Redefining Organizational Culture for the Digital Age: A Model Proposal for Digital Organizational Culture

Abstract

As technology breakthroughs and digital innovations continue to transform business environments, traditional organizational cultures are frequently found insufficient in promoting the innovative thinking, agility, and resilience needed for long-term success. This article presents a comprehensive framework for rethinking organizational culture in the digital age. The model is designed to help organizations navigate the complexity and take advantage of the digitalized economy's opportunities. Based on Schein’s organizational culture model, this study thoroughly examines existing literature to identify the essential elements of a digital culture framework. The suggested model prioritizes incorporating digital tools and mindsets at all levels of the organization, creating an atmosphere that promotes experimentation, cooperation, and a proactive approach to survive in the digital era. Furthermore, the study explores the crucial elements in promoting and integrating digital values, the function of human resource practices in facilitating the growth of digital skills, and the influence of digital culture on achieving a competitive advantage in the digitalized economy. By highlighting the crucial interaction between technology, people, and organizational processes, this study seeks to assist organizations in redefining their culture to thrive in the digital era by offering practical insights and a structured framework.

Keywords

• Organizational culture
• digital organizational culture
• digitalized economy
• innovation

Dijital Çağ için Örgüt Kültürünü Yeniden Tanımlamak: Dijital Örgüt Kültürü için Bir Model Önerisi

Abstract

Teknolojik gelişmeler ve dijital yenilikler iş ortamlarını dönüştürmeye devam ettikçe, geleneksel örgüt kültürleri, uzun vadeli başarı için gereken yenilikçi düşüncenin geliştirilmesi, çeviklik ve esnekliği teşvik etmede yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu çalışma, dijital çağda örgüt kültürünü yeniden değerlendirmek için kapsamlı bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Öne sürülen model, örgütlerin karmaşık iş çevrelerinde yönlerini bulmasına ve dijital ekonominin fırsatlarından yararlanmasına yardımcı olmak için tasarlanmıştır. Schein’in örgüt kültürü modeline temelinde bu çalışma, dijital örgüt kültürü çerçevesinin temel unsurlarını tanımlamak için mevcut yazının detaylı bir incelemesini içermektedir. Önerilen model, örgütün tüm seviyelerine dijital araç ve zihniyetlerin dahil edilmesine öncelik vererek ve dijital çağda hayatta kalmak için deneme-yanılmayı, işbirliğini ve proaktif bir yaklaşımı teşvik eden bir atmosferi kapsamaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışmada dijital değerlerin teşvik edilmesi ve örgütlere entegre edilmesinde önemli unsurlar, insan kaynakları uygulamalarının dijital becerilerin büyümesini kolaylaştırma işlevi ve dijital kültürün dijitalleştirilmiş ekonomide rekabet avantajı elde etme etkisini tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışma, teknoloji, insan ve örgütsel süreçler arasındaki önemli etkileşimi vurgulayarak, uygulamaya yönelik bilgiler ve yapılandırılmış bir çerçeve sunarak örgütlerin kültürlerini yeniden tanımlamalarına yardımcı olmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Örgüt kültürü
• dijital örgüt kültürü
• dijital ekonomi

References

1. References
2. Akgün, A. E., Byrne, J., Keskin, H., Lynn, G. S., & Imamoglu, S. Z. (2005). Knowledge networks in new product development projects: A transactive memory perspective. Information & Management, 42(8), 1105–1120. [CrossRef]
3. Akyazı, T. E. (2023). A Study on the Relationship between Employees' Attitude towards Artificial Intelligence and Organizational Culture. Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting, 23(20), 207–219. [CrossRef]
4. Atanasoff, L., & Venable, M. (2017). Technostress: Implications for Adults in the Workforce. Career Development Quarterly, 65, 326–338. [CrossRef]
5. Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R., & Sinha, J. (1999). Organizational Culture and Human Resource Management Practices. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 501–526. [CrossRef]
6. Aylak, B. L., Kayıkcı, Y., & Taş, M. A. (2020). Türkiye'de lojistik sektöründe faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin dijital trendlerinin incelenmesi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 15(57), 98–116. [CrossRef]
7. Baldini, M. (2000). İletişim tarihi. Avcıol Basım Yayın.
8. Balouei Jamkhaneh, H., Shahin, A., Parkouhi, S. V., & Shahin, R. (2022). The new concept of quality in the digital era:

9. a human resource empowerment perspective. The TQM Journal, 34(1), 125–144. [CrossRef]
10. Barney, J. B. (1986). Organizational culture: can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage?. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 656–665. [CrossRef]
11. Behl, A., Chavan, M., Jain, K., Sharma, I., Pereira, V. E., & Zhang, J. Z. (2021). The role of organizational culture and voluntariness in the adoption of artificial intelligence for disaster relief operations. International Journal of Manpower, 43(2), 569–586. [CrossRef]
12. Bennett, N., & Lemoine, G. J. (2014). What a difference a word makes: Understanding threats to performance in a VUCA world. Business Horizons, 57(3), 311–317. [CrossRef]
13. Borcan, I. 2021. The role of dynamic capabilities, business model and organizational culture in the digital transformation of a traditional organization. Management and Marketing Journal, 19(1), 108¬–124.
14. Bousdekis, A., Lepenioti, K., Apostolou, D., & Mentzas, G. (2021). A review of data-driven decision-making methods for industry 4.0 maintenance applications. Electronics, 10(7), Article 828. [CrossRef]
15. Boz, N., & Serinkan, C. (2022). Türkiye'de Dijital Girişimcilik ve KOBİ'ler. Girişimcilik İnovasyon ve Pazarlama
16. Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(12), 102–117. [CrossRef] Buch, K., & Wetzel, D. K. (2001). Analyzing and realigning organizational culture. Leadership & Organization
17. Development Journal, 22(1), 40–44. [CrossRef]
18. Bunker, D. (2020). Who do you trust? The digital destruction of shared situational awareness and the COVID–19 infodemic. International Journal of Information Management, 55, 102201–102201. [CrossRef]
19. Büschgens, T., Bausch, A., & Balkin, D. B. (2013). Organizational culture and innovation: A meta‐analytic review. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(4), 763–781. [CrossRef]
20. Byrd, M. Y. (2022). Creating a culture of inclusion and belongingness in remote work environments that sustains meaningful work. Human Resource Development International, 25(2), 145–162. [CrossRef]
21. Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: based on the competing values framework. Addison-Wesley.
22. Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: based on the competing values framework. San Francisco.
23. Chandler, G. N., Keller, C., & Lyon, D. W. (2000). Unraveling the determinants and consequences of an innovation- supportive organizational culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 25(1), 59–76. [CrossRef]
24. Chapman, D., Reeves, P., & Chapin, M. (2018). A lexical approach to identifying dimensions of organizational culture. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. [CrossRef]
25. Chatman, J., & Cha, S. (2003). Leading by Leveraging Culture. California Management Review, 45, 20–34. [CrossRef]
26. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.
27. Crowley, D. & Heyer, P. (2010). İletişim tarihi teknoloji kültür toplum. Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
28. Çubukcu, B. B., & Topçuoğlu, Ö. (2023). Turizm Sektöründe Dijitalleşme ve Verimlilik İlişkisini İnceleyen Akademik Araştırmaların Bibliyometrik Analizi. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 58(1), 598–610.
29. D’Innocenzo, L., Mathieu, J. E., & Kukenberger, M. R. (2016). A meta-analysis of different forms of shared leadership– team performance relations. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1964–1991. [CrossRef]
30. Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate life. Addison-Wesley. [CrossRef]
31. Demirhan, M. (2021). Sektörel bakış: Türk bankacılık sektöründe dijitalleşmenin şube dağıtım kanalına etkileri. Erciyes Akademi, 35(1), 1–19.
32. Denison, D. R. (1990). Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. Wiley.
33. Denison, D., & Mishra, A. (1995). Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness.. Organization Science, 6, 204–223. [CrossRef]
34. Deuze, M. (2006). Participation, remediation, bricolage: Considering principal components of a digital culture. The Information Society, 22(2), 63–75. [CrossRef]
35. Dubey, R., Bryde, D. J., Dwivedi, Y. K., Graham, G., Foropon, C., & Papadopoulos, T. (2023). Dynamic digital capabilities and supply chain resilience: The role of government effectiveness. International Journal of Production Economics, 258, Article 108790. [CrossRef]
36. Duerr, S., Holotiuk, F., Wagner, H. T., Beimborn, D., & Weitzel, T. (2018). What is digital organizational culture? Insights from exploratory case studies. Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 5126– 5135. [CrossRef]
37. Etimoloji Türkçe, (2024, 15 March), Kültür,https://www.etimolojiturkce.com/arama/k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr
38. Gerçek, M. (2023a). İnsan kaynakları yönetimi (İKY) için “Çevik” ne anlama geliyor? İKYve çeviklik kavramına ilişkin bir sistematik derleme çalışması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 25(2), 708–739. [CrossRef]
39. Gerçek, M. (2023b). Çevik/Agile örgütler: Kuram ve uygulama. Nobel Akademik.
40. Gerçek, M., & Yılmaz Börekçi, D. (2021). Developing a capacity for operational and relational resilience through HRM practices. International Journal of Management Practice, 14(6), 682–700. [CrossRef]
41. Goldman, S.L., Nagel, R.N., & Preiss, K. (1995). Agile competitors and virtual organizations. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
42. Goncalves, D., Bergquist, M., Bunk, R., & Alänge, S. (2020). Cultural aspects of organizational agility affecting digital innovation. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 16(4), 13–46. [CrossRef]
43. Gökalp, E., & Martinez, V. (2021). Digital transformation maturity assessment: development of the digital transformation capability maturity model. International Journal of Production Research, 60, 6282–6302. [CrossRef]
44. Gürol, Y., Sarp, P., Atila, M., Yeke, S., & Binici, C. M. (2024). Historical Development of SHRM: Bibliometric Analysis of SHRM Based on Web of Science. International Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 31(1), 1–34. [CrossRef]
45. Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1996). The affective implications of perceived congruence with culture dimensions during organizational transformation. Journal of Management, 22(4), 527–547. [CrossRef]
46. Hartl, E., & Hess, T. (2017). The role of cultural values for digital transformation: Insights from a Delphi study. Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems Proceedings (pp. 1–10). Boston.
47. Hatch, M. (1993). The dynamics of organizational culture. Academy of Management Review, 18, 657–693. [CrossRef]
48. Hensellek, S. (2020). Digital leadership: a framework for successful leadership in the digital age. Journal of Media Management and Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 55–69. [CrossRef]
49. Heyder, T., Passlack, N., & Posegga, O. (2023). Ethical management of human-AI interaction: Theory development review. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 32(3), Article 101772. [CrossRef]
50. Hinings, B., Gegenhuber, T., and Greenwood, R., (2018). Digital innovation and transformation: An institutional perspective. Information and Organization, 28(1), 52–61. [CrossRef]
51. Hoeven, C., Zoonen, W., & Fonner, K. (2016). The practical paradox of technology: The influence of communication technology use on employee burnout and engagement. Communication Monographs, 83, 239–263. [CrossRef]
52. Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture's consequences: İnternational differences in work-related values, Sage Publications.
53. Hofstede, G. (1984). Cultural Dimensions in Management and Planning. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1(2), 81–99. [CrossRef]
54. Hofstede, G. (1998). Identifying Organizational Subcultures: An Empirical Approach. Journal of Management Studies, 35, 1–12.
55. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J. & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill.
56. Hogan, S., & Coote, L. (2014). Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model. Journal of Business Research, 67, 1609–1621. [CrossRef]
57. Holford, W. D. (2019). The future of human creative knowledge work within the digital economy. Futures, 105, 143–154. [CrossRef]
58. Isensee, C., Teuteberg, F., Griese, K., & Topi, C. (2020). The relationship between organizational culture, sustainability, and digitalization in SMEs: A systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 275, Article 122944. [CrossRef]
59. Jarrahi, M. H. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making. Business horizons, 61(4), 577–586. [CrossRef]
60. Karaboga, T., Gurol, Y. D., Binici, C. M., & Sarp, P. (2020). Sustainable Digital Talent Ecosystem in the New Era: Impacts on Businesses, Governments and Universities. Istanbul Business Research, 49(2), 360–379. [CrossRef]
61. Kim, H. S., Baik, K. B., & Kim, J. H. (2015). Mediating Effects of Emotional Commitment between Downward Benevolence and Team Satisfaction & Team Innovative Behavior. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 15(1), 437–450. [CrossRef]
62. Korherr, P., Kanbach, D. K., Kraus, S., & Jones, P. (2023). The role of management in fostering analytics: the shift from intuition to analytics-based decision-making. Journal of Decision Systems, 32(3), 600–616. [CrossRef]
63. Korherr, P., Kanbach, D. K., Kraus, S., & Mikalef, P. (2022). From intuitive to data-driven decision-making in digital transformation: A framework of prevalent managerial archetypes. Digital Business, 2(2), Article 100045. [CrossRef]
64. Krackhardt, D., & Kilduff, M. (1990). Friendship patterns and culture: The control of organizational diversity. American Anthropologist, 92, 142–154. [CrossRef]
65. Leal-Rodríguez, A. L., Sanchís-Pedregosa, C., Moreno-Moreno, A. M., & Leal-Millán, A. G. (2023). Digitalization beyond technology: Proposing an explanatory and predictive model for digital culture in organizations. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(3), Article 100409. [CrossRef]
66. Li, Q., Wang, Z., Li, W., Li, J., Wang, C., & Du, R. (2013). Applications integration in a hybrid cloud computing environment: modelling and platform. Enterprise Information Systems, 7, 237–271. [CrossRef]
67. Lu, J., Zhang, Z., & Jia, M. (2019). Does servant leadership affect employees' emotional labor? A social information-processing perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 159, 507–518. [CrossRef] Lund, J. (2014). Activities to address challenges in digital innovation. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 446, 115–131. [CrossRef]
68. Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior. Journal of Management, 33(3), 321– 349. [CrossRef]
69. Mack, O., & Khare, A. (2016). Perspectives on a VUCA World. In Eds. Mack, O., Khare, A., Kramer, A., & Burgartz, T. Managing in a VUCA World (pp. 3–19). Springer. [CrossRef]
70. Marcoulides, G., & Heck, R. (1993). Organizational culture and performance: Proposing and testing a model. Organization Science, 4, 209–225. [CrossRef]
71. Martensen, H., Martensen, M., & Asanger, J. (2023). Gamified Recruitment: A Way to Win the Talent of Tomorrow?. Managerial Economics, 23(1), 49. [CrossRef]
72. Martínez-Caro, E., Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., & Alfonso-Ruiz, F. J. (2020). Digital technologies and firm performance: The role of digital organisational culture. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 154, Article 119962. [CrossRef]
73. Martins, E., & Terblanche, F. (2003). Building organisational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6, 64–74. [CrossRef]
74. McEvily, B., Soda, G., & Tortoriello, M. (2014). More formally: Rediscovering the missing link between formal organization and informal social structure. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 299–345. [CrossRef]
75. Minkov, M. (2007). What makes us different and similar: A new interpretation of the World Values Survey and other cross-cultural data. Klasika i Stil Publishing House.
76. Müller, S. D., Obwegeser, N., Glud, J. V., & Johildarson, G. (2019). Digital innovation and organizational culture: the case of a Danish media company. Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 31(2), 3–34.
77. Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jimenez-Jimenez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2011). Innovation or imitation: The role of organizational culture. Management Decision, 49(1), 55–72. [CrossRef]
78. Narayan, R., Gehlot, A., Singh, R., Akram, S. V., Priyadarshi, N., & Twala, B. (2022). Hospitality feedback system 4.0: digitalization of feedback system with integration of industry 4.0 enabling technologies. Sustainability, 14(19), Article 12158. [CrossRef]
79. Oberländer, M., Beinicke, A., & Bipp, T. (2020). Digital competencies: A review of the literature and applications in the workplace. Computers & Education, 146, Article 103752. [CrossRef]
80. Oney‐Yazıcı, E., Giritli, H., Topcu‐Oraz, G., & Acar, E. (2007). Organizational culture: The case of Turkish construction industry. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(6), 519–531. [CrossRef]
81. O'Reilly, C. A., Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization fit. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 487–516. [CrossRef]
82. Overby, E., Bharadwaj, A., & Sambamurthy, V. (2006). Enterprise agility and the enabling role of information technology. European Journal of Information Systems, 15, 120–131. Ozenc, F., & Hagan, M. (2017). Ritual design: Crafting team rituals for meaningful organizational change. CSN: Business (Topic). [CrossRef]
83. Pandey, S., & Pandey, S. (2017). Applying natural language processing capabilities in computerized textual analysis to measure organizational culture. Organizational Research Methods, 22, 765–797. [CrossRef]
84. Panneerselvam, S., & Balaraman, K. (2022). Employee experience: the new employee value proposition. Strategic HR Review, 21(6), 201–207. [CrossRef]
85. Patterson, M., Warr, P., & West, M. (2005). Organizational climate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78, 193–216. [CrossRef]
86. Pfaff, Y. M., Wohlleber, A. J., Münch, C., Küffner, C., & Hartmann, E. (2023). How digital transformation impacts organizational culture–A multi-hierarchical perspective on the manufacturing sector. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 183, Article 109432. [CrossRef]
87. Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., & Garnett, F. G. (2012). Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250–275. [CrossRef]
88. Porter, M. E., & Heppelmann, J. E. (2014). How smart, connected products are transforming competition. Harvard Business Review, 92(11), 64–88.
89. Quinn, R. E., & Rohrbaugh, J. (1981). A competing values approach to organizational effectiveness. Public Productivity Review, 122–140. [CrossRef]
90. Rowles, D., & Brown, T. (2017). Building digital culture: A practical guide to successful digital transformation. Kogan Page Publishers.
91. Schein, E. H. (1983). Organizational culture: A dynamic model. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
92. Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. Jossey-Bass.
93. Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. Jossey-Bass.
94. Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership. Jossey-Bass.
95. Schein, E. H. (1999). The corporate culture survival guide. Jossey-Bass.
96. Schein, E. H., & Schein, P. (2016). Organizational culture and leadership. Wiley.
97. Schein, E.H., 1983. The role of the founder in creating organizational culture. Organ. Dynam. 12 (1), 13–28. [CrossRef]
98. Schiuma, G., Schettini, E., Santarsiero, F., & Carlucci, D. (2022). The transformative leadership compass: six competencies for digital transformation entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(5), 1273–1291. [CrossRef]
99. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., & Macey, W. H. (2013). Organizational climate and culture. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 361–388. [CrossRef]
100. Scott, T., Mannion, R., Davies, H., & Marshall, M. (2003). The quantitative measurement of organizational culture in health care: a review of the available instruments. Health services research, 38 (3), 923–945. [CrossRef]
101. Setia, P., Setia, P., Venkatesh, V., & Joglekar, S. (2013). Leveraging digital technologies: How information quality leads to localized capabilities and customer service performance. MIS Quarterly, 565–590. [CrossRef]
102. Sheninger, E. (2014). Pillars of digital leadership. International Center for Leadership in Education, 1(4), 1–4.
103. Shin, J., Mollah, M. A., & Choi, J. (2023). Sustainability and organizational performance in South Korea: The effect of digital leadership on digital culture and employees' digital capabilities. Sustainability, 15(3), Article 2027. [CrossRef] Shivaraj, G. (2021). A Study on the Digitalized Human Resources (HR) Practices in Digitalized Business Era in India. Management Science, 8, 83–89. [CrossRef]
104. Siachou, E., Vrontis, D., & Trichina, E. (2021). Can traditional organizations be digitally transformed by themselves? The moderating role of absorptive capacity and strategic interdependence. Journal of Business Research, 124, 408–421. [CrossRef]
105. Siakas, K. V., & Siakas, E. (2007). The agile professional culture: A source of agile quality. Software Process: Improvement and Practice, 12(6), 597–610. [CrossRef]
106. Sievert, H., & Scholz, C. (2017). Engaging employees in (at least partly) disengaged companies. Results of an interview survey within about 500 German corporations on the growing importance of digital engagement via internal social media. Public Relations Review, 43, 894–903. [CrossRef]
107. Smircich, L. (1983). Concepts of culture and organizational analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, (28), 339– 358. [CrossRef]
108. Snow, C. C., Fjeldstad, Ø. D., & Langer, A. M. (2017). Designing the digital organization. Journal of Organization Design, 6(1). [CrossRef]
109. Snow, C., Fjeldstad, Ø., & Langer, A. (2017). Designing the digital organization. Journal of Organization Design, 6, 1– 13. [CrossRef]
110. Somohano-Rodríguez, F. M., Madrid-Guijarro, A., & López-Fernández, J. M. (2022). Does Industry 4.0 really matter for SME innovation?. Journal of Small Business Management, 60(4), 1001–1028. [CrossRef]
111. Sultan, Y., & Suhail, K. (2019). The impact of significant factors of digital leadership on gamification marketing strategy. International Journal for Advance Research and Development, 4, 29–33.
112. Teece, D., Peteraf, M., & Leih, S. (2016). Dynamic capabilities and organizational agility: Risk, uncertainty, and strategy in the innovation economy. California Management Review, 58(4), 13–35. [CrossRef]
113. Trenerry, B., Chng, S., Wang, Y., Suhaila, Z., Lim, S., Lu, H., & Oh, P. (2021). Preparing Workplaces for Digital Transformation: An Integrative Review and Framework of Multi-Level Factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. [CrossRef]
114. Tolfo, C., Wazlawick, R. S., Ferreira, M. G. G., & Forcellini, F. A. (2011). Agile methods and organizational culture: Reflections about cultural levels. Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice, 23(6), 423–441. [CrossRef]
115. Trompenaars, F. & Hampden-Turner, C. (1998). Riding the waves of culture: understanding cultural diversity in business, McGraw-Hill.
116. Turner, S., Cardinal, L., & Burton, R. (2017). Research Design for Mixed Methods. Organizational Research Methods, 20, 243–267. [CrossRef]
117. Tylor, E. B. (1871, 2012). Religion in Primitive Culture. A Reader in The Anthropology of Religion. Ulan Press. Uhl, A., & Gollenia, M. L. A. (Eds.). (2014). Digital enterprise transformation: A business-driven approach to leveraging innovative IT. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
118. Valencia, J., Valle, R., & Jiménez, D. (2010). Organizational culture as determinant of product innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 13, 466–480. [CrossRef]
119. Varghese, J., & Deepa, R. (2023). Gamification as an effective employer branding strategy for Gen Z. NHRD Network Journal, 16, 269–279. [CrossRef]
120. Velyako, V., & Musa, S. (2023). The Relationship between Digital Organizational Culture, Digital Capability, Digital
121. Innovation, Organizational Resilience, and Competitive Advantage. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1–20. [CrossRef]
122. Verhoef, P. C., Broekhuizen, T., Bart, Y., Bhattacharya, A., Dong, J. Q., Fabian, N., & Haenlein, M. (2021). Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 122, 889–901. [CrossRef]
123. Vial, G. (2019). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. In Eds. Hinterhuber, A., Vescovi, T. And Checchinato, F. Managing Digital Transformation (pp. 13–66), Taylor and Francis. [CrossRef]
124. Vial, G. (2021). Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. Managing Digital
125. Transformation, 13–66. Vrontis, D., Christofi, M., Pereira, V., Tarba, S., Makrides, A., & Trichina, E. (2022). Artificial intelligence, robotics, advanced technologies and human resource management: a systematic review. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(6), 1237–1266. [CrossRef]
126. Walkiewicz, J., Lay-Kumar, J., & Herzig, C. (2021). The integration of sustainability and externalities into the “corporate DNA”: A practice-oriented approach. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 21(3), 479–496. [CrossRef]
127. Warner, K. S., & Wäger, M. (2019). Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 326–349. [CrossRef]
128. Weill, P., & Woerner, S. L. (2015). Thriving in an increasingly digital ecosystem. MIT Sloan Management Review, 56(4), 27.
129. Weiner, B. J. (2009). A theory of organizational readiness for change. Implementation Science, 4, 1–9. [CrossRef] Yetim, N., & Yetim, U. (2006). The Cultural Orientations of Entrepreneurs and Employees' Job Satisfaction: The Turkish Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Case. Social Indicators Research, 77, 257–286. [CrossRef]
130. Yıldız, M., & Altan, M. (2023). Literature review of the sharing economy: Socio‐cultural perspective. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 33(5), 1112–1136. [CrossRef]
131. Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage Publications.
132. Yusuf Yahyagil, M., & Begüm Ötken, A. (2011). Cultural values from managers' and academicians' perspectives: the case of Turkey. Management Research Review, 34(9), 10181041. [CrossRef]
133. Yusuf, Y. Y., Sarhadi, M., & Gunasekaran, A. (1999). Agile manufacturing: The drivers, concepts and attributes. International Journal of Production Economics, 62(1-2), 33–43. [CrossRef]
134. Zahra, S. A., Hayton, J. C., & Salvato, C. (2004). Entrepreneurship in family vs. non–family firms: A resource–based analysis of the effect of organizational culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 363–381. [CrossRef]
135. Zammuto, R., Clegg, S., Hardy, C., & Nord, W. (1997). Handbook of organization studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, Article 728. [CrossRef]
136. Zhang, G., & Tang, C. (2017). How could firm's internal R&D collaboration bring more innovation?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 299–308. [CrossRef]
137. Zhen, Z., Yousaf, Z., Radulescu, M., & Yasir, M. (2021). Nexus of digital organizational culture, capabilities, organizational readiness, and innovation: Investigation of SMEs operating in the digital economy. Sustainability, 13(2), Article 720. [CrossRef]