Araştırma Makalesi
THE CAUSALITY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY
Öz
Oil, natural gas and coal, which are the
primary energy sources in the Middle East - whose majority, in general, are
experiencing political instability, are rapidly depleting. High dependence on
consumable resources indicates that you will face the problem of energy supply
security in the near future. The fact that Turkey, which has a high potential
of renewable energy, will focus its economy on green economy and renewable
resources will have both a risk of energy supply security and a current
deficit. In this study, the causality relationship between per capita gross
domestic product (GDP) and per capita renewable energy consumption (including
hydropower) for the period 1980-2015 was examined by means of time series
analysis. Firstly, ADF and Zivot-Andrews unit root tests were applied to the
series and they were found to contain unit root in level values. The series are
stationary in the first difference. The results of the ARDL bound test showed
that the variables were co-integrated at a level of significance of 5%. Toda-Yamamoto causality test was applied to
cointegrated series and it was found that unilateral causality relationship
from renewable energy consumption to growth These results show that increases
in renewable energy consumption will provide economic growth.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Al-mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., & Lee, J. Y. M. (2014). Electricity consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources and economic growth: Evidence from Latin American countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30(Supplement C), 290-298. Al-mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y., & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Examining the bi-directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22(Supplement C), 209-222. Alper, A., & Oguz, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60(Supplement C), 953-959. Amri, F. (2016). The relationship amongst energy consumption, foreign direct investment and output in developed and developing Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64(Supplement C), 694-702. Amri, F. (2017a). Intercourse across economic growth, trade and renewable energy consumption in developing and developed countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69(Supplement C), 527-534. Amri, F. (2017b). The relationship amongst energy consumption (renewable and non-renewable), and GDP in Algeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76(Supplement C), 62-71. Apak, S., Atay, E., (2013). Industrial Policy and Climate Change Management of Turkey as an EU candidate country, Social and Behavioral Sciences 75, 246 – 254 Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010a). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010b). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2011a). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption–growth nexus: Evidence from emerging market economies. Applied Energy, 88(12), 5226-5230. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2011b). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733-738. Aytaç, D. (2010). Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Çok Değişkenli VAR Yaklaşımı ile Tahmini. Maliye Dergisi, 158, 482-495. Bahmani-Oskooee, M. M. ve G. G. Goswami (2003). “A disaggregated approach to test the J-Curve phenomenon: Japan versus her major trading partners”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 27 (1), 102-113. Bélaïd, F., & Youssef, M. (2017). Environmental degradation, renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, and economic growth: Assessing the evidence from Algeria. Energy Policy, 102(Supplement C), 277-287. Ben Jebli, M., & Ben Youssef, S. (2015). Output, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and international trade: Evidence from a panel of 69 countries. Renewable Energy, 83(Supplement C), 799-808. Bhattacharya, M., Awaworyi Churchill, S., & Paramati, S. R. (2017). The dynamic impact of renewable energy and institutions on economic output and CO2 emissions across regions. Renewable Energy, 111(Supplement C), 157-167. Bhattacharya, M., Paramati, S. R., Ozturk, I., & Bhattacharya, S. (2016). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries. Applied Energy, 162(Supplement C), 733-741. Bildirici , M. E., Bakırtaş, T., & Kayıkçı, F. (2012). Economic Growth And Electricity Consumption: An ARDL Analysis. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 23(4), 29-45 Brini, R., Amara, M., & Jemmali, H. (2017). Renewable energy consumption, International trade, oil price and economic growth inter-linkages: The case of Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76(Supplement C), 620-627. BP, (2017). Statistical Review of World Energy, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/excel/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-underpinning-data.xlsx Brown, R. L., J. Durbin ve J. M. Evans; (1975). "Techniques for Testing the Constansy of Regression Relations over Time", Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 37, ss.149-163. Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D., & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52(Supplement C), 1405-1412. Çapik, M.,, Yılmaz A. O., Çavuşoğlu, İ, (2012). Present situation and potential role of renewable energy in Turkey, Renewable Energy 46, 1-13 Çukurçayır, M., & Sağır, H. (2008). Enerji Sorunu, Çevre ve Alternatif Enerji Kaynakları, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20, 257-278. Destek, M. A. (2016). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in newly industrialized countries: Evidence from asymmetric causality test. Renewable Energy, 95(Supplement C), 478-484. Destek, M. A., & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111(Supplement C), 757-763. Dickey, David A. and Wayne A. Fuller (1979). “Distribution Of The Estimators For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root”, Journal of American Statistical Association, No. 74, 427-431. Dogan, E. (2015). The relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources: A study of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52(Supplement C), 534-546. Dogan, E. (2016). Analyzing the linkage between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth by considering structural break in time-series data. Renewable Energy, 99(Supplement C), 1126-1136. Fang, Y. (2011). Economic welfare impacts from renewable energy consumption: The China experience. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 5120-5128. Glynn, John; Nelson Perera ve Reetu Verma (2007), “Unit Root Tests and Structural Breaks: A Survey with Applications”, Journal of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration, Vol: 3, No: 1; 63-79 Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2012). Temel Ekonometri (Ü. Şenesen & G. G. Şenesen, Trans. 5 ed.). İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık. Ito, K. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries. International Economics, 151(Supplement C), 1-6. Kahia, M., Ben Aïssa, M. S., & Charfeddine, L. (2016). Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: New evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs). Energy, 116(Part 1), 102-115. Koçak, E., & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100(Supplement C), 51-57. Lıbanio, G.A. (2005). Unit Roots in Macroeconomic Time Series: Theory, Implications, and Evidence. Nova Economia, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.145-176. Lin, B., & Moubarak, M. (2014). Renewable energy consumption – Economic growth nexus for China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40(Supplement C), 111-117. Narayan, P. K. ve S. Narayan (2005), “Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework”, Economic Modelling, 22 (3), 423-438. Naseri, S. F., Motamedi, S., & Ahmadian, M. (2016). Study of Mediated Consumption Effect of Renewable Energy on Economic Growth of OECD Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 36(Supplement C), 502-509. Ocal, O., & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28(Supplement C), 494-499. Ozturk, I. (2010). A literature survey on energy–growth nexus. Energy Policy, 38(1), 340-349. Pao, H.-T., & Fu, H.-C. (2013). Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25(Supplement C), 381-392. Paramati, S. R., Mo, D., & Gupta, R. (2017). The effects of stock market growth and renewable energy use on CO2 emissions: Evidence from G20 countries. Energy Economics, 66(Supplement C), 360-371. Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis, Econometrica, vol. 57, no. 6, pp.1361-1401. Pesaran, M. H. ve B. Pesaran (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive Econometric Analysis, http://www.oup.com/Oxford University Press. Pesaran, M. H., Y. Shin ve R. J. Smith (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289-326. Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289-326. Rafindadi, A. A., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Impacts of renewable energy consumption on the German economic growth: Evidence from combined cointegration test. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75(Supplement C), 1130-1141. Saidi, K., & Ben Mbarek, M. (2016). Nuclear energy, renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth for nine developed countries: Evidence from panel Granger causality tests. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 88(Supplement C), 364-374. Salim, R. A., Hassan, K., & Shafiei, S. (2014). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic activities: Further evidence from OECD countries. Energy Economics, 44(Supplement C), 350-360. Sebri, M., & Ben-Salha, O. (2014). On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Fresh evidence from BRICS countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39(Supplement C), 14-23. Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Zeshan, M., & Zaman, K. (2015). Does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth? An application of auto-regressive distributed lag model in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44(Supplement C), 576-585. Simsek, H. A., Simsek, N., (2013). Recent incentives for renewable energy in Turkey, Energy Policy, 63, 521–530 Şimşek, N., (2011). Türkiye'nin Çevresel Enerji Etkinliği ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz, EGE Akademik Bakış, 11(3), 379-386 TEİAŞ, Türkiye Elektrik Üretim-İletim 2016 Yılı İstatistikleri, (2017). https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr/i-kurulu-guc The World Bank, World Development Indicators (2017). Turkey http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/country/TUR?downloadformat=excel Toda, Hiro Y. ve Taku Yamamoto (1995). “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol: 66, No: 1-2; 225-250. Tugcu, C. T., Ozturk, I., & Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 countries. Energy Economics, 34(6), 1942-1950. Üstün, A. K., Apaydın, M., Başaran Filik, Ü., & Kurban, M. (2009). Kyoto Protokolü Kapsamında Türkiye’nin Yenilenebilir Enerji Politikalarına Genel Bir Bakış. Paper presented at the 5.Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Sempozyumu, Diyarbakır. Voigt, S., De Cian E., Schymura, M., Verdolini, E., (2014). Energy intensity developments in 40 major economies: Structural change or technology improvement?, Energy Economics 41, 47–62 Yildirim, E., Saraç, Ş., & Aslan, A. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth in the USA: Evidence from renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(9), 6770-6774. Zivot, E., Andrews, D. (1992). Further Evidence On The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp.251-270.
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 27, 11.04.2018
Öz
Dünya üzerinde çoğunluğu -genelde siyasi istikrarsızlıkların yaşandığı-
Ortadoğu’da bulunan birincil enerji kaynakları olan petrol, doğalgaz ve kömür
hızla tükenmektedir. Tükenebilir kaynaklara olan yüksek bağımlılık yakın
gelecekte enerji arz güvenliği sorunu ile karşı karşıya kalınacağını göstermektedir. Yenilenebilir enerji potansiyeli yüksek olan Türkiye’nin
ekonomisinin yeşil ekonomiye evrilip yenilenebilir kaynaklara ağırlık vermesi
hem enerji arz güvenliği riskini hem de cari açığı azaltıcı etki yapacaktır. Bu
çalışmada 1980-2015 dönemine ait kişi başına gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla ile kişi
başına yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi (hidroelektrik dahil) arasındaki
nedensellik ilişkisi zaman serisi analiziyle incelenmiştir. Serilere öncelikle
ADF ve Zivot-Andrews birim kök testleri uygulanmış ve düzey değerlerinde birim
kök içerdikleri görülmüştür. 1. farkları alındığında durağan olan serilerin
ARDL sınır testi sonuçları, serilerin %5 anlamlılık düzeyinde eşbütünleşik
olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Eşbütünleşik serilere Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik
testi uygulanarak yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminden büyümeye doğru tek yönlü
nedensellik olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu sonuç yenilenebilir enerji tüketimindeki
artışların ekonomik büyüme sağlayacağını ortaya koymaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Al-mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., & Lee, J. Y. M. (2014). Electricity consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources and economic growth: Evidence from Latin American countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 30(Supplement C), 290-298. Al-mulali, U., Fereidouni, H. G., Lee, J. Y., & Sab, C. N. B. C. (2013). Examining the bi-directional long run relationship between renewable energy consumption and GDP growth. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22(Supplement C), 209-222. Alper, A., & Oguz, O. (2016). The role of renewable energy consumption in economic growth: Evidence from asymmetric causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60(Supplement C), 953-959. Amri, F. (2016). The relationship amongst energy consumption, foreign direct investment and output in developed and developing Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64(Supplement C), 694-702. Amri, F. (2017a). Intercourse across economic growth, trade and renewable energy consumption in developing and developed countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69(Supplement C), 527-534. Amri, F. (2017b). The relationship amongst energy consumption (renewable and non-renewable), and GDP in Algeria. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76(Supplement C), 62-71. Apak, S., Atay, E., (2013). Industrial Policy and Climate Change Management of Turkey as an EU candidate country, Social and Behavioral Sciences 75, 246 – 254 Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010a). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 656-660. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010b). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2011a). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption–growth nexus: Evidence from emerging market economies. Applied Energy, 88(12), 5226-5230. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2011b). The renewable energy consumption–growth nexus in Central America. Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733-738. Aytaç, D. (2010). Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Çok Değişkenli VAR Yaklaşımı ile Tahmini. Maliye Dergisi, 158, 482-495. Bahmani-Oskooee, M. M. ve G. G. Goswami (2003). “A disaggregated approach to test the J-Curve phenomenon: Japan versus her major trading partners”, Journal of Economics and Finance, 27 (1), 102-113. Bélaïd, F., & Youssef, M. (2017). Environmental degradation, renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, and economic growth: Assessing the evidence from Algeria. Energy Policy, 102(Supplement C), 277-287. Ben Jebli, M., & Ben Youssef, S. (2015). Output, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and international trade: Evidence from a panel of 69 countries. Renewable Energy, 83(Supplement C), 799-808. Bhattacharya, M., Awaworyi Churchill, S., & Paramati, S. R. (2017). The dynamic impact of renewable energy and institutions on economic output and CO2 emissions across regions. Renewable Energy, 111(Supplement C), 157-167. Bhattacharya, M., Paramati, S. R., Ozturk, I., & Bhattacharya, S. (2016). The effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries. Applied Energy, 162(Supplement C), 733-741. Bildirici , M. E., Bakırtaş, T., & Kayıkçı, F. (2012). Economic Growth And Electricity Consumption: An ARDL Analysis. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 23(4), 29-45 Brini, R., Amara, M., & Jemmali, H. (2017). Renewable energy consumption, International trade, oil price and economic growth inter-linkages: The case of Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76(Supplement C), 620-627. BP, (2017). Statistical Review of World Energy, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/excel/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-underpinning-data.xlsx Brown, R. L., J. Durbin ve J. M. Evans; (1975). "Techniques for Testing the Constansy of Regression Relations over Time", Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 37, ss.149-163. Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D., & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from heterogeneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52(Supplement C), 1405-1412. Çapik, M.,, Yılmaz A. O., Çavuşoğlu, İ, (2012). Present situation and potential role of renewable energy in Turkey, Renewable Energy 46, 1-13 Çukurçayır, M., & Sağır, H. (2008). Enerji Sorunu, Çevre ve Alternatif Enerji Kaynakları, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20, 257-278. Destek, M. A. (2016). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth in newly industrialized countries: Evidence from asymmetric causality test. Renewable Energy, 95(Supplement C), 478-484. Destek, M. A., & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111(Supplement C), 757-763. Dickey, David A. and Wayne A. Fuller (1979). “Distribution Of The Estimators For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root”, Journal of American Statistical Association, No. 74, 427-431. Dogan, E. (2015). The relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption from renewable and non-renewable sources: A study of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52(Supplement C), 534-546. Dogan, E. (2016). Analyzing the linkage between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth by considering structural break in time-series data. Renewable Energy, 99(Supplement C), 1126-1136. Fang, Y. (2011). Economic welfare impacts from renewable energy consumption: The China experience. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 5120-5128. Glynn, John; Nelson Perera ve Reetu Verma (2007), “Unit Root Tests and Structural Breaks: A Survey with Applications”, Journal of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business Administration, Vol: 3, No: 1; 63-79 Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2012). Temel Ekonometri (Ü. Şenesen & G. G. Şenesen, Trans. 5 ed.). İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık. Ito, K. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries. International Economics, 151(Supplement C), 1-6. Kahia, M., Ben Aïssa, M. S., & Charfeddine, L. (2016). Impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: New evidence from the MENA Net Oil Exporting Countries (NOECs). Energy, 116(Part 1), 102-115. Koçak, E., & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100(Supplement C), 51-57. Lıbanio, G.A. (2005). Unit Roots in Macroeconomic Time Series: Theory, Implications, and Evidence. Nova Economia, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.145-176. Lin, B., & Moubarak, M. (2014). Renewable energy consumption – Economic growth nexus for China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 40(Supplement C), 111-117. Narayan, P. K. ve S. Narayan (2005), “Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework”, Economic Modelling, 22 (3), 423-438. Naseri, S. F., Motamedi, S., & Ahmadian, M. (2016). Study of Mediated Consumption Effect of Renewable Energy on Economic Growth of OECD Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 36(Supplement C), 502-509. Ocal, O., & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption–economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28(Supplement C), 494-499. Ozturk, I. (2010). A literature survey on energy–growth nexus. Energy Policy, 38(1), 340-349. Pao, H.-T., & Fu, H.-C. (2013). Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25(Supplement C), 381-392. Paramati, S. R., Mo, D., & Gupta, R. (2017). The effects of stock market growth and renewable energy use on CO2 emissions: Evidence from G20 countries. Energy Economics, 66(Supplement C), 360-371. Perron, P. (1989). The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis, Econometrica, vol. 57, no. 6, pp.1361-1401. Pesaran, M. H. ve B. Pesaran (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: Interactive Econometric Analysis, http://www.oup.com/Oxford University Press. Pesaran, M. H., Y. Shin ve R. J. Smith (2001), “Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289-326. Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16 (3), 289-326. Rafindadi, A. A., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Impacts of renewable energy consumption on the German economic growth: Evidence from combined cointegration test. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75(Supplement C), 1130-1141. Saidi, K., & Ben Mbarek, M. (2016). Nuclear energy, renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth for nine developed countries: Evidence from panel Granger causality tests. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 88(Supplement C), 364-374. Salim, R. A., Hassan, K., & Shafiei, S. (2014). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic activities: Further evidence from OECD countries. Energy Economics, 44(Supplement C), 350-360. Sebri, M., & Ben-Salha, O. (2014). On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Fresh evidence from BRICS countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39(Supplement C), 14-23. Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N., Zeshan, M., & Zaman, K. (2015). Does renewable energy consumption add in economic growth? An application of auto-regressive distributed lag model in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 44(Supplement C), 576-585. Simsek, H. A., Simsek, N., (2013). Recent incentives for renewable energy in Turkey, Energy Policy, 63, 521–530 Şimşek, N., (2011). Türkiye'nin Çevresel Enerji Etkinliği ve Toplam Faktör Verimliliği: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz, EGE Akademik Bakış, 11(3), 379-386 TEİAŞ, Türkiye Elektrik Üretim-İletim 2016 Yılı İstatistikleri, (2017). https://www.teias.gov.tr/tr/i-kurulu-guc The World Bank, World Development Indicators (2017). Turkey http://api.worldbank.org/v2/en/country/TUR?downloadformat=excel Toda, Hiro Y. ve Taku Yamamoto (1995). “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes”, Journal of Econometrics, Vol: 66, No: 1-2; 225-250. Tugcu, C. T., Ozturk, I., & Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 countries. Energy Economics, 34(6), 1942-1950. Üstün, A. K., Apaydın, M., Başaran Filik, Ü., & Kurban, M. (2009). Kyoto Protokolü Kapsamında Türkiye’nin Yenilenebilir Enerji Politikalarına Genel Bir Bakış. Paper presented at the 5.Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Sempozyumu, Diyarbakır. Voigt, S., De Cian E., Schymura, M., Verdolini, E., (2014). Energy intensity developments in 40 major economies: Structural change or technology improvement?, Energy Economics 41, 47–62 Yildirim, E., Saraç, Ş., & Aslan, A. (2012). Energy consumption and economic growth in the USA: Evidence from renewable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(9), 6770-6774. Zivot, E., Andrews, D. (1992). Further Evidence On The Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock, and The Unit Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, vol. 10, no. 3, pp.251-270.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | MAKALELER |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 11 Nisan 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Ekim 2017 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 21 Mart 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 |