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Kentsel peyzajlarda mezarlıkların sağladığı ekosistem hizmetlerinin değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 62 Issue: 3, 297 - 312, 18.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1527564

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı kentsel yeşil alan sistemi içerisinde önemli bir yer tutan mezarlıkların sağladığı düzenleyici ekosistem hizmetlerini Isparta kenti örneğinde belirlenen alanlarda ölçmektir.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Ana çalışma materyali olarak seçilen Gülcü Mezarlığı, Isparta Garnizon Şehitliği-Karaağaç Mezarlığı ve Akyol Mezarlığı, i-Tree Eco modeli kullanılarak dört düzenleyici ekosistem hizmeti (hava kirliliğini giderme, karbon tutma ve depolama, oksijen üretimi, yüzey akışını önleme) sağlama kapasiteleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Analizlerde; arazi kullanım türü ve çeşitli ağaç özellikleri (ağaç türleri, ağacın göğüs yüksekliğindeki çapı-DBH (cm), ağaç yüksekliği (m), canlı taç yüksekliği (m), vb.) verilerinden yararlanılmıştır.
Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırma bulgularına göre incelenen mezarlıklardaki ağaçlar brüt olarak yılda yaklaşık 47,22 ton karbonu tutmakta ve 6.770 ton karbonu depolamaktadır. Ayrıca mezarlıklardaki bitkiler yılda yaklaşık 373,6 m³ bir yüzey akışı engellemekte ve 35,55 kg hava kirleticisini ortadan kaldırmaktadır. Son olarak mezarlıklardaki ağaçların yıllık 125,89 ton oksijen ürettiği hesaplanmıştır.
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak daha iyi düzenleyici ekosistem hizmeti üretebilmek için, mezarlık tasarımlarında uygun bitki türlerinin kullanılması ve kullanılan bitki türlerinin çeşitliliğinin artırılması önerilmiştir.

References

  • Abdollahi, K.K., Z. H. Ning & A. Appeaning, 2000. Global Climate Change and The Urban Forest. Minnesota University, GCRCC, 77 pp.
  • Andersson, E., S. Barthel & K. Ahrné, 2007. Measuring social-ecological dynamics behind the generation of ecosystem services. Ecological Applications, 17 (5): 1267-1278. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1116.1
  • Barrett, G.W. & T.L. Barrett, 2002. Cemeteries as repositories of natural and cultural diversity. Conservation Biology, 15 (6): 1820-1824. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00410.x
  • Değermenci, A.S., 2023. Düzce ili karasal karbon kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 11 (1): 99-110. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1023712
  • Evensen, K. H., H. Nordh & M. Skaar, 2017. Everyday use of urban cemeteries: A Norwegian case study. Landscape and Urban Planning, 159: 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.019
  • Harvey, T., 2006. Sacred spaces, common places: the cemetery in the contemporary American city. Geographical Review, 96 (2): 295-312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2006.tb00054.x
  • Hepcan, Ş. & Ç. Coşkun Hepcan, 2021. Assessing ecosystem services of urban green spaces: the case of Eugene Pioneer Cemetery, Eugene, OR (USA). Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 58 (4): 513-522. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.900698
  • i-Tree, 2020. i-Tree Eco: Application Overview. (Web page: https://www.itreetools.org/tools/i-tree-eco/i-tree-eco-overview) (Date accessed: July 2024).
  • Kaçmaz Akkurt, G., M. Özeren Alkan, H. Çobankaya & D. Şen, 2023. Assessment of ecosystem services provided by street trees: Burdur (Türkiye) city center. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 60 (2): 221-234. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1226241
  • Kang, J., S. Hirabayashi & Ş. Shibata, 2022. Urban forest ecosystem services vary with land use and species: a case study of Kyoto city. Forests, 13 (1): 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13010067
  • Karaoğlu, D., 2007. Kent Mezarlıklarının Yeşil Doku İçindeki Önemi ve Ziyaretçi Memnuniyetinin Belirlenmesi Karacaahmet Mezarlığı Örneği. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Basılmamış) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul. 121 s.
  • Martin, N.A., A.H. Chappelka, G. Somers, E. F. Loewenstein & G. J. Keever, 2013. Evaluation of Sampling Protocol for i-Tree Eco: A Case Study in Predicting Ecosystem Services at Auburn University. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Online, 39 (2): 56-61. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2013.008
  • Martinez-Trinidad, T., P. Hernandez-Lopez, S.F. Lopez-Lopez & L. Mohedano-Caballero, 2021. Diversity, structure and ecosystem services of trees in four parks in Texcoco using i-Tree Eco. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 12 (67): 202-223. https://doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v12i67.880
  • Özhancı, E. & M. Aklıbaşında, 2017. Kentsel peyzaj içinde mezarlıklar ve peyzaj mimarlığı açısından incelenmesi; Nevşehir örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48 (2): 113-124. https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.307285
  • Özkan, B., E.V. Küçükerbaş & A. Kaplan, 1996. Açık-yeşil alan ve rekreasyon alanı olarak mezarlıkların planlama ve tasarım sorunları ile çözüm olanaklarının İzmir kenti örneğinde araştırılması. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (1): 18-35. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.785895
  • Özmen, S.G., 2016. Death in The City: Cemeteries in İzmir. İzmir Yaşar Universty, Graduate School (Unpublished) Master Thesis, İzmir, Türkiye, 91 s.
  • Rae, R.A., 2021. Cemeteries as public urban green space: management, funding and form. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 61: 127078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127078
  • Riondato, E., F. Pilla, A. Sarkar Basu & B. Basu, 2020. Investigating the effect of trees on urban quality in Dublin by combining air monitoring with i-Tree Eco model. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61: 102356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102356
  • Rogers, K., J. Goodenough, K. Frediani & J. Watson, 2018. The Benefits of Hyde Park Trees: i-Tree Eco White Paper. (Web page: https://www.itreetools.org/documents/350/Tre EconomysHydeParkReport.pdf) (Access date: May 2023).
  • Sallay, Á., I.G. Tar, Z. Mikházi, K. Takács, C. Furlan & U. Krippner, 2023. The role of urban cemeteries in ecosystem services and habitat protection. Plants, 12 (6): 1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061269
  • Sallay, Á., Z. Mikházi, I.G. Tar & K. Takács, 2022. Cemeteries as a part of green ınfrastructure and tourism. Sustainability, 14 (5): 2918. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052918
  • Song, P., G. Kim, A.L. Mayer, R. He & G. Tian, 2020. Assessing the ecosystem services of various types of urban green spaces based on i-Tree Eco. Sustainability, 12 (4): 1630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041630
  • Tuğluer, M. & A. Gül, 2018. The use of UFORE model for determination of environmental effects and value of urban trees; case study of Isparta city. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19 (3): 293-307. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.341054
  • WHO, 2016. Urban Green Spaces and Health, A Review of Evidence. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Denmark, 80 pp.
  • Zhao, W., Y. Han, W. Liang & X. Wei, 2020. Water uptake strategies by typical broadleaf and coniferous trees in the Loess Plateau mountain area of northern China. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 19 (4): 3273-3292. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1904_32733292

Assessing ecosystem services provided by cemeteries in urban landscapes

Year 2025, Volume: 62 Issue: 3, 297 - 312, 18.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1527564

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study is to quantify the regulating ecosystem services provided by cemeteries, which have an important place in the urban green space system, in sample areas in Isparta city.
Material and Methods: The Gülcü Cemetery, Isparta Garrison Martyrs’ Cemetery-Karaağaç Cemetery and Akyol Cemetery, which were selected as the main study material, were evaluated in terms of their capacity to provide four regulating ecosystem services (air pollution removal, carbon sequestration and storage, oxygen production, avoided surface runoff) using the i-Tree Eco model. Data on land use type and various tree characteristics (tree species, trunk diameter (DBH) (cm), tree height (m), live crown height (m), etc.) were used in the analysis.
Results: According to the research findings, the trees in the examined cemeteries collectively store approximately 47.22 tons of carbon and sequester 6,770 tons of carbon per year in gross terms. Additionally, plants in cemeteries intercept approximately 373.6 cubic meters of surface runoff per year and remove 35.55 kilograms of air pollutants. Moreover, the trees in the cemeteries generate an estimated 125.89 tons of oxygen annually.
Conclusion: To enhance regulatory ecosystem services, it is suggested to utilize suitable plant species in cemetery designs and increase plant species diversity.

References

  • Abdollahi, K.K., Z. H. Ning & A. Appeaning, 2000. Global Climate Change and The Urban Forest. Minnesota University, GCRCC, 77 pp.
  • Andersson, E., S. Barthel & K. Ahrné, 2007. Measuring social-ecological dynamics behind the generation of ecosystem services. Ecological Applications, 17 (5): 1267-1278. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1116.1
  • Barrett, G.W. & T.L. Barrett, 2002. Cemeteries as repositories of natural and cultural diversity. Conservation Biology, 15 (6): 1820-1824. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.00410.x
  • Değermenci, A.S., 2023. Düzce ili karasal karbon kapasitesinin belirlenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 11 (1): 99-110. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1023712
  • Evensen, K. H., H. Nordh & M. Skaar, 2017. Everyday use of urban cemeteries: A Norwegian case study. Landscape and Urban Planning, 159: 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.019
  • Harvey, T., 2006. Sacred spaces, common places: the cemetery in the contemporary American city. Geographical Review, 96 (2): 295-312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2006.tb00054.x
  • Hepcan, Ş. & Ç. Coşkun Hepcan, 2021. Assessing ecosystem services of urban green spaces: the case of Eugene Pioneer Cemetery, Eugene, OR (USA). Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 58 (4): 513-522. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.900698
  • i-Tree, 2020. i-Tree Eco: Application Overview. (Web page: https://www.itreetools.org/tools/i-tree-eco/i-tree-eco-overview) (Date accessed: July 2024).
  • Kaçmaz Akkurt, G., M. Özeren Alkan, H. Çobankaya & D. Şen, 2023. Assessment of ecosystem services provided by street trees: Burdur (Türkiye) city center. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 60 (2): 221-234. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1226241
  • Kang, J., S. Hirabayashi & Ş. Shibata, 2022. Urban forest ecosystem services vary with land use and species: a case study of Kyoto city. Forests, 13 (1): 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13010067
  • Karaoğlu, D., 2007. Kent Mezarlıklarının Yeşil Doku İçindeki Önemi ve Ziyaretçi Memnuniyetinin Belirlenmesi Karacaahmet Mezarlığı Örneği. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Basılmamış) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul. 121 s.
  • Martin, N.A., A.H. Chappelka, G. Somers, E. F. Loewenstein & G. J. Keever, 2013. Evaluation of Sampling Protocol for i-Tree Eco: A Case Study in Predicting Ecosystem Services at Auburn University. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry Online, 39 (2): 56-61. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2013.008
  • Martinez-Trinidad, T., P. Hernandez-Lopez, S.F. Lopez-Lopez & L. Mohedano-Caballero, 2021. Diversity, structure and ecosystem services of trees in four parks in Texcoco using i-Tree Eco. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales, 12 (67): 202-223. https://doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v12i67.880
  • Özhancı, E. & M. Aklıbaşında, 2017. Kentsel peyzaj içinde mezarlıklar ve peyzaj mimarlığı açısından incelenmesi; Nevşehir örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 48 (2): 113-124. https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.307285
  • Özkan, B., E.V. Küçükerbaş & A. Kaplan, 1996. Açık-yeşil alan ve rekreasyon alanı olarak mezarlıkların planlama ve tasarım sorunları ile çözüm olanaklarının İzmir kenti örneğinde araştırılması. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (1): 18-35. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.785895
  • Özmen, S.G., 2016. Death in The City: Cemeteries in İzmir. İzmir Yaşar Universty, Graduate School (Unpublished) Master Thesis, İzmir, Türkiye, 91 s.
  • Rae, R.A., 2021. Cemeteries as public urban green space: management, funding and form. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 61: 127078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127078
  • Riondato, E., F. Pilla, A. Sarkar Basu & B. Basu, 2020. Investigating the effect of trees on urban quality in Dublin by combining air monitoring with i-Tree Eco model. Sustainable Cities and Society, 61: 102356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102356
  • Rogers, K., J. Goodenough, K. Frediani & J. Watson, 2018. The Benefits of Hyde Park Trees: i-Tree Eco White Paper. (Web page: https://www.itreetools.org/documents/350/Tre EconomysHydeParkReport.pdf) (Access date: May 2023).
  • Sallay, Á., I.G. Tar, Z. Mikházi, K. Takács, C. Furlan & U. Krippner, 2023. The role of urban cemeteries in ecosystem services and habitat protection. Plants, 12 (6): 1269. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061269
  • Sallay, Á., Z. Mikházi, I.G. Tar & K. Takács, 2022. Cemeteries as a part of green ınfrastructure and tourism. Sustainability, 14 (5): 2918. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052918
  • Song, P., G. Kim, A.L. Mayer, R. He & G. Tian, 2020. Assessing the ecosystem services of various types of urban green spaces based on i-Tree Eco. Sustainability, 12 (4): 1630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041630
  • Tuğluer, M. & A. Gül, 2018. The use of UFORE model for determination of environmental effects and value of urban trees; case study of Isparta city. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19 (3): 293-307. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.341054
  • WHO, 2016. Urban Green Spaces and Health, A Review of Evidence. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Denmark, 80 pp.
  • Zhao, W., Y. Han, W. Liang & X. Wei, 2020. Water uptake strategies by typical broadleaf and coniferous trees in the Loess Plateau mountain area of northern China. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 19 (4): 3273-3292. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1904_32733292
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hatice Çobankaya 0000-0003-3555-9712

Gülşah Kaçmaz Akkurt 0000-0002-1984-5324

Early Pub Date September 17, 2025
Publication Date September 18, 2025
Submission Date August 4, 2024
Acceptance Date December 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 62 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çobankaya, H., & Kaçmaz Akkurt, G. (2025). Assessing ecosystem services provided by cemeteries in urban landscapes. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 62(3), 297-312. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1527564