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BATI AFRİKA’DA KENTLEŞME HAREKETLERİ: LAGOS ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7, 1 - 22, 31.01.2019

Öz

Dünyanın en az kentleşme oranına sahip olan Afrika kıtasında son yıllarda
kentleşme hızı artış göstermektedir. Özellikle Batı Afrika, Doğu Afrika’dan sonra kıtanın
en hızlı kentleşen alt bölgesidir. Bu noktada, kıtanın bu alt bölgesindeki ülkeler ve kentler
artan nüfus ve kentleşme oranı nedeniyle çok çeşitli sorunlarla karşı karşıyadır. Ayrıca,
Afrika genelinde kentsel gelişim modelleri ve bunların nasıl tanımlandığına ve
yorumlandığına ilişkin çok önemli farklılıklar da vardır.
Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı Batı Afrika’daki kentleri ve kentleşme hareketlerini Lagos
kenti özelinde geçmişten bugüne incelemektir. Çalışma, literatür taramasına dayalıdır. Üç
bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde Batı Afrika’daki kentlerin durumu irdelenmiştir.
Bölgedeki ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma ile altyapı ve hizmetlerin durumu incelenmiştir.
İkinci bölümde ise Nijerya özelinde analizler söz konusudur. Üçüncü bölümde de
Nijerya’nın önemli bir kenti olan Lagos seçilmiş ve kentin karşı karşıya olduğu kentsel
gelişim süreci ve yaşadığı sorunlar irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca, kentbilim literatüründe Lagos
kentini kentsel gelişim bağlamında geçmişten bugüne inceleyen ilk çalışmadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abani, C. (2010). Lagos: a pilmgrimage in notations. In Pieterse, E. & Edjabe, N. (eds.), African cities reader 01, Cape Town: African Center For Cites and Chimurenga.
  • Abubakar, Y.W (2015). Demokrasi ve iyi yönetişim: Nijerya örneği. Yayımlanmamış, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Akgür, M. ve Palacıoğlu, T. (1997). Nijerya ülke etüdü. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası.
  • Akova, Y. (2011). Nijerya ülke raporu. Ankara: İhracatı Geliştirme Etüd Merkezi.
  • Collier, P. (2015). The 2014 Harold Wincott memorial lecture Africa: new opportunities, old impediments, Economic Affairs, 35:2, 169-177.
  • De Gramont, D. (2015). Governing Lagos unlocking the politics of reform, Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Filani, M.O (2012). The changing face of Lagos, Retrieved: 12/01/2016, from http://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/files/Lagos-reform-report-lowres.pdf
  • Fourchard, L. (2005). Urban poverty, urban crime, and crime control: the Lagos and Ibadan cases, 1929–45. In Salm, S.J. and Falola, T. (eds.), African urban spaces, Rochester: University of Rochester Press
  • Freund, B. (2007). The African city: a history. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gülabi, H. Bati Afrika’nın Devi Nijerya Federal Cumhuriyeti’nin Jeopolitik Analizi, Erişim: 10/03/2016, http://docplayer.biz.tr/2235262-Bati-afrika-nin-devi-nijerya-federal-cumhuriyeti-nin-jeopolitik-analizi.html
  • Hopkins, J.R. et al. (2009). Direct estimates of emissions from the megacity of Lagos, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 8471–8477.http://www.nigerianwatch.com/news/8818-nigerias-first-ever-urban-light-railway-network-to-kick-off-this-december-in-lagos#sthash.yvYI50GG.dpuf , Retrieved: 11/03/2016.
  • http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/feb/22/lagos-population-double-size-how-cope?CMP=fb_gu, Retrieved: 11/03/2016.
  • Ibrahim, O.R. Rural depopulation: the planning ımplications for the development of urban Lagos, Retrieved: 29/01/2016, from http://www.regionalstudies.org/uploads/Oladayo_Ramon_IBRAHIM_PDF.pdf.
  • Inikori, J. E (2014). Reversal of fortune and socioeconomic development in the atlantic world: a comparative examination of West Africa and the Americas, 1400–1850. In Akyeampong, E. et al. (eds.), Africa’s development in historical perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iwugo, K.O. et al. (2003). Aspects of land-based pollution of an African coastal megacity of Lagos, Retrieved: 13/12/2015, from http://www.ucd.ie/dipcon/docs/theme14/theme14_32.PDF
  • Kane, O. (2003). Muslim modernity in postcolonial Nigeria. Leiden: Brill.
  • Lagos: Growth Without Infrastructure, Retrieved: 04/02/2016, from http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/Lagos_Case_Study.pdf.
  • Mehrotra, S. et al. (2009). Framework for city climate risk assessment, Retrieved: 10/12/2015, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1256566800920/6505269-1268260567624/Rosenzweig.pdf.
  • Obioma, C. (2016). Lagos is set to double in size in 15 years. How will my city possibly cope? Retrieved: 11/03/2016, from http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/feb/22/lagos-population-double-size-how-cope.
  • Odekunle, O. J. (2010). Nijerya’da İslâm: Yoruba toplumunda İslâm’ın yapılanması, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Okwuashi, O. etc., The challenges of urbanization, Retrieved: 29/12/2015, from http://devnet.org.nz/sites/default/files/Okwuashi.The%20Challenges%20of%20Urbanistion.pdf.
  • Olakunle Silva, O. (2014) Community development in emerging cities: a case for Lagos, Nigeria, Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Massachusetts Department of Art, Architecture and Art History, Massachusetts.
  • Parker, J. and Rathbone, R. (2007). African history: a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Reid, R. (2012). A history of modern Africa. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
  • Rosser, C. (1972). Urbanization in tropical Africa: a demographic introduction. New York: Ford Foundation.
  • Sawada, N. (2011). The educated elite and associational life ın early Lagos newspapers: ın search of unity for the progress of society. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, University of Birmingham Centre of West African Studies School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law, Birmingham.
  • Stark, J. and Terasawa, K. (2013). Climate change and conflict in West African cities: a policy brief on findings from Lagos, Nigeria And Accra, Ghana. Washington: U.S. Agency for International Development.
  • Steward, D. J. (1997). African urbanization: dependent linkages in a global economy, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 88:3, 251-261.
  • Stren, R. (2014). Urban service delivery in Africa and the role of international assistance, Development Policy Review, 32:1, 19–37.
  • Tostensen, A. et al. (2001). The urban crisis, governance and associational life. In Tostensen, A. et al. (eds.), Associational life in African cities popular responses to the urban crisis. Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
  • Turcotte, H. (2005). Kaygan zeminde güvenlik: Nijerya petrol pretiminde ulusal, uluslararası ve güvenlik sorunları. B. Aras vd. (eds.) Yeni yüzyılda Afrika içinde. İstanbul: Tasam Yayınları.
  • Umar, M. (2013). İslam’ın Nijerya bölgesi’nde yayılışı. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • UN HABITAT (2014). The African states 2014, Retrieved: 29/11/2015, from http://unhabitat.org/books/state-of-african-cities-2014-re-imagining-sustainable-urban-transitions/

URBANIZATION IN WEST AFRICA: THE CASE OF LAGOS

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7, 1 - 22, 31.01.2019

Öz

In recent years, the rate of urbanization has been increasing on
the African continent, which has the least urbanization rate in the world. Especially, West
Africa is the fastest urbanizing sub-region of the continent after East Africa. At this point,
the countries and cities in this sub-region of the continent face a wide range of problems
due to the increasing population and urbanization rate. In addition, there are significant
differences in the patterns of urban development across Africa and in terms of how they
are defined and interpreted.
In this context, the aim of the study is to examine the cities and urbanization movements
in West Africa from the past to the present in the case of Lagos. The study is based on
literature review. It consists of three parts. At first, the situation of the cities in West Africa
is examined. Economic growth and development in the region and the status of
infrastructure and services are examined. Secondly, the general condition in Nigeria was
analyzed. Finally, Lagos, an important city in Nigeria, was selected and the urban
development process and problems faced by the city were examined. Moreover, this is
the first study to examine the city of Lagos from the past to the present in the urban
science literature in Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Abani, C. (2010). Lagos: a pilmgrimage in notations. In Pieterse, E. & Edjabe, N. (eds.), African cities reader 01, Cape Town: African Center For Cites and Chimurenga.
  • Abubakar, Y.W (2015). Demokrasi ve iyi yönetişim: Nijerya örneği. Yayımlanmamış, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Akgür, M. ve Palacıoğlu, T. (1997). Nijerya ülke etüdü. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası.
  • Akova, Y. (2011). Nijerya ülke raporu. Ankara: İhracatı Geliştirme Etüd Merkezi.
  • Collier, P. (2015). The 2014 Harold Wincott memorial lecture Africa: new opportunities, old impediments, Economic Affairs, 35:2, 169-177.
  • De Gramont, D. (2015). Governing Lagos unlocking the politics of reform, Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Filani, M.O (2012). The changing face of Lagos, Retrieved: 12/01/2016, from http://www.citiesalliance.org/sites/citiesalliance.org/files/Lagos-reform-report-lowres.pdf
  • Fourchard, L. (2005). Urban poverty, urban crime, and crime control: the Lagos and Ibadan cases, 1929–45. In Salm, S.J. and Falola, T. (eds.), African urban spaces, Rochester: University of Rochester Press
  • Freund, B. (2007). The African city: a history. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gülabi, H. Bati Afrika’nın Devi Nijerya Federal Cumhuriyeti’nin Jeopolitik Analizi, Erişim: 10/03/2016, http://docplayer.biz.tr/2235262-Bati-afrika-nin-devi-nijerya-federal-cumhuriyeti-nin-jeopolitik-analizi.html
  • Hopkins, J.R. et al. (2009). Direct estimates of emissions from the megacity of Lagos, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 8471–8477.http://www.nigerianwatch.com/news/8818-nigerias-first-ever-urban-light-railway-network-to-kick-off-this-december-in-lagos#sthash.yvYI50GG.dpuf , Retrieved: 11/03/2016.
  • http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/feb/22/lagos-population-double-size-how-cope?CMP=fb_gu, Retrieved: 11/03/2016.
  • Ibrahim, O.R. Rural depopulation: the planning ımplications for the development of urban Lagos, Retrieved: 29/01/2016, from http://www.regionalstudies.org/uploads/Oladayo_Ramon_IBRAHIM_PDF.pdf.
  • Inikori, J. E (2014). Reversal of fortune and socioeconomic development in the atlantic world: a comparative examination of West Africa and the Americas, 1400–1850. In Akyeampong, E. et al. (eds.), Africa’s development in historical perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Iwugo, K.O. et al. (2003). Aspects of land-based pollution of an African coastal megacity of Lagos, Retrieved: 13/12/2015, from http://www.ucd.ie/dipcon/docs/theme14/theme14_32.PDF
  • Kane, O. (2003). Muslim modernity in postcolonial Nigeria. Leiden: Brill.
  • Lagos: Growth Without Infrastructure, Retrieved: 04/02/2016, from http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/Lagos_Case_Study.pdf.
  • Mehrotra, S. et al. (2009). Framework for city climate risk assessment, Retrieved: 10/12/2015, from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1256566800920/6505269-1268260567624/Rosenzweig.pdf.
  • Obioma, C. (2016). Lagos is set to double in size in 15 years. How will my city possibly cope? Retrieved: 11/03/2016, from http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/feb/22/lagos-population-double-size-how-cope.
  • Odekunle, O. J. (2010). Nijerya’da İslâm: Yoruba toplumunda İslâm’ın yapılanması, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Okwuashi, O. etc., The challenges of urbanization, Retrieved: 29/12/2015, from http://devnet.org.nz/sites/default/files/Okwuashi.The%20Challenges%20of%20Urbanistion.pdf.
  • Olakunle Silva, O. (2014) Community development in emerging cities: a case for Lagos, Nigeria, Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Massachusetts Department of Art, Architecture and Art History, Massachusetts.
  • Parker, J. and Rathbone, R. (2007). African history: a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Reid, R. (2012). A history of modern Africa. UK: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.
  • Rosser, C. (1972). Urbanization in tropical Africa: a demographic introduction. New York: Ford Foundation.
  • Sawada, N. (2011). The educated elite and associational life ın early Lagos newspapers: ın search of unity for the progress of society. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, University of Birmingham Centre of West African Studies School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law, Birmingham.
  • Stark, J. and Terasawa, K. (2013). Climate change and conflict in West African cities: a policy brief on findings from Lagos, Nigeria And Accra, Ghana. Washington: U.S. Agency for International Development.
  • Steward, D. J. (1997). African urbanization: dependent linkages in a global economy, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 88:3, 251-261.
  • Stren, R. (2014). Urban service delivery in Africa and the role of international assistance, Development Policy Review, 32:1, 19–37.
  • Tostensen, A. et al. (2001). The urban crisis, governance and associational life. In Tostensen, A. et al. (eds.), Associational life in African cities popular responses to the urban crisis. Stockholm: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
  • Turcotte, H. (2005). Kaygan zeminde güvenlik: Nijerya petrol pretiminde ulusal, uluslararası ve güvenlik sorunları. B. Aras vd. (eds.) Yeni yüzyılda Afrika içinde. İstanbul: Tasam Yayınları.
  • Umar, M. (2013). İslam’ın Nijerya bölgesi’nde yayılışı. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • UN HABITAT (2014). The African states 2014, Retrieved: 29/11/2015, from http://unhabitat.org/books/state-of-african-cities-2014-re-imagining-sustainable-urban-transitions/
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Harun Biçakcı 0000-0002-9222-6124

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7

Kaynak Göster

APA Biçakcı, H. (2019). BATI AFRİKA’DA KENTLEŞME HAREKETLERİ: LAGOS ÖRNEĞİ. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(7), 1-22.

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