Araştırma Makalesi
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“Mesafeler yakınlaştıkça kalplerimiz uzaklaşıyor”: Göçmenlerin Ulusaşırı Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Kullanımının Sosyo-Külterel Entegrasyonları Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 75, 15 - 42, 28.12.2018

Öz

Bu çalışma, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin göçmenlerin yerleştikleri ülkelere olan sosyo-kültürel entegrasyon süreci üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktadır. İngiltere’de yaşayan Türk göçmenler özelinde yoğunlaşan çalışma, göçmenlerin artarak devam eden ulus-aşırı iletişim ve irtibatlarının göç ettikleri ülkelerde yaşadıkları yerel hayata sosyo-kültürel entegrasyonu üzerinde nasıl bir etki oluşturacağı sorusunu cevaplamayı amaçlar. Niteliksel bir çalışma sonucunda katılımcıların bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerini yeni sosyal bağlar kurmanın bir aracı olarak gördükleri bulunmuştur. Ancak, ilginç bir şekilde, katılımcılar arasında bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin memleketlerindeki eski sosyal ilişkilerini önemsizleştirdiği ve bu yüzden Türkiye’deki sosyal çevreleri ile dijital münasebetin giderek azaldığı vurgusu yaygındır. Ayrıca katılımcıların stratejik bir biçimde Türk kültürel kodları ve ürünlerini tükettiği ve bunlar aracılığıyla daha bireyselleşmiş bir kimlik oluşturmak üzere referans kaynakları olarak kullandıkları görülmüştür. Katılımcılar açık bir şekilde bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerini kendi gündelik hayatlarını kolaylaştırmak için kullandıklarını belirtmiş ve birçoğunun bu ihtiyaç doğrultusunda son teknoloji araçlara sahip olma konusunda istekli oldukları gözlemlenmiştir. Temelde, bu çalışma sosyalleşme, kimlik, kültürel kodlar ve gündelik yaşamın oluşturulması gibi konularda artan derece bir ‘bireyselleşme’ ve ‘tekilleşme’ bulmuştur. Bu sonuçlar göz önüne alındığında, bu tür ‘çoklu yaşam örgülerini’ karşılamada yetersiz kaldığı için, ‘entegrasyon’ konseptinin yeniden ele alınması ve açıklığa kavuşturulması gerektiği öne sürülmüştür. Dahası, göçmenlerin Bilgi ve İletişim Teknoloji kullanımını bireysellik, geçicilik ve melezlik içerdiği için odak noktası farklı bağlamlar ve toplumsal durumlar olan yeni araştırmaların olması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. 

Kaynakça

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  • Andersson, M. (2013). Multi-contextual lives: Transnational identifications under mediatised conditions. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(4), 387–404. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1367549413484307
  • Bacigalupe, G., & Cámara, M. (2012). Transnational Families and Social Technologies: Reassessing Immigration Psychology. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1425–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698211
  • Baldassar, L. (2007). Transnational Families and Aged Care: The Mobility of Care and the Migrancy of Aging. Journal of Ethnic Migration Studies2, 33(2), 275–297.
  • Baldassar, L. (2008). Missing Kin and Longing to Be Together: Emotions and Constructions of Co-Presence in Transnational Relationships. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29(3), 247–266.
  • Bauman, Z. (2016). Interview: Zygmunt Bauman: “Social media are a trap.” Retrieved July 24, 2018, from https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/01/19/inenglish/1453208692_424660.html
  • Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002) Reinventing the Family: In Search of New Lifestyles, Polity Press: Cambridge
  • Benítez, J. L. (2012). Salvadoran Transnational Families: ICT and Communication Practices in the Network Society. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1439–1449. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698214
  • Beuving, J., & Vries, G. (2015). Doing Qualitative Research: The Craft of Naturalistic Inquiry. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Bonini, T. (2011). The media as “home-making” tools: life story of a Filipino migrant in Milan. Media, Culture & Society, 33(6), 869–883. https://doi. org/10.1177/0163443711411006
  • Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2012). Digital diasporas’ challenge to traditional power: The case of TibetBoard. Review of International Studies, 38, 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0260210510001737
  • Brouwer, L. (2006). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Dutch Moroccan Websites: A Transnational Imagery? Dutch Moroccan Websites: A Transnational Imagery? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(7), 1153–1168. https://doi. org/10.1080/13691830600821869
  • Burgess, R. G. (1984). In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Unwin Hyman Press.
  • Cairncross, F. (2001) The Death of Distance: How Communications Revolution is Changing Our Lives. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
  • Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society: The Information AGe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Castles, S. (1993). The Age of Migration. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Castles, S., Korac, S., Vasta, M., & Vertovec, S. (2001). Integration Mapping the Field. Migration and Policy and Research and Refugee Studies Centre University of Oxford.
  • Clarke, J., & Kessl, F. (2008). De-Territorialization and Re-Territorialization of “the Social” A debate. Social Work & Society, 6(1), 1.
  • Coget, J.-F., Yamauchi, Y., & Suman, M. (2002). The Internet, social networks and loneliness. IT and Society, 1(1), 180–201.
  • Conversi, D. (2012). Irresponsible Radicalisation: Diasporas, Globalisation and LongDistance Nationalism in the Digital Age. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1357–1379. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698204
  • D’Haenens, L., & Peeters, A. L. (2005). Bridging or bonding? Relationships between integration and media use among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands. Communications, 30(2), 201–231. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2005.30.2.201
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1983). Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Diminescu, D. (2008). The connected migrant: an epistemological manifesto. Social Science Information, 47(4), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018408096447
  • Elias, N., & Lemish, D. (2008). Media Uses in Immigrant Families: Torn between “Inward” and “Outward” Paths of Integration. International Communication Gazette, 70(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048507084576
  • Erdal, M. B., & Oeppen, C. (2013). Migrant Balancing Acts: Understanding the Interactions Between Integration and Transnationalism. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 867–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.765647
  • Erikson, T. (2007). Nationalism and the Internet. Nations and Nationalism, 13(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00273.x
  • Favell, A. (2010). Integration and Nations: The Nation State and Research on Immigrants in Western Europe. In M. Martinello & J. Rath (Eds.), Selected Studies in International Migration (pp. 371–404). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Fokkema, T., & de Haas, H. (2015). Pre- and Post-Migration Determinants of SocioCultural Integration of African Immigrants in Italy and Spain. International Migration, 53(6), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00687.x
  • Fyvie, C., Ager, A., Curley, G., & Korac, M. (2003). Integration: mapping the field volume II - distilling policy lessons from the “m apping the field “ exercise, II.
  • Gans, H. J. (1979). Symbolic Ethnicity: The Future of Ethnic Groups and Culture in America. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2(1), 1–20.
  • Georgiou, M. (2006). Diaspora Identity and the Media. USA: Hampton Press. Georgiou, M. (2010). Identity, Space and the Media: Thinking through Diaspora. Revue Européenne Des Migrations Internationales, 26(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.5028
  • Georgiou, M. (2012). Seeking Ontological Security beyond the Nation: The Role of Transnational Television. Television & New Media, 14(4), 304–321. https://doi. org/10.1177/1527476412463448
  • Georgiou, M., & Ponte, C. (2013). Introducing media, technology and the migrant family: Media uses, appropriations and articulations in a culturally diverse Europe. Observatorio, 2013(SPL.ISSUE), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130255
  • Glazer, N., & Moynihan, D. P. (1970). Beyond the melting pot. M.I.T. Press.
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  • Hiller, H. H., & Franz, T. M. (2004). New ties, old ties and lost ties: the use of the internet in diaspora. New Media & Society, 6(6), 731–752. https://doi. org/10.1177/146144804044327
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“As the distances are getting closer, our hearts are moving farther”: the Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 75, 15 - 42, 28.12.2018

Öz

This paper examines the role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) on the process of sociocultural integration of immigrants into the receiving countries. By focussing particularly on the context of Turkish immigrants in the UK, it aims to answer the questions of how the increasing level of communication and contact has influence the socio-cultural integration into the local life in the UK. Through a qualitative conduct, this research found that the participants regard ICTs as the tools for creating social bridges with the members of different groups. However, interestingly enough, a salient emphasis among the participants argues that the online contact with the social ties in the homeland trivialises the significance of pre-migration social ties, which eventually leads to the lesser degree of online contact with the people in Turkey. Additionally, it is found that the participants are strategically consuming and re-producing the cultural codes of Turkey, and articulating their senses of belongings by referring to individualised reference points.  It is clear out of the data that participants utilise ICTs for making everyday life easier and the majority are eager to use the up-to-date technology of ICTs in order to maximise the benefits in their lives.  Overall, this research found an increasing level of individualism and particularism in terms of sociality, identity, cultural codes and re-formation of everyday life. Considering these findings, this research discusses that the concept of integration should be revisited and elucidated since it remains inadequate in understanding these multiple life trajectories. Furthermore, since the socio-cultural implications of immigrants’ ICTs use are characterised by the individuality, temporality and hybridity, further research of which focal points different contexts and social settings is encouraged. 

Kaynakça

  • Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2004). Indicators of Integration final report. Home Office Development and Practice Report Immigration and Asylum Social Cohesion and Civil Renewal (Vol. 28). London.
  • Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & McKenna, K. Y. A. (2006). The Contact Hypothesis Reconsidered: Interacting via the Internet. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(3), 825–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00037.x
  • Andersson, M. (2013). Multi-contextual lives: Transnational identifications under mediatised conditions. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(4), 387–404. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1367549413484307
  • Bacigalupe, G., & Cámara, M. (2012). Transnational Families and Social Technologies: Reassessing Immigration Psychology. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1425–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698211
  • Baldassar, L. (2007). Transnational Families and Aged Care: The Mobility of Care and the Migrancy of Aging. Journal of Ethnic Migration Studies2, 33(2), 275–297.
  • Baldassar, L. (2008). Missing Kin and Longing to Be Together: Emotions and Constructions of Co-Presence in Transnational Relationships. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29(3), 247–266.
  • Bauman, Z. (2016). Interview: Zygmunt Bauman: “Social media are a trap.” Retrieved July 24, 2018, from https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/01/19/inenglish/1453208692_424660.html
  • Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002) Reinventing the Family: In Search of New Lifestyles, Polity Press: Cambridge
  • Benítez, J. L. (2012). Salvadoran Transnational Families: ICT and Communication Practices in the Network Society. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1439–1449. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698214
  • Beuving, J., & Vries, G. (2015). Doing Qualitative Research: The Craft of Naturalistic Inquiry. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Bonini, T. (2011). The media as “home-making” tools: life story of a Filipino migrant in Milan. Media, Culture & Society, 33(6), 869–883. https://doi. org/10.1177/0163443711411006
  • Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2012). Digital diasporas’ challenge to traditional power: The case of TibetBoard. Review of International Studies, 38, 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0260210510001737
  • Brouwer, L. (2006). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies Dutch Moroccan Websites: A Transnational Imagery? Dutch Moroccan Websites: A Transnational Imagery? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(7), 1153–1168. https://doi. org/10.1080/13691830600821869
  • Burgess, R. G. (1984). In the Field: An Introduction to Field Research. London: Unwin Hyman Press.
  • Cairncross, F. (2001) The Death of Distance: How Communications Revolution is Changing Our Lives. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
  • Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society: The Information AGe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Castles, S. (1993). The Age of Migration. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Castles, S., Korac, S., Vasta, M., & Vertovec, S. (2001). Integration Mapping the Field. Migration and Policy and Research and Refugee Studies Centre University of Oxford.
  • Clarke, J., & Kessl, F. (2008). De-Territorialization and Re-Territorialization of “the Social” A debate. Social Work & Society, 6(1), 1.
  • Coget, J.-F., Yamauchi, Y., & Suman, M. (2002). The Internet, social networks and loneliness. IT and Society, 1(1), 180–201.
  • Conversi, D. (2012). Irresponsible Radicalisation: Diasporas, Globalisation and LongDistance Nationalism in the Digital Age. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1357–1379. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698204
  • D’Haenens, L., & Peeters, A. L. (2005). Bridging or bonding? Relationships between integration and media use among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands. Communications, 30(2), 201–231. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2005.30.2.201
  • Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1983). Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Diminescu, D. (2008). The connected migrant: an epistemological manifesto. Social Science Information, 47(4), 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018408096447
  • Elias, N., & Lemish, D. (2008). Media Uses in Immigrant Families: Torn between “Inward” and “Outward” Paths of Integration. International Communication Gazette, 70(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048507084576
  • Erdal, M. B., & Oeppen, C. (2013). Migrant Balancing Acts: Understanding the Interactions Between Integration and Transnationalism. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(6), 867–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.765647
  • Erikson, T. (2007). Nationalism and the Internet. Nations and Nationalism, 13(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00273.x
  • Favell, A. (2010). Integration and Nations: The Nation State and Research on Immigrants in Western Europe. In M. Martinello & J. Rath (Eds.), Selected Studies in International Migration (pp. 371–404). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  • Fokkema, T., & de Haas, H. (2015). Pre- and Post-Migration Determinants of SocioCultural Integration of African Immigrants in Italy and Spain. International Migration, 53(6), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00687.x
  • Fyvie, C., Ager, A., Curley, G., & Korac, M. (2003). Integration: mapping the field volume II - distilling policy lessons from the “m apping the field “ exercise, II.
  • Gans, H. J. (1979). Symbolic Ethnicity: The Future of Ethnic Groups and Culture in America. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 2(1), 1–20.
  • Georgiou, M. (2006). Diaspora Identity and the Media. USA: Hampton Press. Georgiou, M. (2010). Identity, Space and the Media: Thinking through Diaspora. Revue Européenne Des Migrations Internationales, 26(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.5028
  • Georgiou, M. (2012). Seeking Ontological Security beyond the Nation: The Role of Transnational Television. Television & New Media, 14(4), 304–321. https://doi. org/10.1177/1527476412463448
  • Georgiou, M., & Ponte, C. (2013). Introducing media, technology and the migrant family: Media uses, appropriations and articulations in a culturally diverse Europe. Observatorio, 2013(SPL.ISSUE), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130255
  • Glazer, N., & Moynihan, D. P. (1970). Beyond the melting pot. M.I.T. Press.
  • Gordon, M. M. (1964). Assimilation in American Life: The role of race, religion, and national origin. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hall, S. (1991). Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities. In A. D. King (Ed.), Culture, Globalization and the World-System (pp. 41–68). Houndmills: Macmillan Press.
  • Harmancı, M. (2013). Gurbet Türkülerine Arketipsel Bir Yaklaşım [An Archetypal Approach To Homesick Songs]. Turkish Studies, International Periodical For the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8(4), 919–926.
  • Harney, N. (2013). Precarity, affect and problem solving with mobile phones by asylum seekers, refugees and migrants in Naples, Italy. Journal of Refugee Studies, 26(4), 541–557. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fet017
  • Hiller, H. H., & Franz, T. M. (2004). New ties, old ties and lost ties: the use of the internet in diaspora. New Media & Society, 6(6), 731–752. https://doi. org/10.1177/146144804044327
  • Jacobs, D., & Tillie, J. (2004). Introduction: Social Capital and Political Integration of Migrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(3), 419–427. https://doi.org/10 .1080/13691830410001682016 Kalof, L., Dan, A., & Dietz, T. (2008). Essentials of Social Research. Berkshire: Open University Press.
  • Kissau, K. (2012). Structuring Migrants’ Political Activities on the Internet: A TwoDimensional Approach. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1381–1403. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698207
  • Komito, L., & Bates, J. (2008). Virtually local: social media and community among Polish nationals in Dublin. Aslib Proceedings Report Reference Reviews, 61(1), 232– 244. https://doi.org/10.1108/00012530910959790
  • Komito, L., & Bates, J. (2009). Virtually local: social media and community among Polish nationals in Dublin. Aslib Proceedings, 61(3), 232–244. https://doi. org/10.1108/00012530910959790
  • Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., & Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet Paradox: A Social Technology That Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well-Being ? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017–1031.
  • Kuhlman, T. om. (1991). The Economic Integration of Refugees in Developing Countries: A Research Model. Journal of Refugee Studies, 4(1), 1–20.
  • Lidskog, R. (2017). The role of music in ethnic identity formation in diaspora: A research review. International Social Science Journal, 66. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12091
  • Lloyd, W. W., & Srole, L. (1945). The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups. New Haven Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • Lobel, O. (2003). Family Geographies: Global Care Chains, Transnational Parenthood and New Legal Challenges in the Era of Labor Globalization. In J.
  • Holder & C. Harrison (Eds.), Law and Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Madianou, M. (2016). Ambient co-presence: Transnational family practices in polymedia environments. Global Networks, 16(2), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12105
  • Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2012). Migration and New Media: Transnational Families and Polymedia. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Madianou, M., & Miller, D. (2012). Polymedia: Towards a new theory of digital media in interpersonal communication. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(2), 169– 187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912452486
  • Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching. Sage (Second). London. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0143-6228(97)90005-9
  • Miles, M., & Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. London: SAGE Publications.
  • Miles, M., Huberman, M., & Johnny, S. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (4th Editio). California: SAGE Publications.
  • Morgan, D. (2008). Snowball Sampling. In L. M. Given (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS (p. 692). London: SAGE Publications.
  • Myers, M. (2000). Qualitative Research and the Generalizability Question Standing Firm with Proteus. The Qualitative Report, 4(3).
  • Nedelcu, M. (2012). Migrants’ New Transnational Habitus: Rethinking Migration Through a Cosmopolitan Lens in the Digital Age. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1339–1356. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698203
  • Oiarzabal, P. J., & Reips, U.-D. (2012). Migration and Diaspora in the Age of Information and Communication Technologies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(9), 1333–1338. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2012.698202
  • Opdenakker, R. (2006). Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in qualitative research. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung, 7(4). https://doi. org/10.1177/1468794107085298
  • Pavez-Andonageui, M. I. (2013). THE LATINAS’ INTERNET: MEANINGS AND PRACTICES IN THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF DISADVANTAGED MIGRANT WOMEN IN LONDON MARÍA. London.
  • Ponzanesi, S., & Leurs, K. (2014). On digital crossings in Europe. Journal of Migration & Culture, 5(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1386/cjmc.5.1.3_1
  • Poster, M., & Savat, D. (2009). Deleuze and New Technology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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  • Prelipceanu, R. (2008). Building transnational lives: using ICT to connect mobility and home (Working Paper Series of thee Research Network 1989/19). Berlin.
  • Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Rheingold, H., (2006) ‘Social Networks and the Nature of Communities’, in Purcell, P., (ed) Networked Neighborhoods, Springer: London.
  • Senjković, R., & Dukić, D. (2005). Virtual homeland? International Journal of Cultural Studies, 8(1), 44–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877905050162
  • Sirkeci, İ., Bilecen, T., Coştu, Y., Dedeoglu, S., Şeker, D., Tilbe, F., & Unutulmaz, O. (2016). Little Turkey in Great Britain. London: Transnational Press.
  • Slettemeas, D., (2013). The dynamics of localizing home in foreing territories. Perspectives in home-making and media-related practices among migrant households.
  • Observatorio, 2013 (Spl. Issue), 33-59. Stamatopoulou-Robbins, S. (2005). Palestine online: an emerging virtual homeland? (RSC Working Paper Series). Refugee Studies Centre (Vol. 28).
  • Threadgold, T., & Court, G. (2005). Refugee Inclusion: A Literature Review. Cardiff School of Journalism Media and Cultural Studies. Cardiff. Tienda, M., & Booth, K. (1991). Gender, Migration and Social Change. International Sociology, 6(1), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/026858091006001004
  • Tsai, J. H.-C. (2006). Use of Computer Technology to Enhance Immigrant Families’ Adaptation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38(1), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1547-5069.2006.00082.x
  • *Turkle, S. (2011) Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less From Each Other, Basic Books: New York. Wellman B., Raine L. (2012) Networked: The New Operating System, MIT Press: Cambridge.
  • Wilding, R. (2006). “Virtual” intimacies? Families communicating across transnational contexts. Global Networks, 6(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2006.00137.x
  • Yasa, İ. (2011). Dış Göçler ve Alamancı Aile [Migration and Alamancı Family]. In Sosyoloji Konferansları [Sociology Conferences].
  • Zetter, R., Griffiths, D., Sigona, N., & Hauser, M. (2002). Draft Final Report Survey on Policy and Practice Related To Refugee. Home Office.
  • Zhou, M., & Cai, G. (2002). Chinese Language Media in the United States: Immigration and Assimilation in American Life. Qualitative Sociology, 25(3), 419–441. https://doi. org/10.1023/A:1016090131463
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mücahit AYDEMİR Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4340-7332

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 75

Kaynak Göster

APA AYDEMİR, M. (2018). “As the distances are getting closer, our hearts are moving farther”: the Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants. Journal of Social Policy Conferences(75), 15-42.
AMA AYDEMİR M. “As the distances are getting closer, our hearts are moving farther”: the Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. Aralık 2018;(75):15-42.
Chicago AYDEMİR, Mücahit. “‘As the Distances Are Getting Closer, Our Hearts Are Moving farther’: The Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs Use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, sy. 75 (Aralık 2018): 15-42.
EndNote AYDEMİR M (01 Aralık 2018) “As the distances are getting closer, our hearts are moving farther”: the Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants. Journal of Social Policy Conferences 75 15–42.
IEEE M. AYDEMİR, “‘As the distances are getting closer, our hearts are moving farther’: the Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants”, Journal of Social Policy Conferences, sy. 75, ss. 15–42, Aralık 2018.
ISNAD AYDEMİR, Mücahit. “‘As the Distances Are Getting Closer, Our Hearts Are Moving farther’: The Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs Use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences 75 (Aralık 2018), 15-42.
JAMA AYDEMİR M. “As the distances are getting closer, our hearts are moving farther”: the Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2018;:15–42.
MLA AYDEMİR, Mücahit. “‘As the Distances Are Getting Closer, Our Hearts Are Moving farther’: The Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs Use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants”. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, sy. 75, 2018, ss. 15-42.
Vancouver AYDEMİR M. “As the distances are getting closer, our hearts are moving farther”: the Sociological Implications of Transnational ICTs use on the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants. Journal of Social Policy Conferences. 2018(75):15-42.