BİLGİ UÇURMA DAVRANIŞININ ÖNCÜLLERİ VE SONUÇLARI

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 14, 53 - 67, 05.01.2019

Harun Yıldız Esra Tani

Öz

Bilgi uçurma, örgütsel iletişim ve örgütsel davranış alanlarında önemi artan bir kavram olarak ortaya
çıkmaktadır. Bilgi uçurma kavramı, en basit şekilde bir çalışanın işyerindeki etik ve yasa dışı eylemleri gün
yüzüne çıkarması olarak ifade edilebilmektedir. Özellikle iletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan ileriye dönük
gelişmeler, bilgi uçurma davranışlarını çok daha görünür kılmaya başlamıştır. Ancak bu konunun, Türkiye’de
ekonomik, hukuksal ve sosyal boyutlarıyla çok sınırlı bir şekilde ele alındığı görülmektedir. Türkiye’nin
dünyadaki pek çok ülkenin aksine bir bilgi uçurma programı, stratejisi ve yasal düzenlemeleri
bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca bu konuda resmi organlarca yapılmış bir çalışmaya veya veriye de ulaşılamamıştır.
Bu kapsamda yapılan çalışmanın amacı, bilgi uçurma davranışlarının öncüllerini ve sonuçlarını ortaya
koymaktır. Bu amaçla mevcut Türkçe yazını genişletecek kavramsal değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur.
Araştırma sonucunda Türkiye’de bu alanda yapılacak hukuksal düzenlemelere ve akademik çalışmalara da
katkı sunulması beklenmektedir. Bu çerçevede ayrıca bilgi uçurma süreçlerini yönetmeye ve kontrol etmeye
yönelik çözüm önerileri ileri sürülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilgi uçurma, etik, ahlak, olumlu sapkın davranışlar, örgütsel iletişim

ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF WHISTLEBLOWING

Öz

Whistleblowing is an essential scientific subject in the fields of organizational communication and
organizational behaviour. The concept of whistleblowing can be expressed simply as an employee exposes
unethical and illegal actions in a workplace. Especially forward-looking developments in communication
technologies have begun to make the whistleblowing behaviours much more visible. However, this subject is
discussed in a very limited way with its economic, social and legal dimensions in Turkey. In contrast to many
other countries, there is no whistleblowing program, strategy and legal arrangements in Turkey. Besides, a
study or data conducted by Turkish official organs could not be reached. With this context, this study aims to
reveal the antecedents and consequences of whistleblowing behaviour. Therefore, conceptual evaluations were
made to expand the existing Turkish literature. In the result of the study, making contributions to the legal
regulations and academic work to be done in this area in Turkey is expected. In addition, solutions for
management and controlling whistleblowing have been asserted. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Whistleblowing, ethic, moral, positive deviance behaviors, organizational communication

Kaynakça

• AKTAN, Coşkun Can (2006), “Organizasyonlarda Yanlış Uygulamalara Karşı Bir Sivil Erdem, Ahlaki Tepki ve Vijdani Red Davranışı: Whistleblowing”, Mercek Dergisi, Ekim, 1-13.
• APAZA, Carmen R. ve Yongjin CHANG (2011), “What Makes Whistleblowing Effective Whistleblowing in Peru and South Korea”, Public Integrity, 13(2), 113-129.
• ARSLAN, Elif Türkan ve Murat KAYALAR (2017), “Kamu ve Özel Sektör Çalışanlarının İfşa (Whistleblowing) Niyeti: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz”, Sosyal ve Ekonomik Arastırmalar Dergisi, 19(32), 15-26.
• AYDIN, Ufuk (2003), “İş Hukuku Açısından İşçinin Bilgi Uçurması (Whistleblowing)”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(2), 79-100.
• BALTACI, Ali ve Ali BALCI (2017), “Bilgi Uçurmanın Nedenleri: Nitel Bir Çalışma”, Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 53-67.
• BARNETT, Tim (1992), “Why Your Company Should Have a Whistleblowing Policy”, SAM Advanced Management Journal, 57(4), 37-42.
• BAŞOL, Oğuz ve Işıl KARATUNA (2015), “Örgütlerde Olumsuz Durumların İfşa Edilmesi Ve Örgütsel İletişim İlişkisi”, Marmara University Journal of Economic & Administrative Sciences, 37(2), 153-170.
• BOK, Sissela (2000), “Whistleblowing and Professional Responsibility”, iç. TITLE, Peg (Ed.), Ethical Issues, Business Inquiries Cases and Readings, Canada: Broadview Press, 70-78.
• BOUCER, Sandy (2014), The World of the Whistleblower: Things are Starting to Change, Canada: Grant Thornton LLP.
• BRODY, Richard; John M. COULTER ve Suming LİN (1999), “The Effect of National Culture on Whistle-Blowıng Perceptions”, Teaching Business Ethics, 3, 385–400.
• CANDAN, Hakan ve Tuba Perihan KAYA (2015), “İhbarcılık (Whistleblowing) ve Algılanan Örgütsel Destek Arasindaki İlişkinin İncelenmesine Yönelik Bir Kamu Kurumunda Araştirma”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 305-330.
• CELEP, Cevat ve Tuğba KONAKLI (2012), “Bilgi Uçurma: Eğitim Örgütlerinde Etik ve Kural Dışı Uygulamalara Yönelik Bir Tepki/Whistleblowing: A Response to Unethical and Illegitimate Practices in Educational Organizations”, e-international Journal of Educational Research, 3(4), 65-88.
• CHENG, Xintong; Khondkar E. KARIM ve Karen Jingrong LIN (2015), “A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Whistleblowing Perceptions”, International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 14(1), 15-31.
• CHERRY, Miriam A. (2012), “Virtual Whistleblowing”, South Texas Law Review, 54(1), 9-35.
• CHO, Yoon Jik, ve Hyun Jin SONG (2015), “Determinants of Whistleblowing within Government Agencies”, Public Personnel Management, 44(4), 450-472.
• ÇETİNEL, Makbule Hürmet ve Soner TASLAK (2018), “Çalişanlarin İhbarcilik (Whistleblowing) Eğilimi İle Örgütsel Adalet Algisi İlişkisinin Kavramsal Boyutu”, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştirmalari Dergisi, 6(2), 78-97. DAVIS, Michael (1989), “Avoiding the Tragedy of Whistleblowing”, Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 8(4), 3-19.
• DAVIS, Michael (1996), “Some Paradoxes of Whistle-Blowing”, Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 15(1), 147-155.
• DUNGAN, James, Adam WAYTZ ve Liane YOUNG (2015), “The Psychology of Whistleblowing”, Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 129-133.
• EARLE, Beverley H. ve Gerald A. MADEK (2007), “The Mirage of Whistleblower Protection under Sarbanes-Oxley: A Proposal for Change”, American Business Law Journal, 44(1), 1-54.
• ENGLEHART, Neil A. (2000), "Rights and Culture in the Asian Values Argument: The Rise and Fall of Confucian Ethics in Singapore." Human Rights Quarterly. 22, 548– 568.
• ERTÜRK, Abbas (2016), “The Relationship between Whistleblowing and Organizational Citizenship Behavior for High School Teachers”, Journal of Educational Sciences Research (JESR), 6(1), 1-22.
• ERTÜRK, Abbas (2017), “Bilgi Uçurma”, iç. ÖZDEMİR, Servet ve Necati CEMALOĞLU (Ed.), Örgütsel Davranış ve Yönetimi, Ankara: Pegem Akademi, 644-648.GİVATİ, Yehonatan (2016), “A Theory of Whistleblower Rewards”, The Journal of Legal Studies, 45(1), 43-72.
• HAIDT, Jonathan ve Jesse GRAHAM (2007), “When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals may not Recognize”, Social Justice Research, 20(1), 98-116.
• HASSINK, Harold; Meinderd De VRIES ve Laury BOLLEN (2007), “A Content Analysis of Whistleblowing Policies of Leading European Companies”, Journal of Business Ethics, 75(1), 25-44.
• HERSH, Marion A. (2002), “Whistleblowers - Heroes or Traitors? Individual and Collective Responsibility for Ethical Behaviour”, Annual Reviews in Control, 26(2), 243-262.
• HOFSTEDE, Geert (1984), “The Cultural Relativity of the Quality of Life Concept”, Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 389-398.
• JENSEN, J. Vernon (1987), “Ethical Tension Points in Whistleblowing”, Journal of Business Ethics, 6(4), 321-328.
• JOHNSON, Roberta Ann (2003), Whistleblowing. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publisher.
• JUBB, Peter B. (1999), “Whistleblowing: A Restrictive Definition and Interpretation”, Journal of Business Ethics, 21(1), 77-94.
• KAPLAN, Elaine (2001), “The International Emergence of Legal Protections for Whistleblowers”, The Journal of Public Inquiry, (Fall/Winter), 37-42.
• KIZILOĞLU, Esra ve Adnan ÇELİK (2015), “Whistleblowing Behavior in Organizations and Work Morality Interaction”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 1(2), 329-341.
• KOHN, Stephen M. (2014), The Importance of Whistleblower Rewards in Combating International Corruption, Full Report: National Whistleblower Legal Defense and Education Fund.
• KURTULUŞ, Berrak (2010), “İş Ahlakı: Geçmişte ve Günümüzde”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 0(50), 737-759.
• LARMER, Robert A. (1992), “Whistleblowing and Employee Loyalty”, Journal of Business Ethics, 11(2), 125-128.
• LINDBLOM, Lars (2007), “Dissolving the Moral Dilemma of Whistleblowing”, Journal of Business Ethics, 76(4), 413-426.
• MAJAVU, Anna (2010), Electrician Wants Job Back, Sowetan Live, [Erişim Adresi: https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2010-07-12-electrician-wants-job-back/, Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2018].
• MALISETTY, Sainath (2016), “Genesis and Emanations of Deviant Workplace Behaviour: A Case e Study in IT Industry”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(14), 1-6.
• MANSBACH, Abraham (2011), “Whistleblowing as Fearless Speech: The Radical Democratic Effects of Late Modern Parrhesia”, iç. LEWIS, David ve Wim VANDEKERCKHOVE (Ed.), Whistleblowing and Democratic Values, Published by the International Whistleblowing Research Network, 12-16.
• MANSBACH, Abraham ve Yaacov G. BACHNER (2010), “Internal or External Whistleblowing: Nurses’ Willingness to Report Wrongdoing”, Nursing Ethics, 17(4), 483-490.
• MCMULLEN, Judge Jeremy (2010), “Ten Years of Employment Protection for Whistleblowers in the UK: A View from the Employment Appeal Tribunal”, iç. LEWIS, David B. (Ed.), A Global Approach to Public Interest Disclosure, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 7-14.
• NARAYANAN, Kanimozhi ve Susan E. MURPHY (2017), “Conceptual Framework on Workplace Deviance Behaviour: A Review”, Journal of Human Values, 23(3), 218-233.
• ÖZLER, Derya Ergun; Meltem Dil ŞAHİN ve Ceren GİDERLER ATALAY (2010), “Teorik Bir Çerçevede Whistleblowing-Etik Anlayışı”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 169-194.
• PARK, Heungsik, Michael T. REHG ve Donggi LEE (2005), “The Influence of Confucian Ethics and Collectivism on Whistleblowing Intentions: A Study of South Korean Public Employees”, Journal of Business Ethics, 58(4), 387-403.
• PATRICK, Patricia A. (2010), Be Prepared Before You Blow the Whistle - Protection under State Whistle-Blowing Laws, Fraud Magazine, [Erişim Adresi: http://www.fraud-magazine.com/article.aspx?id=4294968656, Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2018].
• QUSQAS, Firas ve Brian H. KLEINER (2001), “The Difficulties of Whistleblowers Finding Employment”, Management Research News, 24(3/4), 97-100.RAWLS, John (1999), A Theory of Justice, Revised Edition, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• RAY, Susan L. (2006), “Whistleblowing and Organizational Ethics”, Nursing Ethics, 13(4), 438-445.
• ROBERTS, Peter ve A. J. BROWN (2010), “The Australian Legislative Experience”, iç. LEWIS, David B. (Ed.), A Global Approach to Public Interest Disclosure, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 56-73.
• SEÇKİN, Zeliha ve H. Alpay KARASOY (2012), “A Conceptual Study on the Relationship between the Importance of Whistle-Blowing and Organizational Citizenship Behavior”, International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, 6(1), 5-58.
• SEÇKİN, Zeliha ve H. Alpay Karasoy (2012), “A Conceptual Study on the Relationship between the İmportance of Whistle-blowing and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, 6(1), 5-58.
• SPREITZER, Gretchen M. ve Scott SONENSHEIN (2003), “Positive Deviance and Extraordinary Organizing”, iç. CAMERON, Kim S. ve Jane E. DUTTON and Robert E. QUINN (Ed.), Positive Organizational Scholarship, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 207-224.
• SUMMERFIELD, Richard (2014), Whistleblowing in the US. Financier Worldwide Magazine, [Erişim Adresi: https://www.financierworldwide.com/whistleblowing-in-the-us/#.W8oppHszbIW, Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2018].
• ŞEKERLİ, Eyüp Bayram; Soner TASLAK ve M. Hürmet ÇETİNEL (2016), “Mesleki Bağlılığın Çalışanların İhbarcılık Eğilimleri Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesine Yönelik Görgül Bir Çalışma”, International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 7(25), 1-21.
• TANİ, Esra (2018), Sosyal Medyada Bilgi Uçurma (Whistleblowing) Davranışı, iç. YILDIZ, Harun (Ed.), Sosyal Medyanın İş yaşamındaki Yeri, İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 281-299.
• The World Law Group (2012), Global Guide to Whistleblowing Programs, Full Report, 1-107.
• THORSEN, Einar; Chindu SREEDHARAN ve Stuart ALLAN (2013), “WikiLeaks and Whistle-Blowing: The Framing of Bradley Manning”, iç. BREVINI, Benedetta, Arne HINTZ ve Patrick MCCURDY (Ed.), Beyond WikiLeaks Implications for the Future of Communications, Journalism and Society, Hampshire: Macmillan Publishers, 101-122.
• U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (2017), Annual Report to Congress: Whistleblower Program, Washington, DC: Office of the Whistleblower.
• VADERA, Abhijeet K; Michael G. PRATT ve Pooja MISHRA (2013), “Constructive Deviance in Organizations: Integrating and Moving Forward”, Journal of Management, 39(5), 1221-1276.
• VANDEKERCKHOVE, Wim (2010), “European Whistleblower Protection: Tiers or Tears?”, Lewis, David B. (Ed.), A Global Approach to Public Interest Disclosure, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 15-35.
• VANDEKERCKHOVE, Wim ve MS Ronald COMMERS (2004), “Whistle Blowing and Rational Loyalty”, Journal of Business Ethics, 53(1/2), 225-233.
• WHISTLEBLOWERS INTERNATIONAL ATTORNEYS (2016), “Whistleblowing History Overview”, [Erişim Adresi: https://www.whistleblowersinternational.com/what-is-whistleblowing/history/, Erişim Tarihi: 19.08.2018].
• WORTH, Mark (2013). Whistleblowing in Europe Legal Protections for Whistleblowers in the EU. Transparency International, European Commission.
• XIN, Liu (2014), “The Influence of National Culture on Whistle-Blowing: A Cross-Cultural Investigation”, Cross-Cultural Communication, 10(6), 91-95.
• ZHUANG, Jinyun; Stuart THOMAS ve Diane L. MILLER (2005), “Examining Culture’s Effect on Whistle-blowing and Peer Reporting”, Business & Society, 44(4), 462-486.