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Tarhananın Hititçe GAtarašganna Kelimesi İle Benzerliği Üzerine Bir Yaklaşım

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 110 - 121, 29.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.549966

Öz

Çabuk hazırlanabilir ve doyurucu yiyecekler tüketmek sınırlı üretim olanaklarına sahip toplulukların genel beslenme alışkanlıkları arasındadır. Un, süt / yoğurt ve çeşitli baharatların bir arada fermente edilip kurutulmasıyla elde edilen terhâne, tarhana, trachanás ya da tarhonyaisimli çorba bu tür yiyecekler arasında iyi bilinenlerdendir. Tarhana toz haline getirilip taşınabilen ve istenilen her yerde bir miktar sıcak suya katılarak pişirilebilen bir yiyecektir. Orijini Pers kültürüne dayandırılan bu yiyeceğin isimlendirilmesinde hangi kriterlerin rol oynadığı henüz netlik kazanmamıştır. Çalışmalar Pers dilindeki terhâneile Latince tractaüzerine yoğunlaşmış durumdadır. İsimlendirme dışında yemeğin ortaya çıktığı dönem konusunda da tartışmalar devam etmektedir, basit girdilerle hazırlanabilen bir yemek için kaynakların ortaya koyduğu M. S. 12. yy. oldukça geç bir dönemdir. Bu çalışma yemeğin girdilerden birisi olan süt ürünlerine göre isimlendirildiğini ve hala aynı kökten türetilen isimler taşıdığını iddia etmektedir. Bu bakış açısıyla ele alınan kelimeler arasında Hitit çivi yazılı metinlerinde süt ve süt ürünleriyle ilişkili olduğu anlaşılan GAtarašgannanın yukarıdaki isimlere köken teşkil etmiş olabileceği üzerinde durulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmet UHRİ, Anadolu Mutfak Kültürünün Kökenleri, (İstanbul, 2016).
  • Ahmet ÜNAL, Anadolu’nun En Eski Yemekleri, (İstanbul, 2007).
  • Ahmet ÜNAL, Hititçe-Türkçe/Türkçe-Hititçe Büyük Sözlük, (Ankara, 2016).
  • Alan DAVIDSON, The Oxford Companion to Food, (Oxford, 2014).
  • Ali GÜVELOĞLU, “Eski Doğu Toplumlarında Beslenme ve Damak Tadı”, Cahit Günbattı’ya Armağan, İ. ALBAYRAK et al. (eds.), (Ankara, 2015), pp. 119-134.
  • Andrew DALBY–Rachel DALBY, Gifts of the Gods: A History of Food in Greece, (London, 2017).
  • Andrew DALBY, Food in the Ancient World Fom A to Z, (London, 2003).
  • Anthony BRYER, “Byzantine Porridge”, Studies Medival History Presented to R.H.C. Davis, Hanry Mayr-HARTING, R. I. MOORE (eds.), (London, 1985), pp. 1-6.
  • Asuman ALBAYRAK, Ahmet UHRİ, Ülkü M. SOLAK, Hittite Cookery: An Experimental Archeological Study, (İstanbul, 2008).
  • Athenaeus, The Learned Banqueters, Translated from Latin by. S. D. Olson, (Cambridge et al., 2006).
  • Caroline CONRAN, “Tracta and Trachanas”, Petits Propos Culinaires, vol. 13, (1983), pp. 76-77.
  • CATO, On Agriculture, Translated from Latin by. W. D. Hooper, H. B. Ash, (Cambridge et al., 1935).
  • Charles PERRY, “Tracta/Trahanas/Kishk”, Petits Propos Culinaires, vol. 14, (1983a), pp. 58-59.
  • Charles PERRY, “What was Tracta?”, Petits Propos Culinaires, vol. 12, (1983b), pp. 38-39.
  • Ekrem AKURGAL, Anadolu Kültür Tarihi, (Ankara, 2000).
  • Françoise Aubaile SALLENAVE, “Al-Kishk: the past and the Present of a Complex Culinary”, A Taste of Thyme Culinary Cultures of the Middle East, Sami ZUBAIDA, Richard TAPPER (Eds), (New York, 2000), pp. 105-139.
  • Gene R. GARTHWAITE, The Persians, (UK, 2005).
  • Güngör KARAUĞUZ, Hititlerde Ekmek, (İstanbul, 2006).
  • Harry A. HOFFNER Jr., Alimenta Hethaeorum: Food Production in Hittite Asia Minor, (USA, 1974).
  • Jean Louis FLANDRIN, “The Humanization of Eating Behaviors”, in A Culinary History of Food, J. L. FLANDRIN, M. MONTANARI (eds.), Translated From French to English by C. Botsford et al., (New York, 2013), pp. 13-20.
  • Jhon SOLOMON, “Tracta: A Versatile Roman Pastry”, Hermes, vol. 106, No. 4, (1978), pp. 539-556.
  • John P. ALCOCK, Food in the Ancient World, (London, 2006).
  • Karl HECKER – Walter SOMMERFELD, A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, J. Black, A. GEORGE, N. POSTGATE (eds.), (Wiesbaden, 2000)
  • KBo: Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi.
  • KUB: Keilschriftturkunden aus Boghazköi.
  • Leonid KOGAN, “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, S. WENINGER (ed.), (Berlin / Boston, 2011a), pp. 179-258.
  • Leonid KOGAN, “Proto-Semitic Phonetic and Phonology”, The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, S. WENINGER (ed.), (Berlin / Boston, 2011b), pp. 54-150.
  • Marc Van De MIEROOP, A History of the Ancient Near East, (UK, 2007).
  • Marcus Gavius APICIUS, A Critical Edition with an Introduction and English Translation. Translation from Latin by. C. Grocock, S. Grainger, (London, 2006).
  • Mark WEEDEN, “The Akkadian Words for “Grain” and God Haya”, Die Welt des Orients, vol. 39, (2009), pp. 77-107.
  • Martha T. ROTH et al. (eds.), The Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 19, (Chicago, 2006).
  • Mirjo SALVINI, Geschichte und Kultur der Urartaer, (Dramstadt, 1995).
  • Ömer Lütfi BARKAN, “İstanbul Saraylarına ait Muhasebe Defterleri”, Belgeler, vol. IX, No. 13, (1979), pp. 1-380.
  • Paul HALSTEAD, “Late Bronze Age Grain Crops and Linear B Ideograms”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. 90, (1995), pp. 229-234.
  • Pierre BRIANT, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Translated from German to English by. Peter T. Dannels, (Wionna, 2002).
  • Pliny, Natural History, Translated from Latin by. H. Rackham (Cambridge et al., 1950).
  • Pryscilla Mary IŞIN, Avcılıktan Gurmeliğe Yemeğin Kültürel Tarihi, (İstanbul, 2018).
  • Reay TANNAHILL, Food in History, (New York, 1988).
  • Shaun HILL–Anthony BRYER, “Byzantine Porridge Tracta, Trachanás and Tarhana”, in Food in Antiquity, J. WILKINS et al. (eds.), (Exeter, 2003), pp. 44-54.
  • William Woys WEAWER, “The Origins of Trachanás: Evidence from Cyprus and Ancient Texts”, Gastronomica, vol. 2, No. 1, (2002), pp. 41-48.
  • Zümrüt NAHYA, “İl İl Çorbalarımız”, Türk Mutfak Kültürü Üzerine Araştırmalar, K. TOYGAR (ed.), (Ankara, 1999), pp. 201-215.

An Approach on Tarhana and its Similarity to Hittite word GAtarašganna

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 110 - 121, 29.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.549966

Öz

The soup termed terhâne, tarhana, trachanás or tarhonya, which is prepared by mixing flour, milk/yoghurt, and various spices and fermenting them together, is a well-known food in Middle East. Tarhana is a food that can be crushed into a powder form and carried in this way, and it can be cooked anywhere by mixing it with some hot water. The naming criteria of this food, which is considered to have Persian origins, remain unclear. The literature focuses on terhâne in Persian and tractain Latin. In addition to naming, discussions regarding the period in which the food first appeared are ongoing. The twelfth century, which is the date suggested by the sources is quite late for this food that can be prepared with simple ingredients. This study argues that the food was named based on dairy products, which are included in its ingredients, and that it still has the names derived from the same root. Among the words considered from this point of view, the word GAtarašganna, found in Hittite cuneiform tablets, which is understood to be about milk and dairy products, may have served as a basis for the names given above.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmet UHRİ, Anadolu Mutfak Kültürünün Kökenleri, (İstanbul, 2016).
  • Ahmet ÜNAL, Anadolu’nun En Eski Yemekleri, (İstanbul, 2007).
  • Ahmet ÜNAL, Hititçe-Türkçe/Türkçe-Hititçe Büyük Sözlük, (Ankara, 2016).
  • Alan DAVIDSON, The Oxford Companion to Food, (Oxford, 2014).
  • Ali GÜVELOĞLU, “Eski Doğu Toplumlarında Beslenme ve Damak Tadı”, Cahit Günbattı’ya Armağan, İ. ALBAYRAK et al. (eds.), (Ankara, 2015), pp. 119-134.
  • Andrew DALBY–Rachel DALBY, Gifts of the Gods: A History of Food in Greece, (London, 2017).
  • Andrew DALBY, Food in the Ancient World Fom A to Z, (London, 2003).
  • Anthony BRYER, “Byzantine Porridge”, Studies Medival History Presented to R.H.C. Davis, Hanry Mayr-HARTING, R. I. MOORE (eds.), (London, 1985), pp. 1-6.
  • Asuman ALBAYRAK, Ahmet UHRİ, Ülkü M. SOLAK, Hittite Cookery: An Experimental Archeological Study, (İstanbul, 2008).
  • Athenaeus, The Learned Banqueters, Translated from Latin by. S. D. Olson, (Cambridge et al., 2006).
  • Caroline CONRAN, “Tracta and Trachanas”, Petits Propos Culinaires, vol. 13, (1983), pp. 76-77.
  • CATO, On Agriculture, Translated from Latin by. W. D. Hooper, H. B. Ash, (Cambridge et al., 1935).
  • Charles PERRY, “Tracta/Trahanas/Kishk”, Petits Propos Culinaires, vol. 14, (1983a), pp. 58-59.
  • Charles PERRY, “What was Tracta?”, Petits Propos Culinaires, vol. 12, (1983b), pp. 38-39.
  • Ekrem AKURGAL, Anadolu Kültür Tarihi, (Ankara, 2000).
  • Françoise Aubaile SALLENAVE, “Al-Kishk: the past and the Present of a Complex Culinary”, A Taste of Thyme Culinary Cultures of the Middle East, Sami ZUBAIDA, Richard TAPPER (Eds), (New York, 2000), pp. 105-139.
  • Gene R. GARTHWAITE, The Persians, (UK, 2005).
  • Güngör KARAUĞUZ, Hititlerde Ekmek, (İstanbul, 2006).
  • Harry A. HOFFNER Jr., Alimenta Hethaeorum: Food Production in Hittite Asia Minor, (USA, 1974).
  • Jean Louis FLANDRIN, “The Humanization of Eating Behaviors”, in A Culinary History of Food, J. L. FLANDRIN, M. MONTANARI (eds.), Translated From French to English by C. Botsford et al., (New York, 2013), pp. 13-20.
  • Jhon SOLOMON, “Tracta: A Versatile Roman Pastry”, Hermes, vol. 106, No. 4, (1978), pp. 539-556.
  • John P. ALCOCK, Food in the Ancient World, (London, 2006).
  • Karl HECKER – Walter SOMMERFELD, A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, J. Black, A. GEORGE, N. POSTGATE (eds.), (Wiesbaden, 2000)
  • KBo: Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi.
  • KUB: Keilschriftturkunden aus Boghazköi.
  • Leonid KOGAN, “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, S. WENINGER (ed.), (Berlin / Boston, 2011a), pp. 179-258.
  • Leonid KOGAN, “Proto-Semitic Phonetic and Phonology”, The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook, S. WENINGER (ed.), (Berlin / Boston, 2011b), pp. 54-150.
  • Marc Van De MIEROOP, A History of the Ancient Near East, (UK, 2007).
  • Marcus Gavius APICIUS, A Critical Edition with an Introduction and English Translation. Translation from Latin by. C. Grocock, S. Grainger, (London, 2006).
  • Mark WEEDEN, “The Akkadian Words for “Grain” and God Haya”, Die Welt des Orients, vol. 39, (2009), pp. 77-107.
  • Martha T. ROTH et al. (eds.), The Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 19, (Chicago, 2006).
  • Mirjo SALVINI, Geschichte und Kultur der Urartaer, (Dramstadt, 1995).
  • Ömer Lütfi BARKAN, “İstanbul Saraylarına ait Muhasebe Defterleri”, Belgeler, vol. IX, No. 13, (1979), pp. 1-380.
  • Paul HALSTEAD, “Late Bronze Age Grain Crops and Linear B Ideograms”, The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. 90, (1995), pp. 229-234.
  • Pierre BRIANT, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Translated from German to English by. Peter T. Dannels, (Wionna, 2002).
  • Pliny, Natural History, Translated from Latin by. H. Rackham (Cambridge et al., 1950).
  • Pryscilla Mary IŞIN, Avcılıktan Gurmeliğe Yemeğin Kültürel Tarihi, (İstanbul, 2018).
  • Reay TANNAHILL, Food in History, (New York, 1988).
  • Shaun HILL–Anthony BRYER, “Byzantine Porridge Tracta, Trachanás and Tarhana”, in Food in Antiquity, J. WILKINS et al. (eds.), (Exeter, 2003), pp. 44-54.
  • William Woys WEAWER, “The Origins of Trachanás: Evidence from Cyprus and Ancient Texts”, Gastronomica, vol. 2, No. 1, (2002), pp. 41-48.
  • Zümrüt NAHYA, “İl İl Çorbalarımız”, Türk Mutfak Kültürü Üzerine Araştırmalar, K. TOYGAR (ed.), (Ankara, 1999), pp. 201-215.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ali Güveloğlu 0000-0002-9114-7272

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Güveloğlu, Ali. “An Approach on Tarhana and Its Similarity to Hittite Word GAtarašganna”. Tarih Ve Gelecek Dergisi 5, sy. 1 (Nisan 2019): 110-21. https://doi.org/10.21551/jhf.549966.

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