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“Sizce, insanların çoğuna güvenilir mi?” Türkiye’de Genelleştirilmiş Güven Üzerine Ampirik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2019, , 291 - 310, 22.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.457849

Öz


Genelleştirilmiş güven, insanların
genelinin, iyi niyetli oldukları iyimserliği ve inancı ile alakalı kültürel bir
eğilimdir. Araştırmalar, genelleştirilmiş güven seviyesi yüksek toplumlarda
vatandaşların iş birliğine daha açık olduğunu ve siyasal ve toplumsal hayata
daha aktif katıldıklarını göstermektedir. Türkiye, genelleştirilmiş güven
seviyesi düşük ülkelerden bir tanesidir. Türkiye’de, her yüz kişiden, ortalama,
sadece on tanesi genel olarak insanlara güvendiğini belirtir. Bu çalışmanın
amacı, genelleştirilmiş güven kavramının modernleşme ile ilişkisini ayrıntılı
şekilde tartışmak ve Türkiye vaka çalışmasını, bu kavramsal çerçeve içerisinde incelemektedir.
Çalışmanın ampirik analizi için Dünya Değerler Araştırması’nın (DDA) 2012
Türkiye verisi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma bulguları, kurumsallaşmış demokrasilerde
genelleştirilmiş güven üzerine yapılan ampirik analizlerin öne çıkardığı
bireysellik ve özgür irade ile ilişkilendirilen bir dizi değişkenin,
modernleşme süreci farklı olsa da, Türkiye örneği için de geçerli olduğunu
göstermiştir. Bulgular, ayrıca, literatürün, siyasi kurumlara güven ve
genelleştirilmiş güven arasında kurduğu ilişkiyi doğrular. Bu bulguların yanı
sıra, çalışma, Türkiye’nin coğrafi bölgeleri arasında, genelleştirilmiş güven
seviyelerinde gözlenen farklara da dikkat çekmektedir. 



Kaynakça

  • Almond, G. & Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture. California: Sage Publications.
  • Aytaç, E. S. (2013). Türkiye: Dengeli ve Sürdürülebilir Yüksek Büyüme Peşinde. İçinde F. Şenses, Z. Öniş ve C. Bakır (Ed.), Küresel Kriz ve Yeni Ekonomik Düzen (s.375-399). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Aytaç, S.E., Çarkoğlu A. & Ertan, G. (2017). Türkiye'de Kişilerarası Güven ve Bireysel Belirleyicileri. METU Studies in Development, 44 (1), 1-26.
  • Brehm, J. & Rahn, W. (1997). Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital. American Journal of Political Science, 41 (3), 999-1023.
  • Bjornskov, C. (2007). Determinants of Generalized trust: A Cross-Country Comparison. Public Choice, 130 (1), 1-21.
  • Cenker-Özek, C. I. (2015). Türkiye’de Kişilerarası Güven: Ampirik Bir Analiz. 1. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi: Sosyal Sermaye, Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (s.408-415). Konya: Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
  • Cohen, J. (1999). Trust, Voluntary Association and Workable Democracy: The Contemporary American discourse of Civil Society. İçinde M. E. Warren (Ed.), Democracy and Trust (s. 208-249). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Delhey, J. & Newton, K. (2005). Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism? European Sociological Review, 21 (4), 311-327.
  • Dunn, J. (1988). Trust and Political Agency, İçinde D. Gambetta (Ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations (s. 73-93). New York, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd..
  • Duman, B. & Alacahan, O. (2011). Sosyal Sermaye/Güven Boyutunda Etniklik. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (1), 181-208.
  • Easton, D. (1975). A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support. British Journal of Political Science, 5 (4), 435-457.
  • Esmer, Y. (1999). Devrim, Evrim, Statüko: Türkiye’de Sosyal, Siyasal ve EkonomikDeğerler. İstanbul: TESEV.
  • Esmer, Y. (2012). Türkiye Değerler Atlası. Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2018 http://content.bahcesehir.edu.tr/public/files/files/ATLAS%20SUNUM%202_10_2012%20(2).pdf
  • Freitag, M. & Bühlmann, M. (2009). Crafting Trust: the Role of Political Institutions in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 42 (12), 1537-1566.
  • Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Giddens, A. (1994). Modernliğin Sonuçları. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1360-1380.
  • Gürsel, S. (2013). İç Ortam ve Dinamikler: Ekonomi. İçinde B. Oran (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşı’ndan Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, Cilt III 2001- 2012 (s. 52-69). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Heper, M. (1991). The State, Religion and Pluralism: The Turkish Case in Comparative Perspective. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 18 (1), 38-51.
  • Howard, M. M & Gilbert, L. (2008). A Cross-National Comparison of the Internal Effects of Participation in Voluntary Organizations. Political Studies, 56: 12-32.
  • Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Post-modernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Inglehart, R. & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.), (2014). World Values Survey: Round Six - Country-Pooled Datafile 2010-2014. Madrid: JD Systems Institute. Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2017 Version:http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2005). Turkish Dynamics: Bridge Across Troubled Lands. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2002). Civil Society in Turkey: Continuity or Change? İçinde B. W.Beeley (Ed.), Turkish Transformation: New Century-New Challenges (s. 59-78). Huntington, Cambridgeshire, England: The Eothen Press.
  • Knack, S. & Keefer, P. (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Pay-off? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 (4), 1271-1274.
  • Knack, S. (2003). Groups, Growth, and Trust: Cross-country Evidence for Olson and Putnam Hypotheses. Public Choice, 117 (3-4), 341-355.
  • Lewis, D.. J. & Weigert, A. (1985). Trust as a Social Reality. Social Forces, 63 (4), 967-985.
  • Luhmann, N. (1979). Trust and Power. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Luhmann, N. (1988). Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives. İçinde D. Gambetta (Ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations (s.94-109). New York, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
  • Mardin, Ş. (1973). Center-Periphery Relations: Key to Turkish Politics? Daedalus. 102 (1), 169-190.
  • Mardin, Ş. (1991). Türk Modernleşmesi. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Mistral, B. (1996). Trust in Modern Societies. Malden: Blackwell Publishers Ltd..
  • OECD (2016). Income Inequality Update. Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2018 https://www.oecd.org/social/OECD2016-Income-Inequality-Update.pdf
  • Olson, M. (1982). The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Özbudun, E. (2000). Contemporary Turkish Politics: Challenges to Democratic Consolidation. Boulder, London: Lynne Reinner.
  • Putnam, R., Nanetti, R., & Leonardi, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.
  • Putnam, R. (2007). 2007 E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty- first Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture, Scandinavian Political Studies, 30, 137-174.
  • Rothstein, B. & Uslaner, E. (2005). All for All: Equality, Corruption and Social Trust. World Politics, 58 (1), 41-72.
  • Seligman, A. (1997). The Problem of Trust. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Simmel, G. (1955). The Web of Group Affiliations. Çeviri, Reinhard Bendix. Glencoe. Illinois: The Free Press.
  • Stolle, D. (2002). Trusting Strangers- The Concept of Generalized Trust in Perspective. Austrian Journal of Political Science (ÖZP), 31 (4), 397-412.
  • Sztompka, P. (1999). Trust: A Sociological Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Şimşek, S. (2004). The Transformation of Civil Society in Turkey: From Quantity to Quality. Turkish Studies, 5 (3), 46-74.
  • Uslaner, E. (1999). Democracy and Social Capital. İçinde M. E. Warren (Ed.), Democracy and Trust (s. 121-151). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Uslaner, E. (2002). Moral Foundations of Trust. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Uğuz, H. E., Örselli, E., & Sipahi, E. B. (2011). Sosyal Sermayenin Ölçümü: Türkiye Deneyimi. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 6(1), 8-40.
  • Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zmerli, S. & Newton, K. (2011). Winners, Loosers and Three Types of Trust. İçinde S. Zmerli ve M. Hooghe (Eds.), Political Trust: Why Context Matters (s.67-95). The University of Essex: The ECPR Press.

“Do you think most people can be trusted?” An Empirical Analysis on Generalized Trust in Turkey

Yıl 2019, , 291 - 310, 22.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.457849

Öz

Generalized
trust is a cultural attitude about the general optimism and faith in the good
will of people at large. Studies show that citizens are more open to cooperation,
and they are more active in political and social life in high trust societies.
Generalized trust is low in Turkey. Only ten people out of a hundred, on average,
think that most people can be trusted. The objective of the present study is to
discuss the relationship between modernization and generalized trust in detail
and to analyze Turkey as a case study within this conceptual framework. The
study utilizes World Valued Survey (WWS) 2012 Turkey data for the analysis. In
line with the empirical analyses conducted mostly across institutionalized
democracies on generalized trust, the present study shows the relevance of
individuality and personal autonomy for the Turkish case as well, which has had
a different modernization trajectory. The study also provides insights into the
relationship between confidence in political institutions and generalized trust.
Last but not the least, findings show significant differences in generalized
trust levels across Turkey’s regions.     

Kaynakça

  • Almond, G. & Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture. California: Sage Publications.
  • Aytaç, E. S. (2013). Türkiye: Dengeli ve Sürdürülebilir Yüksek Büyüme Peşinde. İçinde F. Şenses, Z. Öniş ve C. Bakır (Ed.), Küresel Kriz ve Yeni Ekonomik Düzen (s.375-399). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Aytaç, S.E., Çarkoğlu A. & Ertan, G. (2017). Türkiye'de Kişilerarası Güven ve Bireysel Belirleyicileri. METU Studies in Development, 44 (1), 1-26.
  • Brehm, J. & Rahn, W. (1997). Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital. American Journal of Political Science, 41 (3), 999-1023.
  • Bjornskov, C. (2007). Determinants of Generalized trust: A Cross-Country Comparison. Public Choice, 130 (1), 1-21.
  • Cenker-Özek, C. I. (2015). Türkiye’de Kişilerarası Güven: Ampirik Bir Analiz. 1. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Bilimler Kongresi: Sosyal Sermaye, Bildiriler Kitabı içinde (s.408-415). Konya: Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi.
  • Cohen, J. (1999). Trust, Voluntary Association and Workable Democracy: The Contemporary American discourse of Civil Society. İçinde M. E. Warren (Ed.), Democracy and Trust (s. 208-249). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Delhey, J. & Newton, K. (2005). Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism? European Sociological Review, 21 (4), 311-327.
  • Dunn, J. (1988). Trust and Political Agency, İçinde D. Gambetta (Ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations (s. 73-93). New York, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd..
  • Duman, B. & Alacahan, O. (2011). Sosyal Sermaye/Güven Boyutunda Etniklik. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (1), 181-208.
  • Easton, D. (1975). A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support. British Journal of Political Science, 5 (4), 435-457.
  • Esmer, Y. (1999). Devrim, Evrim, Statüko: Türkiye’de Sosyal, Siyasal ve EkonomikDeğerler. İstanbul: TESEV.
  • Esmer, Y. (2012). Türkiye Değerler Atlası. Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2018 http://content.bahcesehir.edu.tr/public/files/files/ATLAS%20SUNUM%202_10_2012%20(2).pdf
  • Freitag, M. & Bühlmann, M. (2009). Crafting Trust: the Role of Political Institutions in Comparative Perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 42 (12), 1537-1566.
  • Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Giddens, A. (1994). Modernliğin Sonuçları. İstanbul: Ayrıntı.
  • Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1360-1380.
  • Gürsel, S. (2013). İç Ortam ve Dinamikler: Ekonomi. İçinde B. Oran (Ed.), Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşı’ndan Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, Cilt III 2001- 2012 (s. 52-69). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Heper, M. (1991). The State, Religion and Pluralism: The Turkish Case in Comparative Perspective. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 18 (1), 38-51.
  • Howard, M. M & Gilbert, L. (2008). A Cross-National Comparison of the Internal Effects of Participation in Voluntary Organizations. Political Studies, 56: 12-32.
  • Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Post-modernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Inglehart, R. & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Inglehart, R., C. Haerpfer, A. Moreno, C. Welzel, K. Kizilova, J. Diez-Medrano, M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.), (2014). World Values Survey: Round Six - Country-Pooled Datafile 2010-2014. Madrid: JD Systems Institute. Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2017 Version:http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2005). Turkish Dynamics: Bridge Across Troubled Lands. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2002). Civil Society in Turkey: Continuity or Change? İçinde B. W.Beeley (Ed.), Turkish Transformation: New Century-New Challenges (s. 59-78). Huntington, Cambridgeshire, England: The Eothen Press.
  • Knack, S. & Keefer, P. (1997). Does Social Capital Have an Economic Pay-off? A Cross-Country Investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 (4), 1271-1274.
  • Knack, S. (2003). Groups, Growth, and Trust: Cross-country Evidence for Olson and Putnam Hypotheses. Public Choice, 117 (3-4), 341-355.
  • Lewis, D.. J. & Weigert, A. (1985). Trust as a Social Reality. Social Forces, 63 (4), 967-985.
  • Luhmann, N. (1979). Trust and Power. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Luhmann, N. (1988). Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives. İçinde D. Gambetta (Ed.), Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations (s.94-109). New York, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
  • Mardin, Ş. (1973). Center-Periphery Relations: Key to Turkish Politics? Daedalus. 102 (1), 169-190.
  • Mardin, Ş. (1991). Türk Modernleşmesi. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Mistral, B. (1996). Trust in Modern Societies. Malden: Blackwell Publishers Ltd..
  • OECD (2016). Income Inequality Update. Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2018 https://www.oecd.org/social/OECD2016-Income-Inequality-Update.pdf
  • Olson, M. (1982). The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Özbudun, E. (2000). Contemporary Turkish Politics: Challenges to Democratic Consolidation. Boulder, London: Lynne Reinner.
  • Putnam, R., Nanetti, R., & Leonardi, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York, London, Toronto, Sydney: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.
  • Putnam, R. (2007). 2007 E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty- first Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture, Scandinavian Political Studies, 30, 137-174.
  • Rothstein, B. & Uslaner, E. (2005). All for All: Equality, Corruption and Social Trust. World Politics, 58 (1), 41-72.
  • Seligman, A. (1997). The Problem of Trust. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Simmel, G. (1955). The Web of Group Affiliations. Çeviri, Reinhard Bendix. Glencoe. Illinois: The Free Press.
  • Stolle, D. (2002). Trusting Strangers- The Concept of Generalized Trust in Perspective. Austrian Journal of Political Science (ÖZP), 31 (4), 397-412.
  • Sztompka, P. (1999). Trust: A Sociological Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Şimşek, S. (2004). The Transformation of Civil Society in Turkey: From Quantity to Quality. Turkish Studies, 5 (3), 46-74.
  • Uslaner, E. (1999). Democracy and Social Capital. İçinde M. E. Warren (Ed.), Democracy and Trust (s. 121-151). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Uslaner, E. (2002). Moral Foundations of Trust. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Uğuz, H. E., Örselli, E., & Sipahi, E. B. (2011). Sosyal Sermayenin Ölçümü: Türkiye Deneyimi. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 6(1), 8-40.
  • Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zmerli, S. & Newton, K. (2011). Winners, Loosers and Three Types of Trust. İçinde S. Zmerli ve M. Hooghe (Eds.), Political Trust: Why Context Matters (s.67-95). The University of Essex: The ECPR Press.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler
Yazarlar

İşıl Cerem Cenker Özek 0000-0001-5689-1322

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Ocak 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Eylül 2018
Kabul Tarihi 10 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Cenker Özek, İ. C. (2019). “Sizce, insanların çoğuna güvenilir mi?” Türkiye’de Genelleştirilmiş Güven Üzerine Ampirik Bir Analiz. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 18(1), 291-310. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.457849