BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

-

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 44 - 52, 27.07.2014

Öz

The most common malignant toumors develop metastasis and are a central problem in tumor therapy The metastasis of the gastrointestinal tract is most frequently found in the liver. In the following you can see the list of various types of cancer that have spread to the liver. the frist two types of cancer. will be described in more detail. 1-Colorectal cancer 2-Pancreaticcarcinoma 3-Gastric cancer 4-Lung cancer 5-Breast cancer Each year worldwide an estimated one million new cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed and more than half a million people died from the disease (Parkin et al. 2002). Surgical resection can offers potential tretment for colon cancer. The prognosis of patients with colon cancer dependent on the occurrence of metastases. Every year pancreatic cancer causes approximately 200.000 deaths and it is one of the most malignant types of tumors, with the poor prognosis Pancreatic carcinom has a mean survival times of 5 months. To develop new diagnostic technologies and new treatments for liver metastases the availability of a preclinical model is mandatory.

Kaynakça

  • Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA- Cancer J Clin 2005; 55: 74-108.
  • Gillen CD, Walmsley RS, Prior P, Andrews HA, Allan RN (1994) Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: a comparison of the colorectal cancer risk in extensive colitis. Gut 35, 1590–1592
  • Nordlinger B, Guiguet M, Vaillant JC, Balladur P, Boudjema K, Bachellier P, Jaeck D (1996) Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases of the liver; Cancer 77, 1254-62
  • Cady B, Jenkins RL, Steele GD Jr, Lewis WD, Stone MD, McDermott WV, Jessup JM, Bothe A, Lalor P, Lovett EJ, Lavin P, Linehan DC. (1998) Surgical margin in hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: a critical and improvable
  • determinant of outcome. Ann Surg; 227, 566-71
  • Rath FW und Schönfelder M (2002) Weichteilsarkome des Erwachsenen: Standards, Molekularbiologie, Perspektiven
  • Beiträge zur Onkologie 56, Karger Verlag Freiburg, Basel
  • Ewing J (1928) Neoplastic diseases. Saunders –Verlag, Philadelphia, S. 125 -129
  • Adam R, Lucidi V, Bismuth H. (2004) Hepatic colorectal metastases: methods of improving resectability.
  • Surg clin N Am 84, 659-671
  • Bengmark S, Hafström L, Olson A. (1969) The natural history of primary and secondary liver tumours: The prognosis for conventionally treated patients with liver metastases. Digestion 6, 321-329
  • Cady B, Monson DO, Swinton NW (1970) Survival of patients after colonic resection for carcinoma with simultaneous liver metastases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 131, 697-700
  • Nielsen J, und BalslevI, Jenson HE (1971) Carcinoma of the colon with liver metastases:operative indications and prognosis. Acta Chir Scand 137, 463-465
  • Bengmark S, Hafström L, Olson A. (1972) The natural history of primary and secondary liver tumours: The prognosis for conventionally treated patients with liver metastases. Digestion 6, 321-329
  • Pettavel J, und Morgenthaler F (1978) Protracted arterial chemotherapy of liver tumors: an experience of 107 cases over a 12- year period.Prog Clin Cancer 7, 217-233
  • Fortner J, Silva J, Cox E, Golbey R, Gallowitz H, MacLean B (1984) Multivariate Analysis of a personal series of 247 patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer:Treatment by intrahepatic chemotherapy. Ann Surg 199, 317-331
  • Jaffe BM, Donegan WL, Watson F, Pratt JS (1996) Factors influencing survival in patients with untreated hepatic metastases.Surg Gynecol Obstet 127, 1-11
  • Harmon KE, Ryan JA, Biehl TR, Faye TL (1999) Benefits and safety of hepatic resection for colorectal metastases.
  • Am J Surg 177, 402-405
  • Kemeny N, Cohen A, Seiter K, Conti JA, Sigurdson ER, Tao Y, Niedwiecki D, Botet J, Budd A (1993)
  • Randomized trial of hepatic arterial floxuridine, mitomycin, and carmustine versus floxuridine alone in previously treated patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer.J Clin Oncol 11, 330-5
  • Kemeny N, Daly J, reichman B, Geller N, Botet J, Oderman P (1987) Intrahepatic or systemic infusion of fluorodeoxyuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 107, 459-65
  • Chang AE, Schneider PD, Sugarbaker PH, Simpson C, Culnane M, Steinberg SM (1987)A perspective randomized trial of regional versus systemic continuous 5-fluorodeoxyuridine chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 206, 685-93
  • Wagman LD, Kemeny MM, Leong L, Terz JJ, Hill LR, Beatty JD, Kokal WA, Riihimaki DU, (1990) A prospective, randomized evaluation of the treatment of colorectal cancer metastatic to the Liver. J Clin Oncol 8, 1885-93
  • Rougier P, Laplanche A, Huguier M, Hay JM, Olliver JM, Escat J, Salmon R, Julien M, Roullet Audy JC, Gallot S (1992)
  • Hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma: long-term results of a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 10, 1112-8
  • Warshaw AL und Castillo CF (1992) Pancreatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 326, 455-465)
  • Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G, Ammann RW, Lankisch PG, Andersen JR, Dimagno EP, Andrén-Sandberg A, Domellöf L (1993) Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 328, 1433-7
  • Lowenfels, AB und Maisonneuve P (2004) Epidemiology and prevention of pancreatic cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 34, 238-44
  • Lowenfels AB und Maisonneuve P (2005) Risk factors for pancreatic cancer. J Cell Biochem 95, 649-56
  • Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I (1994) Mortality in relation to smoking. 40 years’ observation on male british doctors. Bmj ;309, 901–11
  • Howe GR, Jain M, Burch JD, Miller AB (1991) Cigarette smoking and cancer of the pancreas: evidence from a population based control-study in Toronto Canada. Int J Cancer 47, 323–8
  • Zamboni G., Capelli P., Pesci A., Beghelli S., Lüttges J., Klöppel G. (2000) Pancreatic Head Mass: What Can Be Done? Classification: the Pathological Point of View.Journal of the Pancreas 1, 77-84
  • Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D (2003) Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer an overviewCancer. Detect prev. 27 (2), 87-93
  • Michaud DS (2004) Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. Minerva Chir. Apr 59, 99-111
  • Gudjonsson B (1987) Cancer of the pancreas. 50 years of surgery. Cancer 60, 2284.
  • Lüttges J, Vogel I, Menke M, Henne-Bruns D, Kremer B, Klöppel G (1998) The retroperitoneal resection margin and vessel involvement are important factors determining survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Virchows Arch Path 433, 237–42
  • Ahmedin Jemal, Rebecca Siegel, Elizabeth Ward, Taylor Murray, Jiaquan Xu and Michael J. Thun. (2007)
  • Cancer Statistics, 2007. Cancer J Clin 57, 43-66
  • Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL (2004) Pancreatic cancer Lancet 363, 1049-57
  • Friess H, J. Dingb, J. Kleeffa, L. Fenkella, J.A. Rosinskib,A.Guweidhia, J. F. Reidhaar-Olsonb, M. Korcc, J. Hammerb and M.W. Büchlera (2003) Microarray-based identification of differentially expressed growth- and metastasis-associated
  • genes in pancreatic cancer. CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60, 1180–1199
  • Alanen KA and Joensuu H. (1993) Longterm survival after pancreatic adenocarcinomaoften a misdiagnosis? Br J Cancer 68 (5), 1004-5
  • Lin W. C., T. P. Pretlow, T. G. Pretlow 2nd, L. A. Culp (1990A) Bacterial lacZ gene as a highly sensitive marker to detect micrometastasis formation during tumor progression. Cancer Res. 50, 2808-2817
  • Lin W. C., T. P. Pretlow, T. G. Pretlow 2nd, L. A. Culp (1990B): Development of micrometastases: earliest events detected with bacterial lacZ gene-tagged tumor cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82, 1497-1503
  • Brunner N., E. W. Thompson, M. Spang-Thomsen, J. Rygaard, K. Dano, J. A. Zwiebel (1992) lacZ transduced human breast cancer xenografts as an in vivo model for the study of invasion and metastasis. Eur. J. Cancer. 28A, 1989-1995
  • Kobayashi, K., H. Nakanishi, A. Masuda, N. Tezuka, M. Mutai, M. Tatematsu (1997) Sequential observation of micrometastasis formation by bacterial lacZ gen-tagged Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 112, 191-198
  • Culp L. A., W. C. Lin, N. R. Kleinman, N. M. Campero, C. J. Miller, J. L. Holleran (1998A) Tumor progression, micrometastasis, and genetic instability tracked with histochemical marker genes. Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 33, XI-XV, 329-348
  • Culp L. A., W. Lin, N. R. Kleinman, K. L. O’Connor, R. Lecher (1998B) Earliest steps in primary tumor formation and micrometastasis resolved with histochemical markers of gene-tagged tumor cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 46, 557-568
  • Kruger, A., V. Schirrmacher, R. Khokha (1998) The bacterial lacZ gene: an important tool for metastasis research and evaluation of new cancer therapies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17, 285-294
  • Maurer-Gebhard, M., M. Schmidt, M. Azemar, E. Stocklin, W. Wels, B. Groner (1999) A novel animal model for the evaluation of the efficacy of drugs directed against the ErbB2 receptoron metastasis formation. Hybridoma 18, 69-75
  • Zhang, L., S. Kharbanda, S. W. MCLeskey, F. G. Kern (1999): Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells facilitates tumor cell dissemination but does not support the development of macrometastases in the lungs or lymph nodes. Cancer Res. 59, 5023-5029
  • Holleran, J. L., C. J. Miller, N. L. Edgehouse, T. P. Pretlow, L. A. Culp (2002) Differential experimental micrometastasis to lung, liver, and bone with lacZ-tagged CWR22R prostate carcinoma cells. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 19, 17-24
  • Yang M, Baranov E, Jiang P, Sun FX, Li XM, Li L, Hasegawa S, Bouvet M, Al Tuwaijri M, Chishima T, Shimada H, Moossa AR, Penman S, Hoffman RM (2000) Whole-body optical imaging of green fluorescent protein-expressing tumors and metastases. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 97, 1206-11
  • Bouvet M, Wang J, Nardin SR, Nassirpour R, Yang M, Baranov E, Jiang P, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM. (2002)
  • Real-Time optical imaging of primary tumor growth and multiple metastatic events in a pancreatic cancer orthotopic model. Cancer Res. 62 (5), 1534-40
  • Vooijs M. J. Jonkers, S. Lyons, A. Berns (2002): Noninvasive imaging of spontaneous retinoblastoma pathway-dependent tumors in mice. Cancer Res 62, 1862-1867
  • Adams J. Y., M. Johnson, M. Sato, F. Berger, S. S. Gambhir, M. Carey, M. L. Iruela- Arispe, L. Wu. (2002) Visualization of advanced human prostate cancer lesions in living mice by a targeted gene transfer vector and optical imaging. Nat. Med. 8, 891-897
  • Khanna C., K. Hunter (2005) Modeling metastasis in vivo. Carcinogenesis 26, 513-523
  • Petrowsky, Henrik MD ; Gonen, Mithat PhD ; Jarnagin, William MD ; Lorenz, Matthias MD ; DeMatteo, Ronald MD ; Heinrich, Stefan MD ; Encke, Albrecht MD ; Blumgart, Leslie MD ; Fong, Yuman MD (2002) Second Liver Resections Are Safe and Effective Treatment for Recurrent Hepatic Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: A Bi-institutional Analysis.
  • Annals of Surgery 235, 863-871
  • Rees M, und John TG (2001) Current status of surgery in colorectal metastases to the liver, Hepatogastroenterology. Mar-Apr;48(38):341-4
  • Takayasu K, Y Shima, Y Muramatsu, N Moriyama, T Yamada, M Makuuchi, H Hasegawa, S Hirohashi (1987) Hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with intraarterial iodized oil with and without chemotherapeutic agents Radiology, Vol 163, 345-351
  • Bruix J, Llovet JM, Castells A, Montana X, Bru C, Ayuso MC, Vilana R, Rodes J. (1998) Transarterial embolization versus symptomatic treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a randomized, controlled trial in a single institution. Hepatology 27, 1578–83.
  • Andrew S. Kennedy M.D., F.A.C.R.O, Douglas Coldwell M.D, Charles Nutting D.O, Ravi Murthy M.D., F.A.C.P, Daniel E. Wertman, Jr M.D., Stephen P. Loehr M.D. Carroll Overton M.D, Steven Meranze M.D, Jerry Niedzwiecki M.D, and Scott Sailer M.D. (2006) Resin 90Y-microsphere brachytherapy for unresectable colorectal liver metastases.
  • International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 65 (2), 412-425
  • Kuvshinoff Y. Fong (2007) Surgical Therapy of Liver Metastases. Seminars in Oncology 34, 177-185
  • Lau W Y, Lai E C H (2007) Hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. Singapore Med J; 48, 635–639
  • Gudjonsson B (1987) Cancer of the pancreas. 50 years of surgery. Cancer 60, 2284.
  • Parker S. L., Tong T., Bolden S., Wingo P. A., (1997) Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 47, 5-27
  • Urrutia P., Di Magno E. P., (1997) Pancreatic cancer: cellular and molecular mechanism. Encyclopedia of cancer II, 1201-1211
  • Takahashi T., Ishikura H., Motohara T., Okushiba S., Dohke M., Katoh H. (1997) Perineural invasion by ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. J Surg Oncol 65, 164-70
  • Marczell A., Glaser K., Karner J., Mischinger H. J., Schratter-Sehn A., Tatzer G. (1998) Pancreatic and periampullary cancer, ACO-Manual (Austrian Society of Surgical Oncology) zu finden unter: www.aco.at/manual/pankreas/stat.html
  • Klöppel G und Heitz PU (1984) Nesidioblastosis: a clinical entity with heterogeneous lesions of the pancreas. In:
  • Falkmer S, Hakanson R, Sundler F (eds) Evolution and tumour pathology of the neuroendocrine system. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 349–370
  • Gibbs RA, Weinstock GM, Metzker ML, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Scherer S, Scott G, Steffen D, Worley KC, Burch PE, Okwuonu G, Hines S, Lewis L, DeRamo C, Delgado O, Dugan-Rocha S, Miner G, Morgan M, Hawes A, Gill R, Celera , Holt RA, Adams MD, Amanatides PG, Baden-Tillson H, Barnstead M, Chin S, Evans CA, Ferriera S, Fosler C, Glodek A, Gu Z, Jennings D, Kraft CL, Nguyen T, Pfannkoch CM, Sitter C, Sutton GG, Venter JC, Woodage T, Smith D, Lee HM, Gustafson E, Cahill P, Kana A, Doucette-Stamm L, Weinstock K, Fechtel K, Weiss RB, Dunn DM, Green ED, Blakesley RW, Bouffard GG, De Jong PJ, Osoegawa K, Zhu B, Marra M,Schein J, Bosdet I, Fjell C, Jones S, Krzywinski M, Mathewson C, Siddiqui A, Wye N, McPherson J, Zhao S, Fraser CM, Shetty J, Shatsman S, Geer K, Chen Y, Abramzon S, Nierman WC, Havlak PH, Chen R, Durbin KJ, Egan A, Ren Y, Song XZ, Li B, Liu Y, Qin X, Cawley S, Worley KC, Cooney AJ, D'Souza LM, Martin K, Wu JQ, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Jackson AR, Kalafus KJ, McLeod MP, Milosavljevic A, Virk D, Volkov A, Wheeler DA, Zhang Z, Bailey JA, Eichler EE, Tuzun E, Birney E, Mongin E, Ureta-Vidal A, Woodwark C, Zdobnov E, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Alexandersson M, Trask BJ, Young JM, Huang H, Wang H, Xing H, Daniels S, Gietzen D, Schmidt J, Stevens K, Vitt U, Wingrove J, Camara F, Mar Albà M, Abril JF, Guigo R, Smit A, Dubchak I, Rubin EM, Couronne O, Poliakov A, Hübner N, Ganten D, Goesele C, Hummel O, Kreitler T, Lee YA, Monti J, Schulz H, Zimdahl H, Himmelbauer H, Lehrach H, Jacob HJ, Bromberg S, Gullings-Handley J, Jensen- Seaman MI, Kwitek AE, Lazar J, Pasko D, Tonellato PJ, Twigger S, Ponting CP, Duarte JM, Rice S, Goodstadt L, Beatson SA, Emes RD, Winter EE, Webber C, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Adetobi M, Chiaromonte F, Elnitski L, Eswara P, Hardison RC, Hou M, Kolbe D, Makova K, Miller W, Nekrutenko A, Riemer C, Schwartz S, Taylor J, Yang S, Zhang Y, Lindpaintner K, Andrews TD, Caccamo M, Clamp M,Clarke L, Curwen V, Durbin R, Eyras E, Searle SM, Cooper GM, Batzoglou S, Brudno M, Sidow A, Stone EA, Venter JC, Payseur BA, Bourque G, López-Otín C, Puente XS, Chakrabarti K, Chatterji S, Dewey C, Pachter L, Bray N, Yap VB, Caspi A, Tesler G, Pevzner PA, Haussler D, Roskin KM, Baertsch R, Clawson H, Furey TS, Hinrichs AS, Karolchik D, Kent WJ, Rosenbloom KR, Trumbower H, Weirauch M, Cooper DN, Stenson PD, Ma B, Brent M, Arumugam M, Shteynberg D, Copley RR, Taylor MS, Riethman H, Mudunuri U, Peterson J, Guyer M, Felsenfeld A, Old S, Mockrin S, Collins F; Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium. (2004) Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution Nature 428, 493-521
  • Cooper C. R., C. H. Chay, J. D. Gendernalik, H. L. Lee, J. Bhatia, R. S. Taichman, L. K. MCCauley, E. T. Keller, K. J. Pienta (2003) Stromal factors involved in prostate carcinoma metastasis to bone.Cancer 97, 739-747
  • De Wever O, Mareel M (2003) Role of tissue stroma in cancer cellinvasion. J. Pathol. 200, 429-447
  • Schmidt-Hansen, B., J. Klingelhofer, B. Grum-Schwensen, A. Christensen, S. Andresen, C. Kruse, T. Hansen, N. Ambartsumian, E. Lukanidin, M. Grigorian (2004): Functional significance of metastasis-inducing S100A4 (Mts1) in tumor-stroma interplay. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 24498-24504
  • Sikder, H., D. L. Huso, H. Zhang, B. Wang, B. Ryu, S. T. Hwang, J. D. Powell, R. M. Alani (2003): Disruption of ld1 reveals major differences in angiogenesis between transplanted and autothonous tumours. Cancer Cell 4, 291-299
  • Alani R. M., C. F. Silverthorn, K. Orosz. (2004) Tumor angiogenesis in mice and men. Cancer Biol. Ther. 3, 498-500
  • Germer CT, Isbert C, Albrecht D, Roggan A, Pelz J, Ritz JP, Müller G, Buhr HJ (1999) Laser-induced thermotherapy combined with hepatic arterial embolization in the treatment of liver tumors in a rat tumor model Ann Surg.230, 55-62
  • Hagenaars M, S. Zwaveling, P.J.K. Kuppen, N.G. Ensink, A.M.M. Eggermont, M.E. Hokland, P.H. Basse, C.J.H. Van de Velde, G.J. Fleuren and U. Nannmark (1998) Characteristics of Tumor Infiltration by Adoptivly Transferred and Endogenous Natural-Killer Cells in a Syngeneic Rat Model: Implications for the Mechanism Behind anti-Tumor Responses. Int. J. Cancer: 78, 783–789
  • Hagenaars M, Ron Koelemij, N. Geeske Ensink, Jaap D. H. van Eendenburg, Ronald L. P. van Vlierberghe, Alexander M. M. Eggermont, Cornelis J. H. van deVelde, Gert Jan Fleuren, Peter J. K. Kuppen (2000)The development of novel mouse monoclonal antibodies against the CC531 rat colonadenocarcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 18, 281–289
  • Marquet, R.L., D.L.Westbroek, and J.Jeekel (1984) Interferon treatment of a transplantable rat colon adenocarcinoma: importance of tumor site. Int.J.Cancer 33, 689-692
  • Thomas C, Nijenhuis AM, Timens W, et al. (1993) Liver metastasis model of colon cancer in the rat: immunohistochemical characterization. Invasion Metastasis 13, 102–112
  • Li X, Mikkelsen IM, Mortensen B, Winberg JO, Huseby NE (2004) Butyrate reduces liver metastasis of rat colon carcinoma cells in vivo and resistance to oxidative stress in vitro. Clin Exp Metastasis 21, 331-338
  • Nestler G, Schulz HU, Schubert D, Kruger S, Lippert H, Pross M (2005) Impact of taurolidine on the growth of CC531 coloncarcinoma cells in vitro and in a laparoscopic animal model in rats. Surg Endosc 19, 280-284
  • Oosterling SJ, van der Bij GJ, Meijer GA, Tuk CW, van Garderen E, van Rooijen N, Meijer S, van d S, Jr, Beelen, RH, van Egmond M (2005) Macrophages direct tumour histology and clinical outcome in a colon cancer model. J Pathol 207, 147-155
  • van Duijnhoven FH, Aalbers RI, Rovers JP, Terpstra OT, Kuppen PJ (2003) Immunological aspects of photodynamic therapy of liver tumors in a rat model for colorectal cancer. Photochem Photobiol 78, 235-240
  • van Duijnhoven FH, Tollenaar RA, Terpstra OT, Kuppen PJ (2005) Locoregional therapies of liver metastases in a rat CC531 coloncarcinoma model results in increased resistance to tumour rechallenge. Clin Exp Metastasis 22, 247-253
  • Wittmer A, Khazaie K, Berger MR (1999) Quantitative detection of lac-Z-transfected CC531 colon carcinoma cells in an
  • orthotopic rat liver metastasis model. Clin Exp Metastasis 17, 369-376
  • Saenger J., Leible M, Seelig MH, Berger MR (2004) Chemoembolisation of rat liver metastases with irinotecan and quantification of tumor cell reduction. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 130, 203-210
  • Seelig MH, Leible M, Sanger J, Berger MR (2004) Chemoembolization of rat liver metastasis with microspheres and gemcitabine followed by evaluation of tumor cell load by chemiluminescence. Oncol Rep 11, 1107-1113
  • Rodenbach M, Eyol E, Seelig MH, Berger MR (2005) Combination treatment of CC531-lac-Z rat liver metastases by chemoembolization with pemetrexed disodium and gemcitabine. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 131, 289-299
  • Mook, O. R., J. Van Marle, H. Vreeling-Sindelarova, R. Jonges, W. M. Frederiks, C. J. Van Norden (2003): Visualisation of early events in tumor formation of eGFP-transfected rat colon cancer cells in liver. Hepatology 38, 295-304
  • Matzku, S., Komitowski, D., Mildenberger, M.& Zoller, M. (1983). Characterization of BSp73, a spontaneous rat tumor and ist in vivo selected variants showing different metastasizing capacities. Invasion Metastasis 3, 109-123
  • Knierim M., Paku, S., Paweletz, N. and Spieß, E. (1986) Ultrastructural studies on the Lung colonization by nonmetastatic ret tumor cells. Anticancer. Res 6, 669-682.
  • Paweletz N. Paku, S., Werling, H. O. and Spiess, E. (1986) Experimental approaches to problems of invasion and metastasis. Anticancer. Res 6, 119-128
  • Ackerman NB. (1974) The blood supply of experimental liver metastases. IV. Changes in vascularity with increasing tumor growth. Surgery 75, 589–596
  • Archer SG, Gray BN. (1989) Vascularization of small liver metastases. Br J Surg 76, 545–548
  • Blanchard RJ, Grotenhuis I, Lafave JW, Perry JF, Jr. (1965) Blood supply to hepatic V2 carcinoma implants as measured by radioactive microspheres. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 118, 465–468
  • Breedis C, Young G. (1954) The blood supply of neoplasms in the liver. Am J Pathol 30, 969–977
  • Aliberti C., M. Tilli, G. Benea and G. Fiorentini (2006) Trans-arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) of Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer Using Irinotecan-Eluting Beads: Preliminary Results. Anticancer Research 2, 3793-3796
  • Varela María, María Isabel Real, Marta Burrel, Alejandro Forner, Margarita Sala, Mercé Brunet, Carmen Ayuso, Lluis Castells, Xavier Montañá, Josep M. Llovet and Jordi Bruix (2007) Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: Efficacy and doxorubicin pharmacokinetics Journal of Hepatology 46, 474-481
  • Teder H, und Johansson CJ. (1993) The effect of different dosages of degradable starch microspheres (Spherex) on the distribution of doxorubicin regionally administered to the rat. Anticancer Res 13, 2161-4
  • Taguchi T. (1995) Liver tumor targeting of drugs: Spherex, a vascular occlusive agent Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 22, 969-76.

Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları ve Modelleri

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 44 - 52, 27.07.2014

Öz

Kötü huylu tümörler çoğunlukla metastaz geliştirirler. Bu kötü huylu tümörlerin metastazları tümör tedavide hala temel bir problemdir. Sindirim sistemi kanserlerinde ise metastazlar sıklıkla karaciğere olur. Aşağıda karaciğere metastaz yapan farklı kanser tipleri sıralanmakta olup en sık metastaz yapan iki kanser türü detaylı olarak anlatılacaktır.

1-Kolorektal kanser 2-Pankreas kanser 3-Mide kanseri 4-Akciğer kanseri 5-Göğüs kanseri

Her yıl bir milyon insan kolorektal kansere yakalanmakta ve bu hastalık nedeni ile yarım milyon insan ölmektedir (Parkin ve ark.). Cerrahi müdahale ile tam bir iyileşme sağlanabilmektedir. Ancak kolon kanserli hastaların prognozu, kanserin metastaz yapıp yapmadığına bağlıdır.

Her yıl 200.000 ölüm pankreas kanseri nedeni ile gerçekleşmekte ve malign tümörler içinde prognozu en kötü olanıdır. Ortalama 5 ay gibi bir yaşama şansı vardır.

Karaciğer metastazının engellenebilmesinde yeni diagnostik teknolojiler ve yeni tedaviler geliştirebilmek için preklinik modellerin kullanılması kaçınılmazdır.

Kaynakça

  • Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA- Cancer J Clin 2005; 55: 74-108.
  • Gillen CD, Walmsley RS, Prior P, Andrews HA, Allan RN (1994) Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease: a comparison of the colorectal cancer risk in extensive colitis. Gut 35, 1590–1592
  • Nordlinger B, Guiguet M, Vaillant JC, Balladur P, Boudjema K, Bachellier P, Jaeck D (1996) Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases of the liver; Cancer 77, 1254-62
  • Cady B, Jenkins RL, Steele GD Jr, Lewis WD, Stone MD, McDermott WV, Jessup JM, Bothe A, Lalor P, Lovett EJ, Lavin P, Linehan DC. (1998) Surgical margin in hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: a critical and improvable
  • determinant of outcome. Ann Surg; 227, 566-71
  • Rath FW und Schönfelder M (2002) Weichteilsarkome des Erwachsenen: Standards, Molekularbiologie, Perspektiven
  • Beiträge zur Onkologie 56, Karger Verlag Freiburg, Basel
  • Ewing J (1928) Neoplastic diseases. Saunders –Verlag, Philadelphia, S. 125 -129
  • Adam R, Lucidi V, Bismuth H. (2004) Hepatic colorectal metastases: methods of improving resectability.
  • Surg clin N Am 84, 659-671
  • Bengmark S, Hafström L, Olson A. (1969) The natural history of primary and secondary liver tumours: The prognosis for conventionally treated patients with liver metastases. Digestion 6, 321-329
  • Cady B, Monson DO, Swinton NW (1970) Survival of patients after colonic resection for carcinoma with simultaneous liver metastases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 131, 697-700
  • Nielsen J, und BalslevI, Jenson HE (1971) Carcinoma of the colon with liver metastases:operative indications and prognosis. Acta Chir Scand 137, 463-465
  • Bengmark S, Hafström L, Olson A. (1972) The natural history of primary and secondary liver tumours: The prognosis for conventionally treated patients with liver metastases. Digestion 6, 321-329
  • Pettavel J, und Morgenthaler F (1978) Protracted arterial chemotherapy of liver tumors: an experience of 107 cases over a 12- year period.Prog Clin Cancer 7, 217-233
  • Fortner J, Silva J, Cox E, Golbey R, Gallowitz H, MacLean B (1984) Multivariate Analysis of a personal series of 247 patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer:Treatment by intrahepatic chemotherapy. Ann Surg 199, 317-331
  • Jaffe BM, Donegan WL, Watson F, Pratt JS (1996) Factors influencing survival in patients with untreated hepatic metastases.Surg Gynecol Obstet 127, 1-11
  • Harmon KE, Ryan JA, Biehl TR, Faye TL (1999) Benefits and safety of hepatic resection for colorectal metastases.
  • Am J Surg 177, 402-405
  • Kemeny N, Cohen A, Seiter K, Conti JA, Sigurdson ER, Tao Y, Niedwiecki D, Botet J, Budd A (1993)
  • Randomized trial of hepatic arterial floxuridine, mitomycin, and carmustine versus floxuridine alone in previously treated patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer.J Clin Oncol 11, 330-5
  • Kemeny N, Daly J, reichman B, Geller N, Botet J, Oderman P (1987) Intrahepatic or systemic infusion of fluorodeoxyuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 107, 459-65
  • Chang AE, Schneider PD, Sugarbaker PH, Simpson C, Culnane M, Steinberg SM (1987)A perspective randomized trial of regional versus systemic continuous 5-fluorodeoxyuridine chemotherapy in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 206, 685-93
  • Wagman LD, Kemeny MM, Leong L, Terz JJ, Hill LR, Beatty JD, Kokal WA, Riihimaki DU, (1990) A prospective, randomized evaluation of the treatment of colorectal cancer metastatic to the Liver. J Clin Oncol 8, 1885-93
  • Rougier P, Laplanche A, Huguier M, Hay JM, Olliver JM, Escat J, Salmon R, Julien M, Roullet Audy JC, Gallot S (1992)
  • Hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine in patients with liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma: long-term results of a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 10, 1112-8
  • Warshaw AL und Castillo CF (1992) Pancreatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 326, 455-465)
  • Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G, Ammann RW, Lankisch PG, Andersen JR, Dimagno EP, Andrén-Sandberg A, Domellöf L (1993) Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. N Engl J Med 328, 1433-7
  • Lowenfels, AB und Maisonneuve P (2004) Epidemiology and prevention of pancreatic cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 34, 238-44
  • Lowenfels AB und Maisonneuve P (2005) Risk factors for pancreatic cancer. J Cell Biochem 95, 649-56
  • Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I (1994) Mortality in relation to smoking. 40 years’ observation on male british doctors. Bmj ;309, 901–11
  • Howe GR, Jain M, Burch JD, Miller AB (1991) Cigarette smoking and cancer of the pancreas: evidence from a population based control-study in Toronto Canada. Int J Cancer 47, 323–8
  • Zamboni G., Capelli P., Pesci A., Beghelli S., Lüttges J., Klöppel G. (2000) Pancreatic Head Mass: What Can Be Done? Classification: the Pathological Point of View.Journal of the Pancreas 1, 77-84
  • Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D (2003) Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer an overviewCancer. Detect prev. 27 (2), 87-93
  • Michaud DS (2004) Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. Minerva Chir. Apr 59, 99-111
  • Gudjonsson B (1987) Cancer of the pancreas. 50 years of surgery. Cancer 60, 2284.
  • Lüttges J, Vogel I, Menke M, Henne-Bruns D, Kremer B, Klöppel G (1998) The retroperitoneal resection margin and vessel involvement are important factors determining survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. Virchows Arch Path 433, 237–42
  • Ahmedin Jemal, Rebecca Siegel, Elizabeth Ward, Taylor Murray, Jiaquan Xu and Michael J. Thun. (2007)
  • Cancer Statistics, 2007. Cancer J Clin 57, 43-66
  • Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL (2004) Pancreatic cancer Lancet 363, 1049-57
  • Friess H, J. Dingb, J. Kleeffa, L. Fenkella, J.A. Rosinskib,A.Guweidhia, J. F. Reidhaar-Olsonb, M. Korcc, J. Hammerb and M.W. Büchlera (2003) Microarray-based identification of differentially expressed growth- and metastasis-associated
  • genes in pancreatic cancer. CMLS, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60, 1180–1199
  • Alanen KA and Joensuu H. (1993) Longterm survival after pancreatic adenocarcinomaoften a misdiagnosis? Br J Cancer 68 (5), 1004-5
  • Lin W. C., T. P. Pretlow, T. G. Pretlow 2nd, L. A. Culp (1990A) Bacterial lacZ gene as a highly sensitive marker to detect micrometastasis formation during tumor progression. Cancer Res. 50, 2808-2817
  • Lin W. C., T. P. Pretlow, T. G. Pretlow 2nd, L. A. Culp (1990B): Development of micrometastases: earliest events detected with bacterial lacZ gene-tagged tumor cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82, 1497-1503
  • Brunner N., E. W. Thompson, M. Spang-Thomsen, J. Rygaard, K. Dano, J. A. Zwiebel (1992) lacZ transduced human breast cancer xenografts as an in vivo model for the study of invasion and metastasis. Eur. J. Cancer. 28A, 1989-1995
  • Kobayashi, K., H. Nakanishi, A. Masuda, N. Tezuka, M. Mutai, M. Tatematsu (1997) Sequential observation of micrometastasis formation by bacterial lacZ gen-tagged Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett. 112, 191-198
  • Culp L. A., W. C. Lin, N. R. Kleinman, N. M. Campero, C. J. Miller, J. L. Holleran (1998A) Tumor progression, micrometastasis, and genetic instability tracked with histochemical marker genes. Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 33, XI-XV, 329-348
  • Culp L. A., W. Lin, N. R. Kleinman, K. L. O’Connor, R. Lecher (1998B) Earliest steps in primary tumor formation and micrometastasis resolved with histochemical markers of gene-tagged tumor cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 46, 557-568
  • Kruger, A., V. Schirrmacher, R. Khokha (1998) The bacterial lacZ gene: an important tool for metastasis research and evaluation of new cancer therapies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 17, 285-294
  • Maurer-Gebhard, M., M. Schmidt, M. Azemar, E. Stocklin, W. Wels, B. Groner (1999) A novel animal model for the evaluation of the efficacy of drugs directed against the ErbB2 receptoron metastasis formation. Hybridoma 18, 69-75
  • Zhang, L., S. Kharbanda, S. W. MCLeskey, F. G. Kern (1999): Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells facilitates tumor cell dissemination but does not support the development of macrometastases in the lungs or lymph nodes. Cancer Res. 59, 5023-5029
  • Holleran, J. L., C. J. Miller, N. L. Edgehouse, T. P. Pretlow, L. A. Culp (2002) Differential experimental micrometastasis to lung, liver, and bone with lacZ-tagged CWR22R prostate carcinoma cells. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 19, 17-24
  • Yang M, Baranov E, Jiang P, Sun FX, Li XM, Li L, Hasegawa S, Bouvet M, Al Tuwaijri M, Chishima T, Shimada H, Moossa AR, Penman S, Hoffman RM (2000) Whole-body optical imaging of green fluorescent protein-expressing tumors and metastases. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 97, 1206-11
  • Bouvet M, Wang J, Nardin SR, Nassirpour R, Yang M, Baranov E, Jiang P, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM. (2002)
  • Real-Time optical imaging of primary tumor growth and multiple metastatic events in a pancreatic cancer orthotopic model. Cancer Res. 62 (5), 1534-40
  • Vooijs M. J. Jonkers, S. Lyons, A. Berns (2002): Noninvasive imaging of spontaneous retinoblastoma pathway-dependent tumors in mice. Cancer Res 62, 1862-1867
  • Adams J. Y., M. Johnson, M. Sato, F. Berger, S. S. Gambhir, M. Carey, M. L. Iruela- Arispe, L. Wu. (2002) Visualization of advanced human prostate cancer lesions in living mice by a targeted gene transfer vector and optical imaging. Nat. Med. 8, 891-897
  • Khanna C., K. Hunter (2005) Modeling metastasis in vivo. Carcinogenesis 26, 513-523
  • Petrowsky, Henrik MD ; Gonen, Mithat PhD ; Jarnagin, William MD ; Lorenz, Matthias MD ; DeMatteo, Ronald MD ; Heinrich, Stefan MD ; Encke, Albrecht MD ; Blumgart, Leslie MD ; Fong, Yuman MD (2002) Second Liver Resections Are Safe and Effective Treatment for Recurrent Hepatic Metastases from Colorectal Cancer: A Bi-institutional Analysis.
  • Annals of Surgery 235, 863-871
  • Rees M, und John TG (2001) Current status of surgery in colorectal metastases to the liver, Hepatogastroenterology. Mar-Apr;48(38):341-4
  • Takayasu K, Y Shima, Y Muramatsu, N Moriyama, T Yamada, M Makuuchi, H Hasegawa, S Hirohashi (1987) Hepatocellular carcinoma: treatment with intraarterial iodized oil with and without chemotherapeutic agents Radiology, Vol 163, 345-351
  • Bruix J, Llovet JM, Castells A, Montana X, Bru C, Ayuso MC, Vilana R, Rodes J. (1998) Transarterial embolization versus symptomatic treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: results of a randomized, controlled trial in a single institution. Hepatology 27, 1578–83.
  • Andrew S. Kennedy M.D., F.A.C.R.O, Douglas Coldwell M.D, Charles Nutting D.O, Ravi Murthy M.D., F.A.C.P, Daniel E. Wertman, Jr M.D., Stephen P. Loehr M.D. Carroll Overton M.D, Steven Meranze M.D, Jerry Niedzwiecki M.D, and Scott Sailer M.D. (2006) Resin 90Y-microsphere brachytherapy for unresectable colorectal liver metastases.
  • International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 65 (2), 412-425
  • Kuvshinoff Y. Fong (2007) Surgical Therapy of Liver Metastases. Seminars in Oncology 34, 177-185
  • Lau W Y, Lai E C H (2007) Hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. Singapore Med J; 48, 635–639
  • Gudjonsson B (1987) Cancer of the pancreas. 50 years of surgery. Cancer 60, 2284.
  • Parker S. L., Tong T., Bolden S., Wingo P. A., (1997) Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 47, 5-27
  • Urrutia P., Di Magno E. P., (1997) Pancreatic cancer: cellular and molecular mechanism. Encyclopedia of cancer II, 1201-1211
  • Takahashi T., Ishikura H., Motohara T., Okushiba S., Dohke M., Katoh H. (1997) Perineural invasion by ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. J Surg Oncol 65, 164-70
  • Marczell A., Glaser K., Karner J., Mischinger H. J., Schratter-Sehn A., Tatzer G. (1998) Pancreatic and periampullary cancer, ACO-Manual (Austrian Society of Surgical Oncology) zu finden unter: www.aco.at/manual/pankreas/stat.html
  • Klöppel G und Heitz PU (1984) Nesidioblastosis: a clinical entity with heterogeneous lesions of the pancreas. In:
  • Falkmer S, Hakanson R, Sundler F (eds) Evolution and tumour pathology of the neuroendocrine system. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 349–370
  • Gibbs RA, Weinstock GM, Metzker ML, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Scherer S, Scott G, Steffen D, Worley KC, Burch PE, Okwuonu G, Hines S, Lewis L, DeRamo C, Delgado O, Dugan-Rocha S, Miner G, Morgan M, Hawes A, Gill R, Celera , Holt RA, Adams MD, Amanatides PG, Baden-Tillson H, Barnstead M, Chin S, Evans CA, Ferriera S, Fosler C, Glodek A, Gu Z, Jennings D, Kraft CL, Nguyen T, Pfannkoch CM, Sitter C, Sutton GG, Venter JC, Woodage T, Smith D, Lee HM, Gustafson E, Cahill P, Kana A, Doucette-Stamm L, Weinstock K, Fechtel K, Weiss RB, Dunn DM, Green ED, Blakesley RW, Bouffard GG, De Jong PJ, Osoegawa K, Zhu B, Marra M,Schein J, Bosdet I, Fjell C, Jones S, Krzywinski M, Mathewson C, Siddiqui A, Wye N, McPherson J, Zhao S, Fraser CM, Shetty J, Shatsman S, Geer K, Chen Y, Abramzon S, Nierman WC, Havlak PH, Chen R, Durbin KJ, Egan A, Ren Y, Song XZ, Li B, Liu Y, Qin X, Cawley S, Worley KC, Cooney AJ, D'Souza LM, Martin K, Wu JQ, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Jackson AR, Kalafus KJ, McLeod MP, Milosavljevic A, Virk D, Volkov A, Wheeler DA, Zhang Z, Bailey JA, Eichler EE, Tuzun E, Birney E, Mongin E, Ureta-Vidal A, Woodwark C, Zdobnov E, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Alexandersson M, Trask BJ, Young JM, Huang H, Wang H, Xing H, Daniels S, Gietzen D, Schmidt J, Stevens K, Vitt U, Wingrove J, Camara F, Mar Albà M, Abril JF, Guigo R, Smit A, Dubchak I, Rubin EM, Couronne O, Poliakov A, Hübner N, Ganten D, Goesele C, Hummel O, Kreitler T, Lee YA, Monti J, Schulz H, Zimdahl H, Himmelbauer H, Lehrach H, Jacob HJ, Bromberg S, Gullings-Handley J, Jensen- Seaman MI, Kwitek AE, Lazar J, Pasko D, Tonellato PJ, Twigger S, Ponting CP, Duarte JM, Rice S, Goodstadt L, Beatson SA, Emes RD, Winter EE, Webber C, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Adetobi M, Chiaromonte F, Elnitski L, Eswara P, Hardison RC, Hou M, Kolbe D, Makova K, Miller W, Nekrutenko A, Riemer C, Schwartz S, Taylor J, Yang S, Zhang Y, Lindpaintner K, Andrews TD, Caccamo M, Clamp M,Clarke L, Curwen V, Durbin R, Eyras E, Searle SM, Cooper GM, Batzoglou S, Brudno M, Sidow A, Stone EA, Venter JC, Payseur BA, Bourque G, López-Otín C, Puente XS, Chakrabarti K, Chatterji S, Dewey C, Pachter L, Bray N, Yap VB, Caspi A, Tesler G, Pevzner PA, Haussler D, Roskin KM, Baertsch R, Clawson H, Furey TS, Hinrichs AS, Karolchik D, Kent WJ, Rosenbloom KR, Trumbower H, Weirauch M, Cooper DN, Stenson PD, Ma B, Brent M, Arumugam M, Shteynberg D, Copley RR, Taylor MS, Riethman H, Mudunuri U, Peterson J, Guyer M, Felsenfeld A, Old S, Mockrin S, Collins F; Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium. (2004) Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution Nature 428, 493-521
  • Cooper C. R., C. H. Chay, J. D. Gendernalik, H. L. Lee, J. Bhatia, R. S. Taichman, L. K. MCCauley, E. T. Keller, K. J. Pienta (2003) Stromal factors involved in prostate carcinoma metastasis to bone.Cancer 97, 739-747
  • De Wever O, Mareel M (2003) Role of tissue stroma in cancer cellinvasion. J. Pathol. 200, 429-447
  • Schmidt-Hansen, B., J. Klingelhofer, B. Grum-Schwensen, A. Christensen, S. Andresen, C. Kruse, T. Hansen, N. Ambartsumian, E. Lukanidin, M. Grigorian (2004): Functional significance of metastasis-inducing S100A4 (Mts1) in tumor-stroma interplay. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 24498-24504
  • Sikder, H., D. L. Huso, H. Zhang, B. Wang, B. Ryu, S. T. Hwang, J. D. Powell, R. M. Alani (2003): Disruption of ld1 reveals major differences in angiogenesis between transplanted and autothonous tumours. Cancer Cell 4, 291-299
  • Alani R. M., C. F. Silverthorn, K. Orosz. (2004) Tumor angiogenesis in mice and men. Cancer Biol. Ther. 3, 498-500
  • Germer CT, Isbert C, Albrecht D, Roggan A, Pelz J, Ritz JP, Müller G, Buhr HJ (1999) Laser-induced thermotherapy combined with hepatic arterial embolization in the treatment of liver tumors in a rat tumor model Ann Surg.230, 55-62
  • Hagenaars M, S. Zwaveling, P.J.K. Kuppen, N.G. Ensink, A.M.M. Eggermont, M.E. Hokland, P.H. Basse, C.J.H. Van de Velde, G.J. Fleuren and U. Nannmark (1998) Characteristics of Tumor Infiltration by Adoptivly Transferred and Endogenous Natural-Killer Cells in a Syngeneic Rat Model: Implications for the Mechanism Behind anti-Tumor Responses. Int. J. Cancer: 78, 783–789
  • Hagenaars M, Ron Koelemij, N. Geeske Ensink, Jaap D. H. van Eendenburg, Ronald L. P. van Vlierberghe, Alexander M. M. Eggermont, Cornelis J. H. van deVelde, Gert Jan Fleuren, Peter J. K. Kuppen (2000)The development of novel mouse monoclonal antibodies against the CC531 rat colonadenocarcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 18, 281–289
  • Marquet, R.L., D.L.Westbroek, and J.Jeekel (1984) Interferon treatment of a transplantable rat colon adenocarcinoma: importance of tumor site. Int.J.Cancer 33, 689-692
  • Thomas C, Nijenhuis AM, Timens W, et al. (1993) Liver metastasis model of colon cancer in the rat: immunohistochemical characterization. Invasion Metastasis 13, 102–112
  • Li X, Mikkelsen IM, Mortensen B, Winberg JO, Huseby NE (2004) Butyrate reduces liver metastasis of rat colon carcinoma cells in vivo and resistance to oxidative stress in vitro. Clin Exp Metastasis 21, 331-338
  • Nestler G, Schulz HU, Schubert D, Kruger S, Lippert H, Pross M (2005) Impact of taurolidine on the growth of CC531 coloncarcinoma cells in vitro and in a laparoscopic animal model in rats. Surg Endosc 19, 280-284
  • Oosterling SJ, van der Bij GJ, Meijer GA, Tuk CW, van Garderen E, van Rooijen N, Meijer S, van d S, Jr, Beelen, RH, van Egmond M (2005) Macrophages direct tumour histology and clinical outcome in a colon cancer model. J Pathol 207, 147-155
  • van Duijnhoven FH, Aalbers RI, Rovers JP, Terpstra OT, Kuppen PJ (2003) Immunological aspects of photodynamic therapy of liver tumors in a rat model for colorectal cancer. Photochem Photobiol 78, 235-240
  • van Duijnhoven FH, Tollenaar RA, Terpstra OT, Kuppen PJ (2005) Locoregional therapies of liver metastases in a rat CC531 coloncarcinoma model results in increased resistance to tumour rechallenge. Clin Exp Metastasis 22, 247-253
  • Wittmer A, Khazaie K, Berger MR (1999) Quantitative detection of lac-Z-transfected CC531 colon carcinoma cells in an
  • orthotopic rat liver metastasis model. Clin Exp Metastasis 17, 369-376
  • Saenger J., Leible M, Seelig MH, Berger MR (2004) Chemoembolisation of rat liver metastases with irinotecan and quantification of tumor cell reduction. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 130, 203-210
  • Seelig MH, Leible M, Sanger J, Berger MR (2004) Chemoembolization of rat liver metastasis with microspheres and gemcitabine followed by evaluation of tumor cell load by chemiluminescence. Oncol Rep 11, 1107-1113
  • Rodenbach M, Eyol E, Seelig MH, Berger MR (2005) Combination treatment of CC531-lac-Z rat liver metastases by chemoembolization with pemetrexed disodium and gemcitabine. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 131, 289-299
  • Mook, O. R., J. Van Marle, H. Vreeling-Sindelarova, R. Jonges, W. M. Frederiks, C. J. Van Norden (2003): Visualisation of early events in tumor formation of eGFP-transfected rat colon cancer cells in liver. Hepatology 38, 295-304
  • Matzku, S., Komitowski, D., Mildenberger, M.& Zoller, M. (1983). Characterization of BSp73, a spontaneous rat tumor and ist in vivo selected variants showing different metastasizing capacities. Invasion Metastasis 3, 109-123
  • Knierim M., Paku, S., Paweletz, N. and Spieß, E. (1986) Ultrastructural studies on the Lung colonization by nonmetastatic ret tumor cells. Anticancer. Res 6, 669-682.
  • Paweletz N. Paku, S., Werling, H. O. and Spiess, E. (1986) Experimental approaches to problems of invasion and metastasis. Anticancer. Res 6, 119-128
  • Ackerman NB. (1974) The blood supply of experimental liver metastases. IV. Changes in vascularity with increasing tumor growth. Surgery 75, 589–596
  • Archer SG, Gray BN. (1989) Vascularization of small liver metastases. Br J Surg 76, 545–548
  • Blanchard RJ, Grotenhuis I, Lafave JW, Perry JF, Jr. (1965) Blood supply to hepatic V2 carcinoma implants as measured by radioactive microspheres. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 118, 465–468
  • Breedis C, Young G. (1954) The blood supply of neoplasms in the liver. Am J Pathol 30, 969–977
  • Aliberti C., M. Tilli, G. Benea and G. Fiorentini (2006) Trans-arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) of Liver Metastases from Colorectal Cancer Using Irinotecan-Eluting Beads: Preliminary Results. Anticancer Research 2, 3793-3796
  • Varela María, María Isabel Real, Marta Burrel, Alejandro Forner, Margarita Sala, Mercé Brunet, Carmen Ayuso, Lluis Castells, Xavier Montañá, Josep M. Llovet and Jordi Bruix (2007) Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with drug eluting beads: Efficacy and doxorubicin pharmacokinetics Journal of Hepatology 46, 474-481
  • Teder H, und Johansson CJ. (1993) The effect of different dosages of degradable starch microspheres (Spherex) on the distribution of doxorubicin regionally administered to the rat. Anticancer Res 13, 2161-4
  • Taguchi T. (1995) Liver tumor targeting of drugs: Spherex, a vascular occlusive agent Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 22, 969-76.
Toplam 108 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ergül Eyol Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Eyol, E. (2014). Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları ve Modelleri. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, 4(1), 44-52.
AMA Eyol E. Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları ve Modelleri. J Contemp Med. Temmuz 2014;4(1):44-52.
Chicago Eyol, Ergül. “Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları Ve Modelleri”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 4, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2014): 44-52.
EndNote Eyol E (01 Temmuz 2014) Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları ve Modelleri. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 4 1 44–52.
IEEE E. Eyol, “Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları ve Modelleri”, J Contemp Med, c. 4, sy. 1, ss. 44–52, 2014.
ISNAD Eyol, Ergül. “Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları Ve Modelleri”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi 4/1 (Temmuz 2014), 44-52.
JAMA Eyol E. Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları ve Modelleri. J Contemp Med. 2014;4:44–52.
MLA Eyol, Ergül. “Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları Ve Modelleri”. Çağdaş Tıp Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 1, 2014, ss. 44-52.
Vancouver Eyol E. Sık Rastlanan Karaciğer Metastazları ve Modelleri. J Contemp Med. 2014;4(1):44-52.