Social Revolution in Circassia: The Interdependence of Religion and the World-System [Çerkesya’da Sosyal Devrim: Dinin ve Dünya Sisteminin Birbirine Bağımlılığı]
Öz
Bu makale, 17. yüzyılın ortalarında Çerkesya'da meydana
gelen din, coğrafya ve sosyal değişimler arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir.
Makale, Çerkesya örneğini dünya sistemi teorisine bağlayan ekonomik, politik ve
ideolojik unsurların eklemlenmesini analiz etmek için felsefi bir yaklaşım
kullanmaktadır. Çerkes sosyal yapısı, insanlık tarihinin toplumsal ve bağımlı
aşamalarının bir meleziydi.
Çerkesya'daki toplumsal devrim, Marksist tanımdaki sınıf
çatışmasının bir sonucu gibi görünmektedir. Çerkes ekonomisi ve politik
sistemi, İpek Yolu sistemindeki Avrupa, Orta Doğu, Anadolu ve Rusya ile
ilişkilerini etkileyen yayılmanın bir ürünüdür. Bu güçler, Çerkeslerin maruz
kaldıkları ve mağdur oldukları tarihsel baskıya çerçeve oluşturdu. Aynı
şekilde, bu baskı ölçütü, 1492'den başlayarak, gelişmiş bir endüstriyel
kapitalizme, örneğin, 1850’ye, 1850’den itibaren, Birleşik Devletler’in
Bağımlılık aşamasından geçiş sürecine, örneğin, 1850’nin, baskı çerçevesi
üzerinde baskın olduğunu öne sürerek, art arda derinleşti. Orantılı olarak,
devrim koşulları olgunlaştı.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Althusser, Louis. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses”. London: Verso, 2014
- Amin, Samir. “Global History: A View From the South”. Cape Town: Pambazuka Press, 2011.
- Bell, James Stanislaus, Journal of a Residence in Circassia, during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839, 2 vols. (London, 1840)
- Bernstein, William J. A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Berkley, CA, 2008.
- Egger, Vernon. “A History of the Muslim World to 1750: The Making of a Civilization”. 2nd ed. New York City; Routledge, 2018.
- Hansen, Lars. F. “The Circassian Revival: A Quest for Recognition: Mediated transnational mobilisation and memorialisation among a geographically dispersed people from the Caucasus”. Københavns Universitet, Det Humanistiske Fakultet, 2014.
- Henze, B Paul. “Circassian Resistance to Russia,” in Marie Bennigsen Broxup ed., The North Caucasus Barrier, London: Hurst & Company, 1996.
- Ilgener, Ahmet. “Turkey and the North Caucasus: an Analysis of Internal and Domestic Relations. Masters Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2013.
- Jordet, Nils. "The Frozen Conflict Between the United States and Iran: Causal Patterns Prior to the Coup D'etat of 1953 and the Contemporary Attitudes of Hostility." Tufts University, 2002. AAT
- King, Charles, “Imagining Circassia: David Urquhart and the Making of North Caucasus Nationalism,” Russian Review 66, no. 2 (April 2007): 238–55
- Kreiten, Irma (2009). “A colonial experiment in cleansing: the Russian conquest of Western Caucasus, 1856–65”. Journal of Genocide Research, 11:2-3, 213-241
- Longworth, John A., A Year among the Circassians, 2 vols. (London, 1840)
- Manning, Paul. "Just like England: On the Liberal Institutions of the Circassians." Comparative Studies in Society and History 51, no. 3 (2009): 590-618.
- Marx, Karl. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. New York: International Publishers, 2015
- Marx, Karl, “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,” in Robert C. Tucker ed., Marx-Engels Reader. New York, London: W.W.Norton and Company, 1978. P. 66-125.
- Marx, Karl, “Marx on the History of his Opinions,” in Robert C. Tucker ed., Marx-Engels Reader. New York, London: W.W.Norton and Company, 1978. P. 3-6.
- Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2013.
- Zhemukhov, Sufian N. (2011) One Thousand Years of Islam in Kabarda, Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia, 49:4, 54-71.
Social Revolution in Circassia: The Interdependence of Religion and the World-System [Çerkesya’da Sosyal Devrim: Dinin ve Dünya Sisteminin Birbirine Bağımlılığı]
Öz
This article examines the relationship between religion,
geography, and social changes that took place in Circassia
in the middle of the 17th century. The paper uses a philosophical approach to
analyze the articulation of the economic, political, and ideological elements
that connected the case of Circassia to the
world-system theory. The Circassian social formation was a hybrid of the
communal and tributary stages of human history. The social revolution in Circassia appears to be the result of class conflict, in
the Marxist definition. The Circassians economy and political system was a
product of the diffusion in the Silk Road system that affected their
relationship with Europe, the Middle East, Anatolia, and Russia. These forces
created the framework in which the Circassians were subjected to, and became
the victims of, historical oppression. Likewise, this measure of oppression
only successively deepened as the transition of the world system from the
Tributary stage, starting 1492, to advanced industrial capitalism, i.e., 1850,
asserted dominance over the framework of oppression. In proportion, the
conditions of revolution ripen.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Althusser, Louis. “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses”. London: Verso, 2014
- Amin, Samir. “Global History: A View From the South”. Cape Town: Pambazuka Press, 2011.
- Bell, James Stanislaus, Journal of a Residence in Circassia, during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839, 2 vols. (London, 1840)
- Bernstein, William J. A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World. Berkley, CA, 2008.
- Egger, Vernon. “A History of the Muslim World to 1750: The Making of a Civilization”. 2nd ed. New York City; Routledge, 2018.
- Hansen, Lars. F. “The Circassian Revival: A Quest for Recognition: Mediated transnational mobilisation and memorialisation among a geographically dispersed people from the Caucasus”. Københavns Universitet, Det Humanistiske Fakultet, 2014.
- Henze, B Paul. “Circassian Resistance to Russia,” in Marie Bennigsen Broxup ed., The North Caucasus Barrier, London: Hurst & Company, 1996.
- Ilgener, Ahmet. “Turkey and the North Caucasus: an Analysis of Internal and Domestic Relations. Masters Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2013.
- Jordet, Nils. "The Frozen Conflict Between the United States and Iran: Causal Patterns Prior to the Coup D'etat of 1953 and the Contemporary Attitudes of Hostility." Tufts University, 2002. AAT
- King, Charles, “Imagining Circassia: David Urquhart and the Making of North Caucasus Nationalism,” Russian Review 66, no. 2 (April 2007): 238–55
- Kreiten, Irma (2009). “A colonial experiment in cleansing: the Russian conquest of Western Caucasus, 1856–65”. Journal of Genocide Research, 11:2-3, 213-241
- Longworth, John A., A Year among the Circassians, 2 vols. (London, 1840)
- Manning, Paul. "Just like England: On the Liberal Institutions of the Circassians." Comparative Studies in Society and History 51, no. 3 (2009): 590-618.
- Marx, Karl. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. New York: International Publishers, 2015
- Marx, Karl, “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844,” in Robert C. Tucker ed., Marx-Engels Reader. New York, London: W.W.Norton and Company, 1978. P. 66-125.
- Marx, Karl, “Marx on the History of his Opinions,” in Robert C. Tucker ed., Marx-Engels Reader. New York, London: W.W.Norton and Company, 1978. P. 3-6.
- Richmond, Walter (2013). The Circassian Genocide. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2013.
- Zhemukhov, Sufian N. (2011) One Thousand Years of Islam in Kabarda, Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia, 49:4, 54-71.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7-8 |