa Enerji Güvenliği ve Türkiye, Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 19 (2), 117-139.
  • Hatipoğlu, E. (2019). “Enerji Güvenliği”, Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi, No 44, https://trguvenlikportali.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/EnerjiGuvenligi_EmreHatipoglu_v.1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2022. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2022, Mart 21). Energy Fact Sheet: Why does Russian oil and gas matter? IEA: https://www.iea.org/articles/energy-fact-sheet-why-does-russian-oil-and-gas-matter, Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2022. IEA (International Energy Agency) (t.y.). Energy security Reliable, affordable access to all fuels and energy sources, https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-security, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2022.
  • IMF (2022). “IMF Staff Statement on the Economic Impact of War in Ukraine”, PRESS RELEASE NO. 22/61 (5 March), https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/03/05/pr2261-imf-staff-statement-on-the-economic-impact-of-war-in-ukraine, Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2022.
  • Krebs, Tom (2022). Economic consequences of a sudden stop of energy imports: The case of natural gas in Germany, ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 22-021, ZEW - Leibniz-Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, Mannheim, https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/264292/1/dp22021rev.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2022.
  • Mathioulakis, M. (2021). Introduction. In: Mathioulakis, M. (eds) Aspects of the Energy Union. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55981-6_1
  • Matiç, U. (2018). NATO’nun Misyon ve Vizyonuna Küreselleşmenin Etkileri, (Editörler: Levent Yiğittepe ve Yiğit Anıl Güzelipek), Küresel Güven(liksiz) lik: Eski Kavramların Yeni Yorumları, İstanbul: Hiperlink Yayınları.
  • Mbah, R. E., ve Wasum, D. F. (2022). Russian-Ukraine 2022 War: A review of the economic impactof Russian-Ukraine crisis on the USA, UK, Canada, and Europe. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(3), 144-153.
  • McWilliams, B., Sgaravatti, G., Tagliapietra, S. and G. Zachmann (2022). Preparing for the first winter without Russian gas, Bruegel Blog, 28 February, Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2022
  • Official Journal of the European Union (2022). COUNCIL DECISION (CFSP) 2022/331, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022D0331&qid=1647426657418, Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2022.
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  • Sevim, C. (2012). Küresel Enerji Jeopolitiği ve Enerji Güvenliği, Journal of Yaşar University, 26 (7), 4378-4391.
  • Sönmez, A.S., Bıçakcı, H., Yıldırım, C. (2015). Analysis of Russia Ukraine relations in context of Crimea problem. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 1 (3), 656-670.
  • Sputniknews (2022). https://sputniknews.com.tr/20221109/abdnin-askeri-yiginak-yaptigi-dedeagac-neden-onemli-hedefte-rusya-mi-turkiye-mi-var--1063245722.html Erişim Tarihi: 28.11.2022.
  • Steffen, B., ve Patt, A. (2022). A Historical Turning Point? Early Evidence on How the Russia-Ukraine War Changes Public Support For Clean Energy Policies, Energy Research ve Social Science 91, s.1-10.
  • The White House (2022). Joint Statement by the G7 Announcing Further Economic Costs on Russia (11 March), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/11/joint-statement-by-the-g7-announcing-further-economic-costs-on-russia/, Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2022.
  • THE WORLD BANK (2022). Russian Invasion of Ukraine Impedes Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery in Emerging Europe and Central Asia, (04 October), https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/04/russian-invasion-of-ukraine-impedes-post-pandemic-economic-recovery-in-emerging-europe-and-central-asia, Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2022.
  • Ullman, R. H. (1983). Redefining Security, International Security, 8 (1), 129-153.
  • Wolfers, A. (1952). National Security" as an Ambiguous Symbol, Political Science Quarterly, 67 (4). 481-502.
  • WSWS (2022). ABD’nin Rusya’ya karşı askeri yığınağı Türkiye-Yunanistan gerilimini tırmandırıyor (Ozan Özgür 28 Eylül), https://www.wsws.org/tr/articles/2022/09/28/hppq-s28.html, Erişim Tarihi:28.11.2022.
  • Żuk, P., ve Żuk, P. (2022). National Energy Security or Acceleration of Transition? Energy PolicyAfter The War in Ukraine. Joule, 6(4), 709-712.

Sanctions and Energy Security in the Russia-Ukraine War; An Evaluation from the Perspective of Mutual Economic Dependencies

Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 3, 549 - 573, 14.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1222200

Abstract

The Russia-Ukraine War, which started with hot conflicts in February 2022, has brought the EU countries face to face with more serious problems than ever in the recent past, especially in terms of energy supply security. It is difficult to say that European countries, which tend to react to Russia's attack on Ukraine under the protection of the EU on the one hand and NATO on the other, through sanctions, have shown the expected effect, especially due to their dependence on Russian natural gas. Although the EU has resorted to alternative energy supply methods to get rid of the energy crisis it has fallen into, this is far from being an effective solution in the short term, as it requires new and seriously high-cost investments.. Therefore, no EU country can afford to adopt a strict stance that could mean ending its relations with Russia. In this study, evaluations on the energy supply security problem caused by the Russia-Ukraine War in EU countries and, accordingly, the future of EU-Russia relations in the short and medium term are included.
Key Words: Energy Security, Russia-Ukraine War, Sanctions.
JEL Classification: F51, F52, F53.

References

  • AA (Anadolu Ajansı) (2022a). Biden: Rusya'ya karşı elimizdeki seçenekler Üçüncü Dünya Savaşı ya da yaptırımlar (Dildar Baykan Atalay 26 Şubat 2022), https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/biden-rusyaya-karsi-elimizdeki-secenekler-ucuncu-dunya-savasi-ya-da-yaptirimlar/2516330, Erişim Tarihi: 08.11.2022.
  • AA (Anadolu Ajansı) (2022b). AB liderleri doğal gaza tavan fiyat getirilmesinde uzlaşamadı, (Ata Ufuk Şeker, 21.10.2022), https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ab-liderleri-dogal-gaza-tavan-fiyat-getirilmesinde-uzlasamadi/2717005#, Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2022
  • AB Türkiye Delegasyonu (2016). AB'nin Uzun Vadeli İklim Değişikliği Hedefleri, https://www.avrupa.info.tr/sites/default/files/2016-08/brochure_2_v2.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2022
  • Akdemir, E. (2014). Avrupa Birliği’nin Ukrayna Politikası: Eski Komşu Mu? Yeni Aday Mı?, Karadeniz Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı 41, 61-75.
  • APERC (Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre) (2007). Quest for Energy Security in the 21st Century: Resources and Constraints. Tokyo: Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre.
  • Buzan, B. (1991). New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century. International Affairs, 67 (3), 431-451.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O. and de Wilde, J. (1998). Security A New Framework for Analysis, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • BBC (2022a). Putin: Batı'nın Rusya'ya yönelik yaptırımları dünya ekonomisi için en büyük tehdit (7 Eylül), https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cgrdq40p6m6o,Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2022.
  • BBC (2022b). Rusya, Avrupa'ya gaz akışını nasıl kesiyor? (7 Eylül), https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/crgj3jd28wmo, Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2022
  • Bloomberg HT (2022). Biden'dan Rusya'ya sert yaptırımlar (25 Şubat), https://www.bloomberght.com/biden-dan-rusya-ya-sert-yaptirimlar-2299859, Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2022.
  • Buzan, B., Wæver, O. and de Wilde, J. (1998). SECURITY A New Framework for Analysis, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (2000). Green Paper Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52000DC0769&from=EN, Erişim Tarihi: 16.12.2022.
  • COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, (2006). GREEN PAPER A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, https://europa.eu/documents/comm/green_papers/pdf/com2006_105_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 16.12.2022.
  • Çelikpala, M. (2014). Enerji Güvenliği: NATO’nun Yeni Tehdit Algısı, Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 40, 75-99.
  • Dağcı, K. ve Çaman E. (2013). Enerji Politikaları ve Enerji Güvenliği Perspektifinden Avrupa Birliği’nin Orta Asya Politikası, OAKA Dergisi, 8 (16), 21-48.
  • EC (European Commission), (2022a). Sanctions adopted following Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine, https://finance.ec.europa.eu/eu-and-world/sanctions-restrictive-measures/sanctions-adopted-following-russias-military-aggression-against-ukraine_en, Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2022.
  • EC (European Commission) (2022b). REPowerEU: Joint European action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_1511, Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2022.
  • EU Climate Action, (t.y.). 2050 long-term strategy, https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/climate-strategies-targets/2050-long-term-strategy_en, Erişim Tarihi: 06.12.2022
  • Euronews (2022). Putin: Batının yaptırımları beyhude, Asya yükselişte Batı ise düşüşe geçti (7 Eylül), https://tr.euronews.com/2022/09/07/putin-batinin-yaptirimlari-beyhude-asya-yukseliste-bati-ise-dususe-gecti, Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2022.
  • EUROSTAT (2022). File:Extra-EU imports of petroleum oil by partner.png, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Extra-EU_imports_of_petroleum_oil_by_partner.png; File:Extra-EU imports of petroleum oil by partner 2022S1.png, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Extra-; EU_imports_of_petroleum_oil_by_partner_2022S1.png&oldid=577048; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Extra-EU_imports_of_natural_gas_by_partner.png; https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=EU_international_trade_in_goods_-_latest_developments&oldid=579759#Extra-EU_imports_of_energy_products:_falling_shares_for_imports_from_Russia, Erişim Tarihi: 19.11.2022.
  • FINANCIAL TIMES (2022). Russia sanctions list: What the west imposed over the Ukraine invasion (Eir Nolsøe in London and Valentina Pop in Brussels March 4 2022), https://www.ft.com/content/6f3ce193-ab7d-4449-ac1b-751d49b1aaf8, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2022.
  • Göral, E. (2011). Avrupa Enerji Güvenliği ve Türkiye, Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 19 (2), 117-139.
  • Hatipoğlu, E. (2019). “Enerji Güvenliği”, Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi, No 44, https://trguvenlikportali.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/EnerjiGuvenligi_EmreHatipoglu_v.1.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2022. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2022, Mart 21). Energy Fact Sheet: Why does Russian oil and gas matter? IEA: https://www.iea.org/articles/energy-fact-sheet-why-does-russian-oil-and-gas-matter, Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2022. IEA (International Energy Agency) (t.y.). Energy security Reliable, affordable access to all fuels and energy sources, https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-security, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2022.
  • IMF (2022). “IMF Staff Statement on the Economic Impact of War in Ukraine”, PRESS RELEASE NO. 22/61 (5 March), https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/03/05/pr2261-imf-staff-statement-on-the-economic-impact-of-war-in-ukraine, Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2022.
  • Krebs, Tom (2022). Economic consequences of a sudden stop of energy imports: The case of natural gas in Germany, ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 22-021, ZEW - Leibniz-Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung, Mannheim, https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/264292/1/dp22021rev.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2022.
  • Mathioulakis, M. (2021). Introduction. In: Mathioulakis, M. (eds) Aspects of the Energy Union. Energy, Climate and the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55981-6_1
  • Matiç, U. (2018). NATO’nun Misyon ve Vizyonuna Küreselleşmenin Etkileri, (Editörler: Levent Yiğittepe ve Yiğit Anıl Güzelipek), Küresel Güven(liksiz) lik: Eski Kavramların Yeni Yorumları, İstanbul: Hiperlink Yayınları.
  • Mbah, R. E., ve Wasum, D. F. (2022). Russian-Ukraine 2022 War: A review of the economic impactof Russian-Ukraine crisis on the USA, UK, Canada, and Europe. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 9(3), 144-153.
  • McWilliams, B., Sgaravatti, G., Tagliapietra, S. and G. Zachmann (2022). Preparing for the first winter without Russian gas, Bruegel Blog, 28 February, Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2022
  • Official Journal of the European Union (2022). COUNCIL DECISION (CFSP) 2022/331, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022D0331&qid=1647426657418, Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2022.
  • Statista (2022). Share of extra-EU petroleum oil import value from Russia in total extra-EU imports from 2010 to 2nd quarter 2022, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1021752/share-russian-petroleum-oil-imports-eu/, Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2022.
  • Sevim, C. (2012). Küresel Enerji Jeopolitiği ve Enerji Güvenliği, Journal of Yaşar University, 26 (7), 4378-4391.
  • Sönmez, A.S., Bıçakcı, H., Yıldırım, C. (2015). Analysis of Russia Ukraine relations in context of Crimea problem. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 1 (3), 656-670.
  • Sputniknews (2022). https://sputniknews.com.tr/20221109/abdnin-askeri-yiginak-yaptigi-dedeagac-neden-onemli-hedefte-rusya-mi-turkiye-mi-var--1063245722.html Erişim Tarihi: 28.11.2022.
  • Steffen, B., ve Patt, A. (2022). A Historical Turning Point? Early Evidence on How the Russia-Ukraine War Changes Public Support For Clean Energy Policies, Energy Research ve Social Science 91, s.1-10.
  • The White House (2022). Joint Statement by the G7 Announcing Further Economic Costs on Russia (11 March), https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/11/joint-statement-by-the-g7-announcing-further-economic-costs-on-russia/, Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2022.
  • THE WORLD BANK (2022). Russian Invasion of Ukraine Impedes Post-Pandemic Economic Recovery in Emerging Europe and Central Asia, (04 October), https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/04/russian-invasion-of-ukraine-impedes-post-pandemic-economic-recovery-in-emerging-europe-and-central-asia, Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2022.
  • Ullman, R. H. (1983). Redefining Security, International Security, 8 (1), 129-153.
  • Wolfers, A. (1952). National Security" as an Ambiguous Symbol, Political Science Quarterly, 67 (4). 481-502.
  • WSWS (2022). ABD’nin Rusya’ya karşı askeri yığınağı Türkiye-Yunanistan gerilimini tırmandırıyor (Ozan Özgür 28 Eylül), https://www.wsws.org/tr/articles/2022/09/28/hppq-s28.html, Erişim Tarihi:28.11.2022.
  • Żuk, P., ve Żuk, P. (2022). National Energy Security or Acceleration of Transition? Energy PolicyAfter The War in Ukraine. Joule, 6(4), 709-712.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Politics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Orhan Battır 0000-0002-6856-8351

Levent Yiğittepe 0000-0002-2508-5501

Publication Date September 14, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 30 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Battır, O., & Yiğittepe, L. (2023). Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşında Yaptırımlar ve Enerji Güvenliği; Karşılıklı Ekonomik Bağımlılıklar Perspektifinden Bir Değerlendirme. Journal of Management and Economics, 30(3), 549-573. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1222200

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