Yaşlı Bireyin Türkiye Serüveni: Kaliteli Yaşlanma İmkânı Üzerine Senaryolar

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 313 - 330, 01.12.2008

Özgür Arun

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de, yaşlıların yaşamdan memnuniyet düzeylerini etkileyen faktörleri ortaya koymak suretiyle, bu faktörler arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemeye yönelik yaklaşımlar ve bunların açılımlarına dayanmaktadır. Genel olarak, yaşam memnuniyetini, gelir, fiziksel sağlık ya da eğitim düzeyi gibi sadece nesnel göstergelerle açıklamak ve basitçe bunlara dayandırmak yeterli değildir. Nesnel göstergelerin yanı sıra, sosyo-kültürel olgular, sembolik-söylemsel pratikler ve algılar yaşam memnuniyetini etkileyebilecek diğer unsurlar olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu çerçevede yapılan tartışmada, özellikle fiziksel sağlık, ruhsal sağlık, çevre ve sosyo-demografik ve ekonomik değişkenlerden oluşan dört ana alanın, Türkiye’de yaşlılarda yaşam memnuniyetini belirleyen göstergeler olarak önem kazandığı tespit edilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

yaşlılık, yaşlı, kaliteli yaşlanma, yaşam memnuniyeti, Türkiye

The Adventure of Elderly in Turkey: Scenarios on the Quality Ageing

Öz

The aim of this study is to bring out the factors affecting life satisfaction of the elderly in Turkey. Generally it is not satisfactory to explainlife satisfaction only with objective indicators as physical health or education level. Likewise, life satisfaction is not lean on these objective indicators. In addition to objective indicators, socio- cultural phenomena, symbolic-discoursal practices, and perceptions should be taken into consideration as the other factors determining the life satisfaction. In this context, four main fields including in particular-physical and psychological health, environment, socio-demographic and economic variables have gained importance as determinants of life satisfaction in old age in Turkey

Anahtar Kelimeler

ageing, old age, successful ageing, life satisfaction, Turkey

Kaynakça

• Allardt, E., (1993). “Having, Loving, Being: An Alternative to the Swedish Model of Welfare Research.” Nussbaum, M., and Sen, A., The Quality of Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 88-94.
• Baltes, M. M., Alexandra, M., Horgas, Ann L. (1999) “Men and Women in the Berlin Aging Study” P. B. Baltes and K. U. Mayer (ed) The Berlin Aging Study: Aging From 70 to 100, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 259-81
• Baltes, M. M., Maas, I., Wilms, H. U., Borchelt M., (1999) “Everyday Competence in Old and Very Old Age: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Findings.” The Berlin Aging Study: Aging From 70 to 100, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University. pp. 384-402
• Baltes, P. B. ve Margret M. Baltes. (1990) Successful Aging: Perspectives From the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Baltes, P. B. ve Margret M. Baltes. (1990) “Psychological Perspectives on Successful Aging: The Model of Selective Optimization With Compensation.” P. B. Baltes and M. M. Baltes (ed) Successful Aging: Perspectives From the Behavioral Sciences, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1-34
• Bowling, A. (1997) Measuring Health: A review of quality of life measurement scale. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open University Press.
• Bowling, A., ve Gabriel, Z. (2004). “An Integrational Model of Quality of Life in Older Age. Results from the ESRC/MRC HSRC Quality of Life Survey in Britain.” Social Indicators Research 69: 1–36.
• Bowling, A., ve Iliffe, S. (2006). “Which Model of Successful Ageing Should be Used? Baseline Findings from a British Longitudinal Survey of Ageing.” Age and Ageing; 35: 607–614
• Böhnke, P. ve Delhey, J. (1999) “Poverty in Multidimensional Perspective: Great Britain and Germany in Comparison”, WZB Working Paper, No. FS III 99-413.
• Böhnke, P., Delhey, J., Fliegner, F., Habich, R., Huschka, D., Krimmer, H., Nauenburg, R., Rackow, K., Reimer, S., Schnettler, S., Söhn, N. (2002) “Euromodule, Codebook.” WZB paper, Berlin.
• Carstensen, L.L., Fung, H.H. and Charles, S.T., (2003). “Socioemotional Selectivity Theory and the Regulation of Emotion in the Second Half of Life.” Motivation and Emotion, 27 (2), 103-123.
• Delhey, J. (2003) “Subjective Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction in an Enlarged Community” WZB Working paper, Berlin.
• Delhey, J., (2004). Life Satisfaction in an Enlarged Europe. Project Report of European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Denmark.
• Delhey, J., Böhnke, P., Habich, R. ve Zaph, W. (2001) “The Euromodule: A New Instrument for Comparative Welfare Research,” WZB Working Paper No: FS III 01-401, Berlin. Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, (2005). Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması 2004. Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Dockery, A.M., (2004). “Happiness Life Satisfaction and the Role of Work: Evidence from two Australian Surveys.” School of Economics and Finance, Working Paper, Curtin Business School.
• Duyar, İ., ve Özener, B., (2001). “Nüfus Sayımı Sonuçlarına Göre Türkiye’de Yaşlı Nüfusun Değişimi.” V. Kalınkara (ed) I. Ulusal Yaşlılık Kongresi, Bildiriler. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Derneği: Ankara. içinde pp.365-374.
• Ergin, Ş., Efe M., Sılaydın M. (2001). “Kentsel Çevrenin Yaşlı ve Yaşlı Davranışı Üzerine Etkileri.” V. Kalınkara (ed) I. Ulusal Yaşlılık Kongresi, Bildiriler. Yaşlı Sorunları Araştırma Derneği: Ankara. içinde pp. 1-15.
• Frey, B.S., ve Stutzer, A., (2004) “Happiness Research: State and Prospects” Institute for Empirical Research in Economics University of Zurich, Working Paper No: 190, Zurich.
• Haybron, D.M., (2000) “Happiness and Importance of Life Satisfaction” New Jersey Regional Philosophical Association’s paper, New Jersey.
• Hendry, F ve McVittie C. (2004) “Is Quality of Life a Healthy Concept? Measuring and Understanding Life Experiences of Older People.” Qualitative Health Research, 14 (7) 961-975.
• Higgs, P., Hyde M., Wiggins R., Blane D. (2003). “Researching Quality of Life in Early Old Age: The Importance of the Sociological Dimension.” Social Policy & Administration, 37 (3). 230-250.
• Higgs, P. (1999) “Quality of life and changing parameters of old age.” Aging & Mental Health, 3 (3) 197-198.
• Hyde, M., Wiggins, R. D., Higgs, P., Blane, D. B. (2003) “A measure of quality of life in early old age: the theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19).” Aging & Mental Health, 7 (3) 186–194.
• Inglehart, R. (2002). “Gender, Aging, and Subjective Well-Being” International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43, 391-408.
• Kalaycıoğlu, S., Tol, U.U., Küçükkural, Ö., Cengiz, K. (2003) Yaşlılar ve Yaşlı Yakınları Açısından Yaşam Biçimi Tercihleri. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Raporları, Sayı: 5. Ankara: TÜBİTAK.
• Lawton, M. P., Winter, L., Kleban M. H., Ruckdeschel, K. (1999) “Affect and Quality of Life.” Journal of Aging and Health, 11 (2) 169-198.
• Mancini, J.A., Quinn, W., Gavigan M. A., Franklin H. (1980) “Social Network Interaction Among Older Adults: Implications for Life Satisfaction” Human Relations, 33 (8) 543-554.
• Maslow, A. (1943) “A Theory of Human Motivation.” Psychological Review, 50, 370–96.
• Mayer, K.U., Maas, I., Wagner, M. (1999) “Socioeconomic Conditions and Social Inequalities in old Age.” P. B. Baltes and K. U. Mayer (ed). The Berlin Aging Study: Aging From 70 to 100, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. 259-282.
• Mayer, K. U. ve Baltes, Paul B., (1999) The Berlin Aging Study: Aging From 70 to 100. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• National Research Council, (2001) Preparing for an Aging World: The Case for Cross National Research. Panel on a Research Agenda and New Data for an Aging World, Committee on Population and Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences end Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
• Onat, Ü., (2002). “Sosyal Politikalar Açısından Yaşlılık”, Geriatri 2002 içinde, der. Kutsal Y.G., Hacettepe Üniversitesi GEBAM Yayını, 266-277. (Aktaran Kalaycıoğlu ve diğerleri, 2003: 22)
• Oswald, F., Wahl, H. W., Mollenkopf H., Schilling O., (2003) “Housing and Life Satisfaction of Older Adults in Two Rural Regions in Germany” Research on Aging, 25 (2) 122-143.
• Özcan, Y.Z., Ayata S., Akçay, A.A., Arun Ö., Erciyes C. (2003) Toplumsal Yapı, Refah Göstergeleri ve Toplumsal Raporlam, Ankara , TÜBİTAK Raporları.
• Paris, D., Suter, C. and Oegerli, T. (2002) “Living Standards and Deprivation in a European Perspective: An Empirical Analysis Using Euromodule Data from Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Slovenia and Hungary,” WZB Working Paper, Berlin.
• Saris, W. E. (2001) “The Strength of the Causal Relationship Between Living Conditions and Satisfaction.” Sociological Methods & Research, 30 (1) 11-34.
• Smith, J., Fleeson, W., Geiselmann, B., Settersten, Jr. R. A., Kunzmann, U. (1999) “Sources of Well-Being in Very Old Age”, P. B. Baltes and K. U. Mayer (ed). The Berlin Aging Study: Aging From 70 to 100, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 497-523
• Tseng, S.Z. and Wang, R.H., (2001). “Quality of Life and Related Factors among Elderly Nursing Home Residents in Southern Taiwan.” Public Health Nursing, 18 (5) 304-311.
• Tufan, İ., (2007). Birinci Türkiye Yaşlılık Raporu. Antalya: GeroYay.
• Tufan, İ., (2003) Modernleşen Türkiye’de Yaşlılık ve Yaşlanmak, Yaşlanmanın Sosyolojisi, İstanbul, Anahtar Kitaplar.
• Tufan, İ., (2002) Antik Çağdan Günümüze Yaşlılık, Sosyolojik Yaşlanma, İstanbul, Aykırı Yayınları.
• Tufan, İ. ve Arun, Ö., (2006). Türkiye Özürlüler Araştırması 2002, İkincil Analizi. Ankara:
• TUBITAK. Proje No: SOBAG-104K077.
• UNDP (2004) Human Development Index, http://www.undp.org
• Veenhoven, R. (1991) “Questions on Happiness: Classical Topics, Modern Answers, Blind Spots”,
• Strack, F., Argyle, M., and Schwarz, N. (ed). Subjective Well-Being: an interdisciplinary approach, Great Britain: Pergamon Press.
• Veenhoven, R. (1996) “Happy Life-Expectancy: A Comprehensive Measure of Quality of Life in Nations” Social Indicators Research, 39, 1-58.
• Veenhoven, R. (1999) “Quality of Life in Individualistic Society: A Comparison of 43 Nations in the Early 1990’s” Social Indicators Research, 48, 157-186.
• Veenhoven, R. (2001) “Why Social Policy Needs Subjective Indicators?” WZB Working Paper, No. FS III 01-404, Berlin.
• WHOQOLGroup. (1999) The World Health Organization WHOQOL: Tests of the universality of quality of life in 15 different cultural groups worldwide, Health Psychology, 18 (5), 495- 505.
• World Bank (2003) World Development Indicators, http://www.worldbank.org/
• Yetim, Ü. (2001) Toplumdan Bireye Mutluluk Resimleri, İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları.