Araştırma Makalesi
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Developing an Entrepreneurship Scale for 5th Grade Students

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 203 - 220, 15.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.5.2.203

Öz

The aim of this study is to develop an Entrepreneurship Scale to measure the entrepreneurial skills of 5th grade students and to conduct the reliability and validity of the scale. This research is a descriptive survey method. The pilot application was made with 432 students in Amasya City in Turkey. SPSS 23 and LISREL 8.80 programs were used to analyze the data. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to construct the validity. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, a 4-factor structure emerged on the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the structure, and it was determined that the developed model was in compliance with the criteria in the literature. These sub-factors were identified as meaningful in terms of self-confidence, need for success, personal benefit and leadership and responsibility. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was determined as 0.77. At the end of the research, a reliable and valid measurement scale about entrepreneurship was developed for the 5th grade students.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmetoglu, G., Leutner, F., & Premuzic, T. C. (2011). EQ-nomics: understanding the relationship between individual differences in trait emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8) 1028–1033.
  • Asoni, A. (2011). Intelligence, self-confidence and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago and Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Working paper no 887, October 22.
  • Ates, B. (2013). Investigate the assertiveness scores of the 5th grade students according to the several variables. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty , 15(1), 50-66.
  • Bartulovic, P., & Novosel, D. (2014). Entrepreneurial competencies in elementary schools. Education for Entrepreneurship - E4E: International Journal of Education for Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 83-87.
  • Bayram, N. (2012). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri analizi [Data analysis in social sciences with SPSS]. Bursa, Turkey: Ezgi.
  • Bilge, H., & Bal, V. (2012). Entrepreneurship aptitude: an empirical study on undergraduate and vocational high school students in Celal Bayar University. Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 2(16), 131-148.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New Jersey, USA: Guilford Publications.
  • Buyukozturk, S., Cakmak, E. K., Akgun, O. E., Karadeniz, S., & Demirel, F. (2010). Bilimsel arastirma yontemleri [Scientific research methods]. Ankara, Turkey: Pegem Akademi.
  • Buyukozturk, S. (2014). Sosyal bilimler icin veri analizi el kitabi [Handbook of data analysis for social sciences]. Ankara, Turkey: Pegem Akademi Yayincilik.
  • Can, A. (2014). SPSS ile Bilimsel arastirma surecinde nicel veri analizi [Quantitative data analysis in scientific research process with SPSS]. Ankara, Turkey: Pagem Akademi.
  • Chang, J., & Rieple, A. (2013). Assessing students' entrepreneurial skills development in live projects. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 225-241.
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013). A First course in factor analysis. New York, USA: Psychology Press.
  • Cokluk, O., Sekercioglu, G., & Buyukozturk, S. (2012). Sosyal bilimler icin cok degiskenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamalari [SPSS and LISREL applications of multivariate statistics for social sciences]. Ankara: Pagem Akademi.
  • Deveci, I. (2018). Science-based entrepreneurship scale for middle school students: a validity and reliability study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Education, 2(1), 1-15.
  • Durmus, B., Yurtkoru, S. E., & Cinko, M. (2012). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi [Data analysis in social sciences with SPSS]. Istanbul, Turkey: Beta.
  • Dundar, S., & Agca, V. (2007). Entrepreneurial characteristics of Afyon Kocatepe University undergraduate students: an empirical study. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 25(1), 121-142.
  • Eraslan, L. (2011). Ilkogretim programlarinda girisimcilik ogretimi (Hayat bilgisi dersi ornegi) [Entrepreneurship teaching at primary education curriculum (Sample of life science lesson)]. Gazi University Journal of Industrial Arts Education Faculty, (27), 82-94.
  • Esmer, Y., & Dayi, F. (2017). Entrepreneurial leadership: a theoretical framework. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 112-124.
  • Ezeudu, F. O., Ofoegbu, T. O., & Anyaegbunnam, N. J. (2013). Restructuring STM (Science, Technology, and Mathematics) education for entrepreneurship. US-China Education Review A, 3(1), 27-32.
  • Frias, C. M., & Dixon R. A. (2005). Confirmatory factor structure and measurement in variance of the memory compensation questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 17(2), 168-178.
  • Hassi, A. (2016). Effectiveness of early entrepreneurship education at the primary school level: Evidence from a field research in Morocco. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education, 15(2), 83-103.
  • Heckman, J., Jora Stixrud, J., & Urzua, S. (2006). The effect of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(3), 411-482.
  • Henry, C., Hill, F., & Leitch, C. (2005). Entrepreneurship education and training: can entrepreneurship be taught? Part I. Education + Training, 47(2), 98-111.
  • Hynes, B., & Richardson, I. (2007). Entrepreneurship education: A mechanism for engaging and exchanging with the small business sector. Education + Training, 49(8/9), 732-44.
  • Ilhan, A. G. M., & Cetin, D.B. (2013). Secondary school students' academic risk taking behaviors: A scale development study. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 4(2), 1-28.
  • Ince, A. R., Erdem, H., Deniz, M., & Baglar, N. (2015). Investigating the relationship between entrepreneurial personality traits and entrepreneurship skills through potential entrepreneur candidates. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, (41), 399-416.
  • Iscan, O. F., & Kaygin, E. (2011). An investigation to determine the entrepreneurship tendency of university students. Ataturk University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences, 15(2), 443- 462.
  • Jones, C., & English, J. (2004). A contemporary approach to entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 46(8/9), 416–423.
  • Karasar, N. (2006). Bilimsel arastirma yontemleri [Scientific research methods]. Ankara, Turkey: Nobel.
  • Kaygin, E., & Guven, B. (2013). Guclu Kadinlar: Turkiye’de Kadinin Girisimciligi [Powerful Women: Women's Entrepreneurship in Turkey]. Istanbul, Turkey: Cati Akademi.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Kylonen, P. C. (2012). Measurement of 21st century skills with in the common core state standards. Paper presented at the Invitational Research Symposium on Technology Enhanced Assessments, Austin, Texas, Retrieved from http://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/session5-kyllonen-paper-tea2012.pdf
  • Lebusa, M. J. (2011). Does Entrepreneurial Education Enhance Undergraduate Students’ Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy? A Case at one University of Technology in South Africa, China-USA Business Review, 10(1), 53–64.
  • MoE (2018a). Primary education institutions (primary and secondary schools) curriculum of science course (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 grade). Ankara, Turkey.
  • MoE (2018b). Primary education institutions (primary and secondary schools) curriculum of Turkish course (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 grade). Ankara, Turkey.
  • MoE (2018c). Primary education institutions (primary and secondary schools) curriculum of maths course (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 grade). Ankara, Turkey.
  • Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006).Applied multivariate research: design and interpretation. London, UK: SAGE Publications.
  • Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: a nine-country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.
  • Muftuoglu, T., & Durukan, T. (2004). Girisimcilik ve KOBI’le rsorunlar, firsatlar ve cozum onerileri [Entrepreneurship and SMEs problems, opportunities and solutions]. Istanbul, Turkey: Literatur.
  • Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., Schmitt-Rodermund, E., & Stuetzer, M. (2011). Nascent entrepreneurship and the developing individual: Early entrepreneurial competence in adolescence and venture creation success during the career. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 121–133.
  • Ozden, K., Temurlenk, M. S., & Basar, S. (2008). Girisimcilik egilimi: Kirgizistan-Turkiye Manas Universitesi ve Ataturk Universitesi ogrencileri uzerine bir arastirma [Entrepreneurship tendency: a Research on Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University and Ataturk University students]. Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies, 11/12, 1-20.
  • Pamuk, E. (2013). The relationship among secondary school students' assertiveness level and peer pressure (Unpublished master’s thesis). Yeditepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Politis, D. (2005). The process of entrepreneurial learning: a conceptual framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 399-424.
  • Sekeran, U. (1992). Research methods for business: a skill building approach. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Sumer, N. (2000). Structural equation models: basic concepts and sample applications. Turkish Psychological Articles, 3(6), 49–74.
  • Sencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranissal olcumlerde guvenirlik ve gecerlilik [Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measurements]. Ankara, Istanbul: Seckin.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Tavsancil, E. (2010). Tutumlarin olculmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Ankara, Istanbul: Nobel.
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Vallaster, C., Kraus, S., Kailer, N., & Baldwin, B. (2019). Responsible entrepreneurship: outlining the contingencies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(3), 538-553.
  • Wagner, T. (2008).The global achievement gap: Why even our best schools don't reach the new survival skills our children need-and what can we do about it. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Yalcin, S. (2018). 21. yuzyıl becerileri ve bu becerilerin olculmesinde kullanılan araclar ve yaklasimlar [21st century skills and tools and approaches that are used to measure these skills]. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 51(1), 183-201. doi: 10.30964/auebfd.405860
  • Yalcin-Incik, E., & Uzun, N. B. (2017). Bireysel girisimcilik algi olcegi: Gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismasi [Individual entrepreneurship perception scale: Validity and reliability study]. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 14(39), 471-485.
  • Yildirim, A., & Simsek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yontemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Ankara, Istanbul: Seckin.
  • Yilmaz, E., & Sunbul, A. M. (2009). Developing scale of university students’ entrepreneurship. Selcuk University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 21(2), 195- 203.
  • Zengin, F. (2008). Muzakere (problem cozme) ve arabuluculuk egitim programinin ilkogretim 4.-5. sinif ogrencilerinin catisma cozum stilleri ve atilganlik becerileri uzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi [Searching the effects of conflict resolution styles and assertiveness levels on 4th and 5th class students in primary school of negotiation (problem solution) and mediation education program] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir.
Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 203 - 220, 15.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.5.2.203

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ahmetoglu, G., Leutner, F., & Premuzic, T. C. (2011). EQ-nomics: understanding the relationship between individual differences in trait emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8) 1028–1033.
  • Asoni, A. (2011). Intelligence, self-confidence and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago and Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Working paper no 887, October 22.
  • Ates, B. (2013). Investigate the assertiveness scores of the 5th grade students according to the several variables. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty , 15(1), 50-66.
  • Bartulovic, P., & Novosel, D. (2014). Entrepreneurial competencies in elementary schools. Education for Entrepreneurship - E4E: International Journal of Education for Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 83-87.
  • Bayram, N. (2012). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS ile veri analizi [Data analysis in social sciences with SPSS]. Bursa, Turkey: Ezgi.
  • Bilge, H., & Bal, V. (2012). Entrepreneurship aptitude: an empirical study on undergraduate and vocational high school students in Celal Bayar University. Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 2(16), 131-148.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New Jersey, USA: Guilford Publications.
  • Buyukozturk, S., Cakmak, E. K., Akgun, O. E., Karadeniz, S., & Demirel, F. (2010). Bilimsel arastirma yontemleri [Scientific research methods]. Ankara, Turkey: Pegem Akademi.
  • Buyukozturk, S. (2014). Sosyal bilimler icin veri analizi el kitabi [Handbook of data analysis for social sciences]. Ankara, Turkey: Pegem Akademi Yayincilik.
  • Can, A. (2014). SPSS ile Bilimsel arastirma surecinde nicel veri analizi [Quantitative data analysis in scientific research process with SPSS]. Ankara, Turkey: Pagem Akademi.
  • Chang, J., & Rieple, A. (2013). Assessing students' entrepreneurial skills development in live projects. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 20(1), 225-241.
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013). A First course in factor analysis. New York, USA: Psychology Press.
  • Cokluk, O., Sekercioglu, G., & Buyukozturk, S. (2012). Sosyal bilimler icin cok degiskenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamalari [SPSS and LISREL applications of multivariate statistics for social sciences]. Ankara: Pagem Akademi.
  • Deveci, I. (2018). Science-based entrepreneurship scale for middle school students: a validity and reliability study. Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Education, 2(1), 1-15.
  • Durmus, B., Yurtkoru, S. E., & Cinko, M. (2012). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi [Data analysis in social sciences with SPSS]. Istanbul, Turkey: Beta.
  • Dundar, S., & Agca, V. (2007). Entrepreneurial characteristics of Afyon Kocatepe University undergraduate students: an empirical study. Hacettepe University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 25(1), 121-142.
  • Eraslan, L. (2011). Ilkogretim programlarinda girisimcilik ogretimi (Hayat bilgisi dersi ornegi) [Entrepreneurship teaching at primary education curriculum (Sample of life science lesson)]. Gazi University Journal of Industrial Arts Education Faculty, (27), 82-94.
  • Esmer, Y., & Dayi, F. (2017). Entrepreneurial leadership: a theoretical framework. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 4(2), 112-124.
  • Ezeudu, F. O., Ofoegbu, T. O., & Anyaegbunnam, N. J. (2013). Restructuring STM (Science, Technology, and Mathematics) education for entrepreneurship. US-China Education Review A, 3(1), 27-32.
  • Frias, C. M., & Dixon R. A. (2005). Confirmatory factor structure and measurement in variance of the memory compensation questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 17(2), 168-178.
  • Hassi, A. (2016). Effectiveness of early entrepreneurship education at the primary school level: Evidence from a field research in Morocco. Citizenship, Social and Economics Education, 15(2), 83-103.
  • Heckman, J., Jora Stixrud, J., & Urzua, S. (2006). The effect of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(3), 411-482.
  • Henry, C., Hill, F., & Leitch, C. (2005). Entrepreneurship education and training: can entrepreneurship be taught? Part I. Education + Training, 47(2), 98-111.
  • Hynes, B., & Richardson, I. (2007). Entrepreneurship education: A mechanism for engaging and exchanging with the small business sector. Education + Training, 49(8/9), 732-44.
  • Ilhan, A. G. M., & Cetin, D.B. (2013). Secondary school students' academic risk taking behaviors: A scale development study. E-International Journal of Educational Research, 4(2), 1-28.
  • Ince, A. R., Erdem, H., Deniz, M., & Baglar, N. (2015). Investigating the relationship between entrepreneurial personality traits and entrepreneurship skills through potential entrepreneur candidates. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, (41), 399-416.
  • Iscan, O. F., & Kaygin, E. (2011). An investigation to determine the entrepreneurship tendency of university students. Ataturk University Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences, 15(2), 443- 462.
  • Jones, C., & English, J. (2004). A contemporary approach to entrepreneurship education. Education + Training, 46(8/9), 416–423.
  • Karasar, N. (2006). Bilimsel arastirma yontemleri [Scientific research methods]. Ankara, Turkey: Nobel.
  • Kaygin, E., & Guven, B. (2013). Guclu Kadinlar: Turkiye’de Kadinin Girisimciligi [Powerful Women: Women's Entrepreneurship in Turkey]. Istanbul, Turkey: Cati Akademi.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Kylonen, P. C. (2012). Measurement of 21st century skills with in the common core state standards. Paper presented at the Invitational Research Symposium on Technology Enhanced Assessments, Austin, Texas, Retrieved from http://www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/session5-kyllonen-paper-tea2012.pdf
  • Lebusa, M. J. (2011). Does Entrepreneurial Education Enhance Undergraduate Students’ Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy? A Case at one University of Technology in South Africa, China-USA Business Review, 10(1), 53–64.
  • MoE (2018a). Primary education institutions (primary and secondary schools) curriculum of science course (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 grade). Ankara, Turkey.
  • MoE (2018b). Primary education institutions (primary and secondary schools) curriculum of Turkish course (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 grade). Ankara, Turkey.
  • MoE (2018c). Primary education institutions (primary and secondary schools) curriculum of maths course (3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 grade). Ankara, Turkey.
  • Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. J. (2006).Applied multivariate research: design and interpretation. London, UK: SAGE Publications.
  • Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: a nine-country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(1), 51-75.
  • Muftuoglu, T., & Durukan, T. (2004). Girisimcilik ve KOBI’le rsorunlar, firsatlar ve cozum onerileri [Entrepreneurship and SMEs problems, opportunities and solutions]. Istanbul, Turkey: Literatur.
  • Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., Schmitt-Rodermund, E., & Stuetzer, M. (2011). Nascent entrepreneurship and the developing individual: Early entrepreneurial competence in adolescence and venture creation success during the career. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1), 121–133.
  • Ozden, K., Temurlenk, M. S., & Basar, S. (2008). Girisimcilik egilimi: Kirgizistan-Turkiye Manas Universitesi ve Ataturk Universitesi ogrencileri uzerine bir arastirma [Entrepreneurship tendency: a Research on Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University and Ataturk University students]. Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies, 11/12, 1-20.
  • Pamuk, E. (2013). The relationship among secondary school students' assertiveness level and peer pressure (Unpublished master’s thesis). Yeditepe University Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
  • Politis, D. (2005). The process of entrepreneurial learning: a conceptual framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 399-424.
  • Sekeran, U. (1992). Research methods for business: a skill building approach. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Sumer, N. (2000). Structural equation models: basic concepts and sample applications. Turkish Psychological Articles, 3(6), 49–74.
  • Sencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranissal olcumlerde guvenirlik ve gecerlilik [Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measurements]. Ankara, Istanbul: Seckin.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Tavsancil, E. (2010). Tutumlarin olculmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS]. Ankara, Istanbul: Nobel.
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: understanding concepts and applications. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Vallaster, C., Kraus, S., Kailer, N., & Baldwin, B. (2019). Responsible entrepreneurship: outlining the contingencies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(3), 538-553.
  • Wagner, T. (2008).The global achievement gap: Why even our best schools don't reach the new survival skills our children need-and what can we do about it. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Yalcin, S. (2018). 21. yuzyıl becerileri ve bu becerilerin olculmesinde kullanılan araclar ve yaklasimlar [21st century skills and tools and approaches that are used to measure these skills]. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 51(1), 183-201. doi: 10.30964/auebfd.405860
  • Yalcin-Incik, E., & Uzun, N. B. (2017). Bireysel girisimcilik algi olcegi: Gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismasi [Individual entrepreneurship perception scale: Validity and reliability study]. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 14(39), 471-485.
  • Yildirim, A., & Simsek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yontemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. Ankara, Istanbul: Seckin.
  • Yilmaz, E., & Sunbul, A. M. (2009). Developing scale of university students’ entrepreneurship. Selcuk University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 21(2), 195- 203.
  • Zengin, F. (2008). Muzakere (problem cozme) ve arabuluculuk egitim programinin ilkogretim 4.-5. sinif ogrencilerinin catisma cozum stilleri ve atilganlik becerileri uzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi [Searching the effects of conflict resolution styles and assertiveness levels on 4th and 5th class students in primary school of negotiation (problem solution) and mediation education program] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gokhan Sontay

Hale Yetim Bu kişi benim

Sevilay Karamustafaoglu Bu kişi benim

Orhan Karamustafaoglu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sontay, G., Yetim, H., Karamustafaoglu, S., Karamustafaoglu, O. (2019). Developing an Entrepreneurship Scale for 5th Grade Students. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 5(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.5.2.203