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Re-publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 41 - 58, 27.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2019-0011

Öz

July 4, 1776 marks the national beginnings of the United States and is celebrated as the date of its independence from the imperial dominion of the United Kingdom. This turning point in the history of the nation is accepted as the genesis of the American freedom that champions the unassailable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Amidst the general enthusiasm for freedom, however, the existence of slavery stood out as the ultimate paradox which the new nation had to contend with. Contrary to the accepted historiographical explanations for the incongruous presence of slavery in this land of freedom, the article claims that the principles that defined the US citizenry also drew a racial boundary between white and black communities where whiteness, inflected by nationhood, was held to be coterminous with being American, while other (colored) identities were hyphenated incessantly. The first part of the article addresses the teleological and apologetic explanations for the slavery problem and argues against them by giving a detailed analysis of the inconsistent attitudes of the abolitionist politicians and communities towards African-American populations. The second part of the article studies the black responses to American freedom and Frederick Douglass’s famous speech that excoriates the hypocrisies coiled in the founding principles of the nation.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York: Verso Books.
  • Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Colaiaco, A. J. (2006). Frederick Douglass and the fourth of July. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Derrida, J. (1984). Otobiographies. Paris: Galilee.
  • Douglass, F. (2015). What to the slave is the fourth of July? South Carolina: Another Leaf Press.
  • Genovese, E. (1988). The world the slaveholders made: Two essays in interpretation. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Jameson, J. F. (1973). The American revolution considered as a social movement. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Jefferson, T. (1905). The works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1. New York: The Knickerbocker Press.
  • Jordan, W. (1968). White over black: American attitudes toward the negro, 1550-1812. Chapel Hill, Va. : University of North Carolina Press.
  • Kaminski, P. J. (1995). A necessary evil? slavery and the debate over the constitution. Wisconsin: Madison House Publishers.
  • Marx, K. & Engels, F. (1964). The north American civil war. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Nash, B. G. (2006). The forgotten fifth: African Americans in the age of revolution. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Osborne, P. (2003). It is time for us to be up and doing. In M. Pohlmann (Ed.), African American political thought: Integration vs. separatism, the colonial period to 1945 (pp. 7-11). London: Routledge.
  • Patterson, O. (1999). Rituals of blood: Consequences of slavery in two American centuries. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
  • Tannenbaum, F. (1963). Slave and citizen: The negro in the Americas. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Warner, M. (2002). Publics and counterpublics. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 88:4, 413-425.
  • Wood, S. G. (1993). The radicalism of the American revolution. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Wood, S. G. (2011). The idea of America: Reflections on the birth of the United States. New York: The Penguin Press.
  • Zizek, S. (2008). In defense of lost causes. New York, US: Verso Press.

Ulusun Yeniden İlanı: Kölelik ve Amerikan Devrimi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 41 - 58, 27.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2019-0011

Öz

4 Temmuz, 1776 tarihi Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Birleşik Krallık sömürgesinden kurtulduğu ve ulusun temellerinin atıldığı gün olarak kutlanmaktadır. Ulusun tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktası teşkil eden bu tarih, Amerikan özgürlüğünün değişmez ve tartışılmaz unsurları olan yaşam, özgürlük ve mutluluğa erişim haklarının başlangıç noktası olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ancak, genel özgürlük coşkusu içinde, kölelik gibi bir sorunun varlığı, yeni ulusun yüzleşmek zorunda olduğu nihai çelişki olarak göze çarpıyordu. Özgürlük ülkesinde varlığı eğreti duran kölelik müessesinin varlık nedenlerini açıklayan genel ve kabul edilen tarihsel açıklamaların aksine, mevcut çalışma Amerikan vatandaşlığını tanımlayan ilkelerin beyaz ve siyah topluluklar arasında ırksal bir sınır çizdiği ve Amerikan vatandaşlığını, Amerikalı olmayı, beyazlık ile özdeş tuttuğu noktasını savunmaktadır. Makalenin birinci kısmı, kölelik sorununa açıklamalar getiren teleolojik yaklaşımlara karşılık olarak, kölelik karşıtı politikacıların ve toplulukların siyah topluluklara karşı sergiledikleri tutarsız tavırları incelemektedir. İkinci kısımda ise, Amerikan özgürlüğüne siyahların verdikleri tepkiler ve Frederick Douglass’ın ülkenin kuruluş ilkelerindeki mürai fikir ve uygulamaları eleştirdiği konuşması irdelenmektedir. Irk, etnik köken odaklı ulusalcı yapılar ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin sosyopolitik ve sosyokültürel temellerini oluşturan kölelik ve Ulusal Bağımsızlık Günü gibi tarihsel dönüm noktalarının vatandaşlık kavramı ile kurduğu karmaşık ilişkilerin ele alınması çalışmanın amaçları arasındadır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, ulusal aidiyet ve kimlik yapılarının toplumsal tezahürleri doğrultusunda ırk ve ırkçılık konuları üzerine bir tartışma sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York: Verso Books.
  • Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Colaiaco, A. J. (2006). Frederick Douglass and the fourth of July. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Derrida, J. (1984). Otobiographies. Paris: Galilee.
  • Douglass, F. (2015). What to the slave is the fourth of July? South Carolina: Another Leaf Press.
  • Genovese, E. (1988). The world the slaveholders made: Two essays in interpretation. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
  • Jameson, J. F. (1973). The American revolution considered as a social movement. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Jefferson, T. (1905). The works of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 1. New York: The Knickerbocker Press.
  • Jordan, W. (1968). White over black: American attitudes toward the negro, 1550-1812. Chapel Hill, Va. : University of North Carolina Press.
  • Kaminski, P. J. (1995). A necessary evil? slavery and the debate over the constitution. Wisconsin: Madison House Publishers.
  • Marx, K. & Engels, F. (1964). The north American civil war. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Nash, B. G. (2006). The forgotten fifth: African Americans in the age of revolution. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Osborne, P. (2003). It is time for us to be up and doing. In M. Pohlmann (Ed.), African American political thought: Integration vs. separatism, the colonial period to 1945 (pp. 7-11). London: Routledge.
  • Patterson, O. (1999). Rituals of blood: Consequences of slavery in two American centuries. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
  • Tannenbaum, F. (1963). Slave and citizen: The negro in the Americas. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Warner, M. (2002). Publics and counterpublics. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 88:4, 413-425.
  • Wood, S. G. (1993). The radicalism of the American revolution. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Wood, S. G. (2011). The idea of America: Reflections on the birth of the United States. New York: The Penguin Press.
  • Zizek, S. (2008). In defense of lost causes. New York, US: Verso Press.
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Aşkın Çelikkol Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Şubat 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelikkol, A. (2019). Re-publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 29(1), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2019-0011
AMA Çelikkol A. Re-publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution. Litera. Haziran 2019;29(1):41-58. doi:10.26650/LITERA2019-0011
Chicago Çelikkol, Aşkın. “Re-Publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 29, sy. 1 (Haziran 2019): 41-58. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2019-0011.
EndNote Çelikkol A (01 Haziran 2019) Re-publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 29 1 41–58.
IEEE A. Çelikkol, “Re-publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution”, Litera, c. 29, sy. 1, ss. 41–58, 2019, doi: 10.26650/LITERA2019-0011.
ISNAD Çelikkol, Aşkın. “Re-Publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies 29/1 (Haziran 2019), 41-58. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2019-0011.
JAMA Çelikkol A. Re-publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution. Litera. 2019;29:41–58.
MLA Çelikkol, Aşkın. “Re-Publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution”. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, c. 29, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 41-58, doi:10.26650/LITERA2019-0011.
Vancouver Çelikkol A. Re-publicizing the Nation: Slavery and the American Revolution. Litera. 2019;29(1):41-58.