Araştırma Makalesi
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Toplumsal Değişim Sürecinde İletişim ve Teknoloji: Erken Dönem İletişim Kuramlarının Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2017, , 269 - 287, 31.01.2017
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.272243

Öz

Bu makale, günümüzdeki iletişim çalışmalarının
temellerini atan erken dönem iletişim kuramcılarının toplumsal değişimi
açıklama çabalarında iletişimi ve teknolojiyi ele alışlarını sorgulamaktadır.
Böylelikle günümüzde hızla seyreden toplumsal değişimi açıklama çabalarında
sıkça iletişim süreçleri ve teknolojilerindeki gelişmelere vurgu yapan sosyal
bilimcilere yardımcı olmak amaçlanmaktadır. Zira günümüz literatüründe
teknolojiyi fetişleştiren veya baştan mahkûm eden zıt kavrayışlar arasındaki
salınımlara, benzer biçimde erken dönem iletişim kuramlarında rastlanmak mümkün
olduğu gibi bu öncü çalışmaların eleştiril bir gözle değerlendirilmesiyle
sağlanacak sonuçlar günümüz sosyal bilimleri için önemli bir farkındalık ve
özdüşünümsellik kaynağı oluşturabilir. Bu kapsamda çalışmada Chicago Okulu,
etki odaklı anaakım kitle iletişim çalışmaları, gelişme iletişimi yaklaşımı ve
Frankfurt Okulu incelenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, T. (2003). “Kültür Endüstrisini Yeniden Düşünürken”, Cogito, C. 36, 76-84.
  • Alemdar K. & Kaya, A. R. (1983). Kitle İletişiminde Temel Yaklaşımlar, Ankara: Savaş Yayınları.
  • Andrejevic, M. (2007). iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
  • Babe, R. E. (2009). Cultural Studies and Political Economy: Toward a New Integration, Lanham: Lexington Books.
  • Baerthlein, T. (2016, August 6). “The rise of political bots on social media”, Deutsche Welle, http://www.dw.com/en/the-rise-of-political-bots-on-social-media/a-19450562, Erişim: 30.11.2016.
  • Badeu, J. S. (1959). “Reviewed Works: The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East by Daniel Lerner, Lucille W. Pevsner; The Middle East: A Political Science Review”, The American Political Science Review, 53 (4), 1133-1135.
  • Başaran, F. (2014). İletişim ve Emperyalizm: Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyonun Ekonomi Politiği, Ankara: Ütopya.
  • Başaran, F. (2010). İletişim Teknolojileri ve Toplumsal Gelişme: Yayılmanın Ekonomi Politiği, Ankara: Ütopya.
  • Benjamin, W. (2007/1936a). “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction”, Walter Benjamin: Illuminations, Ed. H. Arendt, New York: Schocken Books, 217-252.
  • Benjamin, W. (2007/1936b). “The Author as Producer”, The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility, and Other Writings on Media, Ed. M. W. Jennings, B. Doherty ve T. Y. Levin, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 79-95.
  • Benjamin, W. (2002). Pasajlar, Yapı kredi Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Benjamin, W. (1980/1938). “Reply: Benjamin to Adorno”, Aesthetics and Politics, Ed. Adorno, W. Benjamin, E. Bloch, B. Brecht ve G. Lukács, London: Verso, 134-141.
  • Bottomore, T. (2002). The Frankfurt School and Its Critics, London & New York: Routledge.
  • Castells, Manuel (2015). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age, Polity: Cambridge.
  • Cook, D. (1996). The Culture Industry Revisited: Theodor W. Adorno on Mass Culture, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
  • Curran, J., Gurevitch M. & Woollacott, J. (1991). “İletişim Araçları Üzerine Çalışma: Kuramsal Yaklaşımlar, AÜ Basın Yayın Yüksek Okulu Yıllık, 229-253.
  • Deibert, R. & Rohozinski, R. (2010a). “Beyond Denial: Introducing Next Generation Information Access Controls”, Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace. Ed. Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski ve Jonathan Zittrain. The MIT Press: Cambridge & London, 3-13.
  • Deibert, R. & Rohozinski, R. (2010b). “Control and Subversion in Russion Cyberspace”, Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace, Ed. Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski ve Jonathan Zittrain. The MIT Press: Cambridge & London, 15-34.
  • Dewey, J. (1932/1927). The Public And Its Problems, London: George Allen & Unwin, LTD.
  • Dewey, J. (1929/1925). Experience and Nature, London: George Allen & Unwin, LTD.
  • Dyer-Witheford, N. (2004). Siber M@rx: Tüksek Teknoloji Çağında Sınıf Mücadelesi, İstanbul: Aykırı Yayıncılık.
  • Fromm, E. (1996/1941). Özgürlükten Kaçış, İstanbul: Payel.
  • Fuchs, C. (2015a). Culture and Economy in the Age of Social Media, London, New York: Routledge.
  • Fuchs, C. (2015b). “Social Media Surveillance”, Handbook of Digital Politics, Ed. S. Coleman & D. Freelon, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 395-414.
  • Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media: A Critical Introduction, London: Sage.
  • Fuchs, C. (2012). “Critique of the Political Economy of Web 2.0 Surveillance”, Internet and Surveillance: The Challenges of Web 2.0 and Social Media, Ed. C. Fuchs, K. Boersma, A. Albrechtslund & M. Sandoval, New York: Routledge, 31-70.
  • Fuchs, C. (2011a). “New media, web 2.0 and surveillance”, Sociology Compass, 5 (2), 134-147. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00354.x
  • Fuchs, C. (2011b). “Web 2.0, prosumption, and surveillance”, Surveillance & Society, 8 (3), 288-309. http://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/4165/4167, Erişim: 27.11.2016.
  • Fuchs, C. (2002). “On the Topicality of Seleceted Aspects of Herbert Marcuse’s Works”, http://cartoon.iguw.tuwien.ac.at/christian/marcuse_eng.html, Erişim: 03.03. 2015.
  • Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism, London: Pluto Press.
  • Giddens, A. (1986). The Constitution of Society, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Gitlin, T. (1978). “Media Sociology: The Dominant Paradigm”, Theory and Society, 6 (2), 205-253.
  • Güçlü, A. vd. (2008). Felsefe Sözlüğü, Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Hardt, H. (1999). “Eleştirelin Geri Dönüşü ve Radikal Muhalefetin Meydan Okuyuşu: Eleştirel Teori, Kültürel Çalışmalar ve Amerikan Kitle İletişimi Araştırması”, Medya, İktidar, İdeoloji, Der. M. Küçük, Ankara: Ark Yayınları, 17-75.
  • Held, D. (2001a). “Frankfurt School”, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Ed. Tom Bottomore, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 208-213.
  • Held, D. (2001b). “Horkheimer, Max”, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Ed. Tom Bottomore, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 243.
  • Hopkins, J. (2014). “Cybertroopers and tea parties: government use of the Internet in Malaysia”, Asian Journal of Communication, 24(1). 5-24.
  • Horkheimer, M. & Adorno, T. (2002/1947). Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments, Standford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Horkheimer, M. (1972/1937). Critical Theory: Selected Essays, Continuum: New York.
  • Inglis, F. (2010). “Frankfurt Okulu”, Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Der. Erol Mutlu, Ankara: Ütopya, 221-226.
  • Irak, D. (2015). “Prekaryalaşan Orta Sınıf, Gezi ve Sosyal Medya”, Direniş Çağında Türkiye’de Alternatif Medya, Der. Barış Çoban ve Bora Ataman, İstanbul, Kafka, 79-92.
  • İnal, M. A. (1996). Haberi Okumak, İstanbul: Temuçin Yayınları.
  • Jameson, F. (2010). “Kitle Kültüründe Şeyleşme ve Ütopya”, Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Der. Erol Mutlu, Ankara: Ütopya, 250-284.
  • Jeanneney, J. N. (1998). Başlangıcından Günümüze Medya Tarihi, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Kaya, A. R. (2009). İktidar Yumağı: Medya-Sermaye-Devlet, Ankara & İstanbul: İmge Kitapevi.
  • Kellner, D. (2010). “Kültür Endüstrileri”, Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Der. Erol Mutlu, Ankara: Ütopya, 233-239.
  • Kellner, D. (2004). “Introduction: Technology, War and Fascism: Marcuse in the 1940”, Herbert Marcuse: Technology, War and Fascism, Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. I, Ed. Douglas Kellner, London & New York: Routledge, 2-38.
  • King, G., Pan, J. & Roberts, M. E. (2013). “How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression”, American Political Science Review, May 2013, 1-18.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1937). “Propaganda”, Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, Ed. E.R.A. Sligman ve A. Jhonson, New York: MacMillan, 521-522.
  • Le Bon, G. (1997/1896). Kitleler Psikolojisi, İstanbul: Hayat Yayınları.
  • Oskay, Ü. (1983). “Popüler Kültürün Toplumsal Ortamı ve İdeolojik İşlevleri Üzerine”, Kitle İletişiminde Temel Yaklaşımlar, Der. K. Alemdar ve R. Kaya, Ankara: Savaş Yayınları, 163-206.
  • Oster, S. (2016, May 19). “China Fakes 488 Million Social Media Posts a Year: Study”, Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-19/china-seen-faking-488-million-internet-posts-to-divert-criticism, Erişim: 01.12.2016.
  • Özbek, M. (2000). “Walter Benjamin’i Okumak –II”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 55(3), 103-131.
  • Park, R. E. (1938). “Reflections on Communication and Culture”, American Journal of Sociology, 44(2), 187-205.
  • Peker, A. (2016). “Troller, botlar, astroturf: Sosyal medyanın anti-sosyal yüzüyle baş etme rehberi”, Birikim, C. 322, 22-26.
  • Poell, T. (2015). “Social Media Activism and State Censorship”, Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, Ed. Daniel Trottier ve Christian Fuchs. Routledge: New York, 189-206.
  • Power, D. J. (2016). “Big Brother” can watch us”, Journal of Decision Systems, 25(sup1), 578-588. doi: 10.1080/12460125.2016.1187420
  • Rogers, E. M. (1988). “Foreword”, Milestones in Mass Communication Research: Media Effects, Ed. S. A. Lowery ve M. De Fluer, New York, London: Longman, vii-xv.
  • Rogers, E. M. (1983/1962). The Diffusion of Innovation, New York: The Free Press.
  • Saka, E. (2016). “Siyasi trollük örneği olarak Aktroller”, Birikim, C. 322, 17-21.
  • Salter, L. (2014). “Emergent Social Movements in Online Media and State of Crisis: Analyzing the Potential for Resistance and Repression Online”, Cyberactivism on the Participatory Web, Ed. M. McCaughey, New York: Routledge, 257-280.
  • Schramm, W. (2006/1964). “What Mass Communication Can Do, and What It Can ‘Help’ to Do in National Development”, Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, Ed. A. Gumucio-Dagron ve T. Tufte, New Jersey: Communication for Social Change Consortium, 26-35
  • Shirky, C. (2011). “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere and Political Change”, Foreign Affaires, 90(1), 28-41.
  • Trottier, D. & Lyon D. (2012). “Key Features of Social Media Surveillance”, Internet and Surveillance: The Challenges of Web 2.0 and Social Media, Ed. Christian Fuchs, Kees Boersma, Anders Albrechtslund ve Marisol Sandoval, 89-105.
  • Yüksel, H. (2015). “’Enformasyon Toplumu’ ve İnsan: Avrupa Birliği Politika Belgelerinin Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 48(2), 37-71.
  • Zipes, J. (2010). “Frankfurt Okulu ve Kültür Eleştirisi”, Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Der. Erol Mutlu, Ankara: Ütopya, 227-232.

Communication and Technology in the Process of Social Change: A Critical Appraisal of the Early Communication Theories

Yıl 2017, , 269 - 287, 31.01.2017
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.272243

Öz

This article explores the conceptualization of
communication and technology by the early communication scholars, which laid
the foundation of contemporary communication studies, in their quests for
explaining social change. In this respect, it aims to contribute to social
scientists that frequently emphasize developments in communication processes
and technologies for explaining the ever-hastening social change in the
contemporary era. Similar to the contemporary literature, the early
communication theories were also suffered from the swing between the two
extreme positions regarding to understanding of communication and technology in
the processes of social change, one that fetishizes technology and the other
that condemns it. Thus, a critical appraisal of these early theories may offer
an important source of awareness and self-reflexivity for today’s social
scientists. In this framework, the article examines the approaches of the
Chicago School, effect oriented mainstream mass media studies, development
communication and the Frankfurt School.

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, T. (2003). “Kültür Endüstrisini Yeniden Düşünürken”, Cogito, C. 36, 76-84.
  • Alemdar K. & Kaya, A. R. (1983). Kitle İletişiminde Temel Yaklaşımlar, Ankara: Savaş Yayınları.
  • Andrejevic, M. (2007). iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
  • Babe, R. E. (2009). Cultural Studies and Political Economy: Toward a New Integration, Lanham: Lexington Books.
  • Baerthlein, T. (2016, August 6). “The rise of political bots on social media”, Deutsche Welle, http://www.dw.com/en/the-rise-of-political-bots-on-social-media/a-19450562, Erişim: 30.11.2016.
  • Badeu, J. S. (1959). “Reviewed Works: The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East by Daniel Lerner, Lucille W. Pevsner; The Middle East: A Political Science Review”, The American Political Science Review, 53 (4), 1133-1135.
  • Başaran, F. (2014). İletişim ve Emperyalizm: Türkiye’de Telekomünikasyonun Ekonomi Politiği, Ankara: Ütopya.
  • Başaran, F. (2010). İletişim Teknolojileri ve Toplumsal Gelişme: Yayılmanın Ekonomi Politiği, Ankara: Ütopya.
  • Benjamin, W. (2007/1936a). “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction”, Walter Benjamin: Illuminations, Ed. H. Arendt, New York: Schocken Books, 217-252.
  • Benjamin, W. (2007/1936b). “The Author as Producer”, The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility, and Other Writings on Media, Ed. M. W. Jennings, B. Doherty ve T. Y. Levin, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 79-95.
  • Benjamin, W. (2002). Pasajlar, Yapı kredi Yayınları: İstanbul.
  • Benjamin, W. (1980/1938). “Reply: Benjamin to Adorno”, Aesthetics and Politics, Ed. Adorno, W. Benjamin, E. Bloch, B. Brecht ve G. Lukács, London: Verso, 134-141.
  • Bottomore, T. (2002). The Frankfurt School and Its Critics, London & New York: Routledge.
  • Castells, Manuel (2015). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age, Polity: Cambridge.
  • Cook, D. (1996). The Culture Industry Revisited: Theodor W. Adorno on Mass Culture, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
  • Curran, J., Gurevitch M. & Woollacott, J. (1991). “İletişim Araçları Üzerine Çalışma: Kuramsal Yaklaşımlar, AÜ Basın Yayın Yüksek Okulu Yıllık, 229-253.
  • Deibert, R. & Rohozinski, R. (2010a). “Beyond Denial: Introducing Next Generation Information Access Controls”, Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace. Ed. Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski ve Jonathan Zittrain. The MIT Press: Cambridge & London, 3-13.
  • Deibert, R. & Rohozinski, R. (2010b). “Control and Subversion in Russion Cyberspace”, Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace, Ed. Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski ve Jonathan Zittrain. The MIT Press: Cambridge & London, 15-34.
  • Dewey, J. (1932/1927). The Public And Its Problems, London: George Allen & Unwin, LTD.
  • Dewey, J. (1929/1925). Experience and Nature, London: George Allen & Unwin, LTD.
  • Dyer-Witheford, N. (2004). Siber M@rx: Tüksek Teknoloji Çağında Sınıf Mücadelesi, İstanbul: Aykırı Yayıncılık.
  • Fromm, E. (1996/1941). Özgürlükten Kaçış, İstanbul: Payel.
  • Fuchs, C. (2015a). Culture and Economy in the Age of Social Media, London, New York: Routledge.
  • Fuchs, C. (2015b). “Social Media Surveillance”, Handbook of Digital Politics, Ed. S. Coleman & D. Freelon, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 395-414.
  • Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media: A Critical Introduction, London: Sage.
  • Fuchs, C. (2012). “Critique of the Political Economy of Web 2.0 Surveillance”, Internet and Surveillance: The Challenges of Web 2.0 and Social Media, Ed. C. Fuchs, K. Boersma, A. Albrechtslund & M. Sandoval, New York: Routledge, 31-70.
  • Fuchs, C. (2011a). “New media, web 2.0 and surveillance”, Sociology Compass, 5 (2), 134-147. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00354.x
  • Fuchs, C. (2011b). “Web 2.0, prosumption, and surveillance”, Surveillance & Society, 8 (3), 288-309. http://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/4165/4167, Erişim: 27.11.2016.
  • Fuchs, C. (2002). “On the Topicality of Seleceted Aspects of Herbert Marcuse’s Works”, http://cartoon.iguw.tuwien.ac.at/christian/marcuse_eng.html, Erişim: 03.03. 2015.
  • Gerbaudo, P. (2012). Tweets and Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism, London: Pluto Press.
  • Giddens, A. (1986). The Constitution of Society, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Gitlin, T. (1978). “Media Sociology: The Dominant Paradigm”, Theory and Society, 6 (2), 205-253.
  • Güçlü, A. vd. (2008). Felsefe Sözlüğü, Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Hardt, H. (1999). “Eleştirelin Geri Dönüşü ve Radikal Muhalefetin Meydan Okuyuşu: Eleştirel Teori, Kültürel Çalışmalar ve Amerikan Kitle İletişimi Araştırması”, Medya, İktidar, İdeoloji, Der. M. Küçük, Ankara: Ark Yayınları, 17-75.
  • Held, D. (2001a). “Frankfurt School”, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Ed. Tom Bottomore, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 208-213.
  • Held, D. (2001b). “Horkheimer, Max”, A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Ed. Tom Bottomore, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 243.
  • Hopkins, J. (2014). “Cybertroopers and tea parties: government use of the Internet in Malaysia”, Asian Journal of Communication, 24(1). 5-24.
  • Horkheimer, M. & Adorno, T. (2002/1947). Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments, Standford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Horkheimer, M. (1972/1937). Critical Theory: Selected Essays, Continuum: New York.
  • Inglis, F. (2010). “Frankfurt Okulu”, Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Der. Erol Mutlu, Ankara: Ütopya, 221-226.
  • Irak, D. (2015). “Prekaryalaşan Orta Sınıf, Gezi ve Sosyal Medya”, Direniş Çağında Türkiye’de Alternatif Medya, Der. Barış Çoban ve Bora Ataman, İstanbul, Kafka, 79-92.
  • İnal, M. A. (1996). Haberi Okumak, İstanbul: Temuçin Yayınları.
  • Jameson, F. (2010). “Kitle Kültüründe Şeyleşme ve Ütopya”, Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Der. Erol Mutlu, Ankara: Ütopya, 250-284.
  • Jeanneney, J. N. (1998). Başlangıcından Günümüze Medya Tarihi, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Kaya, A. R. (2009). İktidar Yumağı: Medya-Sermaye-Devlet, Ankara & İstanbul: İmge Kitapevi.
  • Kellner, D. (2010). “Kültür Endüstrileri”, Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Der. Erol Mutlu, Ankara: Ütopya, 233-239.
  • Kellner, D. (2004). “Introduction: Technology, War and Fascism: Marcuse in the 1940”, Herbert Marcuse: Technology, War and Fascism, Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Vol. I, Ed. Douglas Kellner, London & New York: Routledge, 2-38.
  • King, G., Pan, J. & Roberts, M. E. (2013). “How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression”, American Political Science Review, May 2013, 1-18.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1937). “Propaganda”, Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, Ed. E.R.A. Sligman ve A. Jhonson, New York: MacMillan, 521-522.
  • Le Bon, G. (1997/1896). Kitleler Psikolojisi, İstanbul: Hayat Yayınları.
  • Oskay, Ü. (1983). “Popüler Kültürün Toplumsal Ortamı ve İdeolojik İşlevleri Üzerine”, Kitle İletişiminde Temel Yaklaşımlar, Der. K. Alemdar ve R. Kaya, Ankara: Savaş Yayınları, 163-206.
  • Oster, S. (2016, May 19). “China Fakes 488 Million Social Media Posts a Year: Study”, Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-19/china-seen-faking-488-million-internet-posts-to-divert-criticism, Erişim: 01.12.2016.
  • Özbek, M. (2000). “Walter Benjamin’i Okumak –II”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 55(3), 103-131.
  • Park, R. E. (1938). “Reflections on Communication and Culture”, American Journal of Sociology, 44(2), 187-205.
  • Peker, A. (2016). “Troller, botlar, astroturf: Sosyal medyanın anti-sosyal yüzüyle baş etme rehberi”, Birikim, C. 322, 22-26.
  • Poell, T. (2015). “Social Media Activism and State Censorship”, Social Media, Politics and the State: Protests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, Ed. Daniel Trottier ve Christian Fuchs. Routledge: New York, 189-206.
  • Power, D. J. (2016). “Big Brother” can watch us”, Journal of Decision Systems, 25(sup1), 578-588. doi: 10.1080/12460125.2016.1187420
  • Rogers, E. M. (1988). “Foreword”, Milestones in Mass Communication Research: Media Effects, Ed. S. A. Lowery ve M. De Fluer, New York, London: Longman, vii-xv.
  • Rogers, E. M. (1983/1962). The Diffusion of Innovation, New York: The Free Press.
  • Saka, E. (2016). “Siyasi trollük örneği olarak Aktroller”, Birikim, C. 322, 17-21.
  • Salter, L. (2014). “Emergent Social Movements in Online Media and State of Crisis: Analyzing the Potential for Resistance and Repression Online”, Cyberactivism on the Participatory Web, Ed. M. McCaughey, New York: Routledge, 257-280.
  • Schramm, W. (2006/1964). “What Mass Communication Can Do, and What It Can ‘Help’ to Do in National Development”, Communication for Social Change Anthology: Historical and Contemporary Readings, Ed. A. Gumucio-Dagron ve T. Tufte, New Jersey: Communication for Social Change Consortium, 26-35
  • Shirky, C. (2011). “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere and Political Change”, Foreign Affaires, 90(1), 28-41.
  • Trottier, D. & Lyon D. (2012). “Key Features of Social Media Surveillance”, Internet and Surveillance: The Challenges of Web 2.0 and Social Media, Ed. Christian Fuchs, Kees Boersma, Anders Albrechtslund ve Marisol Sandoval, 89-105.
  • Yüksel, H. (2015). “’Enformasyon Toplumu’ ve İnsan: Avrupa Birliği Politika Belgelerinin Eleştirel Bir Değerlendirmesi”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 48(2), 37-71.
  • Zipes, J. (2010). “Frankfurt Okulu ve Kültür Eleştirisi”, Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Der. Erol Mutlu, Ankara: Ütopya, 227-232.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm İletişim
Yazarlar

Banu Durdağ

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017

Kaynak Göster

APA Durdağ, B. (2017). Communication and Technology in the Process of Social Change: A Critical Appraisal of the Early Communication Theories. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 16(1), 269-287. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.272243

Cited By

Ahilik ve İletişim: Nitel Bir Çalışma
Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
Mehmet KART
https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.546586