THE SELF AS AN ANCHOR: HOW DO HUMAN ASCRIBE VALUE TO THINGS

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 205 - 226, 30.04.2019

Mustafa Emre Çağlar

https://doi.org/10.26809/joa.4.016

Öz

According to the norm
theory of Kahneman and Miller, when people evaluate an object, they often think
about other objects in the same category, and compare the stimulus object to
the anchor (Hsee, 1998, 109). However, people would intrinsically ascribe value
to things (Hood & Bloom, 2008) without using an explicit anchor. We argue
that instrumental value is embedded in the intrinsic one and therefore
intrinsic valuation is active for any evaluation of the individual. In the
study, the existence of intrinsic value was tested by using the meditative
state of mind as a tool and author found three omnipresent phenomena that
affect the assigned value of things: a) Just after a high level of meditative
state, participants distinctly assigned lower values to images relative to
their non-meditative peers. b) Participants assigned significantly higher
values to more complex images only when they focused on these images for a
while. c) When participants made instant valuation, while the complexity of
images rising, the values assigned took in the form of a U-curve. These
situationalities has been integrated and resolved on a theoretical ground..

Anahtar Kelimeler

valuation, meditation, decision making, perception, visual complexity

Kaynakça

• AINSWORTH, M. D. S. (1969). Object Relations, Dependency and Attachment: A Theoretical Review of the Infant-Mother Relationship. Child Development, 40, 969-1025
• BADDELEY, A. D., THOMSON, N., BUCHANAN, M. (1975). Word Length and the Structure of Short-term Memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575–589.
• BARNET, D., & MALIN, M., D. (2011). Kohut and Lacan: Mirror Opposites. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 31:1, 58-74. doi: 10.1080/07351690.2010.512848
• BARRETT, J. L. (2012). The God Issue: We are All Born Believers. New Scientist, 17 March, 213 (2856): 38-41. doi: 10.1016/S0262-4079(12)60704-0
• BARROS, G. (2010). Herbert A. Simon and the Concept of Rationality: Boundaries and Procedures. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, vol. 30, 455-472, July-September
• BISHOP, S. R., LAU, M., SHAPIRO, S., CARLSON, L., ANDERSON, N., D., CARMODY, J., SEGAL, Z. V., ABBEY, S., SPECA, M., VELTING, D., DEVINS, G. (2006). Mindfulness: A Proposed Operational Definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11 (3), 230–41.
• BLOOM, J. M., & SHEILA, S. B. (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press, ISBN-13: 9780195309911
• COLZATO, L. S., OZTURK, A., HOMMEL, B. (2012). Meditate to Create: The Impact of Focused Attention and Open Monitoring Training on Convergent and Divergent Thinking. Frontier in Psychology, 3: 116, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00116
• CHANG, V. Y., PALESH, O., CALDWELL, R., GLASGOW N., ABRAMSON, M., LUSKIN, F., GILL, M., BURKE, A., KOOPMAN, C. (2004). The Effects of a Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction Program on Stress, Mindfulness Self Efficacy, and Positive States of Mind”. Stress and Health, 20: 141-147.
• COWAN, N. (1988). Evolving Conceptions of Memory Storage, Selective Attention, and Their Mutual Constraints within the Human Information Processing System. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163–191.
• COWAN, N., & ROUDER, J. N. (2009). Comment on ‘Dynamic Shifts of Limited Working Memory Resources in Human Vision. Science, 13, 323-877.
• CROMBIE, A. C. (1959). Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard, Vol. 2, p. 30.
• EAGLEMAN, D. M. (2011). Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain. NY: Pantheon Books.
• EDINGER, E. F. (1986). Encounter with the Self. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Inner City Books
• EVANS, J. (1990). Bias in Human Reasoning: Causes and Consequences. Essays in Cognitive Psychology, Erlbaum, ISSN 0959-4779
• FORTUNA, K., BAOR, L., ISRAEL, S., ABADI, A., KNAFO, A. (2014). Attachment to Inanimate Objects and Early Childcare: A Twin Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 22 May. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00486
• FREUD, S., (1988). Case Histories II. UK: Penguin Freud Library.
• GLADWELL, M. (2005). Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. NY: Back Bay Books, January 11
• GUENON, R. (2004). Man and His Becoming, According to the Vedanta. Hillsdale NY: Sophia Perennis.
• GUNDERSON, L. H., & HOLLING, C. S. (2002). Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Washington DC: Island Press.
• HAFENBRACK, A. C., KINIAS, Z., BARSADE, S., G. (2014). Debiasing the Mind Through Meditation: Mindfulness and the Sunk-Cost Bias. Psychological Science, vol. 25(2) 369–376. doi: 10.1177/0956797613503853
• HANSZ, J. A., & DIAZ J. (2001). Valuation Bias in Commercial Appraisal: A Transaction Price Feedback Experiment. Real Estate Economics, v. 29, 553–565
• HAWKING, S. (2004). The Illustrated on the Shoulders of Giants. Philedelphia: Running Press Book Publishers.
• HENDERSON, J. L. (1978). Ancient Myths and Modern Man in C. G. Jung (ed.). Man and His Symbols. London: Picador
• HOGG, M. A. (2007). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Elsevier Inc., vol. 39
• HOOD, B. M., & BLOOM, P. (2008). Children Prefer Certain Individuals Over Perfect Duplicates. Cognition, 106, 455–462.
• HSEE, C. K. (1998). Less Is Better: When Low-value Options Are Valued More Highly than High-value Options. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol. 11, 107-121.
• IROHAM, C. O., OGUNBA, O. A., OLOYEDE, S. A. (2013). Relative Level of Occurrence of the Principal Heuristics in Nigeria Property Valuation. International Journal of Development and Sustainability Online, ISSN: 2168-8662 - www.isdsnet.com/ijds Volume 2 Number 2 (2013): Pages 493-504
ISDS Article ID: IJDS13011601
• JUNG, C. G. (1964). Man and His Symbols. London: Aldus Books.
• JUNG, C. G. (2006). Jung’dan Seçme Yazılar. Compiler: Anthony Storr, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi
• KAHNEMAN, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Penguin Books.
• KIRK, U., DOWNAR, J., MONTAGUE, P. R. (2011). Interoception Drives Increased Rational Decision-Making in Meditators Playing the Ultimatum Game. Frontiers In Neuroscience, 18 April. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00049
• KOHUT, H. (1971). The Analysis of the Self. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
• KUHN, T. S. (2015). Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları.
• LACAN, J. (2005). Ecrits: A Selection. Routledge Classics, Taylor & Francis Group
• LUDERS, E. (2014). Exploring Age-related Brain Degeneration in Meditation Practitioners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Issue: Advances in Meditation Research: Neuroscience and Clinical Applications, 82-88. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12217
• MASLOW, A. H. (1993). The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. Penguin Books, Originally Published: NY, Wiking Press (1971)
• Mcquarrie, E. F., & MICK, D. G. (1999). Visual Rhetoric in Advertising: Text‐Interpretive, Experimental, and Reader‐Response Analyses. Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 26, No. 1, 37-54
• MILLER, G. A. (1956). The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97
• MOORE, J. S. (1914). Value in its Relation to Meaning and Purpose. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, vol. 11, No. 7, Mar. 26, 184-186
• MORRIS, S. (2007). Why Children Become So Attached to Toys and Comfort Blankets. The Guardian, Friday 9, March
• MULKEN, M., PAIR, R., FORCEVILLE, C. (2010). The Impact of Perceived Complexity, Deviation and Comprehension on the Appreciation of Visual Metaphor in Advertising Across
Three European Countries. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 3418–3430
• NORDHIELM, C. L. (2002). The Influence of Level of Processing on Advertising Repetition Effects”. Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 29, 371-382
• OBERAUER K. (2002). Access to Information in Working Memory: Exploring the Focus of Attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 411–421
• OBERAUER, K., & BIALKOVA S. (2009). Accessing Information in Working Memory: Can the Focus of Attention Grasp Two Elements at the Same Time?. J Exp Psychol Gen, 138 (1), 64-87.
• PASSMAN, R. H., & HALONEN, J. S. (1979). A Developmental Survey of Young Children's Attachments to Inanimate Objects. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 134: 165–178. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1979.10534051
• PASSMAN, R. H. (1987). Attachments to Inanimate Objects: Are Children Who Have Security Blankets Insecure?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(6), 825-830.
• POYTHRESS, N. G. (1975). Literal, Antiliteral, and Mythological Religious Orientations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 271-284.
• RIFKIN, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy and the World. NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
• ROBSON, D. (2015). Blindsight: The Strangest Form of Consciousness. BBC Future, 28 September
• SCHWEPPE, J. (2014). Attention, Working Memory, and Long-term Memory in Multimedia Learning: A Integrated Perspective Based on Process Models of Working Memory. Educational Psychology Review, 26 (2): 289. doi:10.1007/s10648-013-9242-2
• SLAGTER, H. A., LUTZ, A., GREISCHAR, L. L., FRANCIS A. D., NIEUWENHUIS, S., DAVIS, J. M., DAVIDSON, R. J. (2007). Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources. PloS Biology, 5 (6), e138
• SLAGTER, H. A., LUTZ, A., GREISCHAR, L. L., DAVIDSON, R. J. (2009). Mental Training Enhances Stability of Attention: Neural and Behavioral Evidence. Journal of Neuroscience, 29 (42), 13418-13427.
• SPERBER, D., WILSON, D. (1995). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Blackwell, Oxford UK & Cambridge USA
• SWIM, T. J. (2014). Infants and Toddlers: Curriculum and Teaching. Eight Edition, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, Belmont, USA
• TVERSKY, A., & KAHNEMAN, D. (1974). Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157., 1124-1131.
• VELTHUIS, O. (2005). Talking Prices: Symbolic Meanings of Prices on the Market for Contemporary Art. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
• WACHHOLTZ, A. B., & PARGAMENT, K. I. (2005). Is Spirituality a Critical Ingredient of Meditation? Comparing the Effects of Spiritual Meditation, Secular Meditation, and Relaxation on Spiritual, Psychological, Cardiac, and Pain Outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 369–384.
• WESTPHAL, K. R. (2009). The Blackwell Guide to Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. Blackwell Publishing.
• WELLS, S. (2002). Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• ZHANG, W., & LUCK, S. J. (2008). Discrete Fixed-resolution Representations in Visual Working Memory. Nature, 453, 233–235