The Role of Social Media in Journalism: An Examination on Turkish News Organizations

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 32 - 52, 31.01.2018

Zafer Kıyan Nurcan Törenli

https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.374938

Cited By: 3

Öz

This
study, seeks to understand the role of social media in journalistic routines by
examining Turkish news organizations, and asks: How do Turkish news
organizations use social media as a newsgathering tool? Do they consider social
media as a trusted source? Which social media platforms are being used most by
news organisations? Do they integrate user-generated content into their
news? How do they struggle with fake news? How do they evaluate the future of
journalism? To answer these questions, we conducted 12 semi-structured
interviews with media professionals working for newspapers, television, news
agencies and the web. We carried out the interviews in Istanbul and Ankara
between February and March 2017. The total length of all interviews is more
than 600 minutes. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed
conducting a qualitative content analysis. The current findings illustrate that
the impact of social media on journalistic routines is limited. It can be contended
that professional journalistic norm and practices continue their importance in Turkish
news organizations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social media, Journalism, User-generated content, Verification, News sources

Sosyal Medyanın Gazetecilikteki Rolü: Türkiye’deki Haber Kuruluşları Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Öz

Bu çalışma, sosyal medyanın
gündelik haber rutinlerindeki rolünü, Türkiye’deki haber kuruluşlarında
gerçekleştirilen uygulamaları inceleyerek anlamayı-anlamlandırmayı
hedeflemektedir. Çalışmanın bu amaçla yanıtını aradığı sorulardan bazıları
şunlardır: Haberciler, gündelik haber rutinlerinde, sosyal ağ sitelerinden nasıl
yaralanmaktadırlar? Bunları, güvenilir birer kaynak olarak görmekte midirler?
Habercilik söz konusu olduğunda, en çok hangi platformlar öne çıkmaktadır?
Sıradan kullanıcıların ürettikleri içerikler, habercilik açısından ne anlama
gelmektedir? Haber kuruluşları, gerçek dışı haberlerle nasıl mücadele
etmektedirler? Gazeteciliğin gelecekte alacağı biçim ne olacaktır? Bu ve
benzeri sorulara yanıt oluşturmak üzere on iki medya profesyoneliyle yarı
yapılandırılmış görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşmeler 2017 yılının Şubat
ve Mart aylarında Ankara ve İstanbul’da yapılmıştır. Toplam uzunluğu 600
dakikayı aşan görüşmeler, kayıt altına alınmış ve deşifre edilerek niteliksel
içerik analizi yöntemiyle çözümlenmiştir. Bulgular, ‘şimdilik kaydıyla’, sosyal
medyanın profesyonel gazetecilik üzerindeki etkisinin sınırlı olduğunu; buna
karşın işi habercilik yapmak olan kuruluşlar açısından profesyonel
gazeteciliğin geleneksel norm ve pratiklerinin önemini koruduğunu
göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal medya, Gazetecilik, Kullanıcı içerikleri, Doğrulama, Haber kaynakları

Kaynakça

• Alejandro, J. (2010). Journalism in the age of social media. Reuters Institute Fellowship Paper. Oxford: University of Oxford. Erişim tarihi: 15 Nisan 2017, http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/research/files/Journalism%2520in%2520the%2520Age%2520of%2520Social%2520Media.pdf.
• Ali, S. R. & Fahmy, S. (2013). Gatekeeping and citizen journalism: The use of social media during the recent uprisings in Iran, Egypt, and Libya. Media, War & Conflict, 6(1), 55–69. doi:10.1177/1750635212469906
• Artwick, C. G. (2013). Reporters on Twitter: Product or service?. Digital Journalism, 1(2), 212–228. doi:10.1080/21670811.2012.744555
• Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.npls.2016.01.001
• Brandtzaeg, P. B., Lüders, M., Jochen Spangenberg, Rath-Wiggins, L. & Følstad, A. (2016). Emerging journalistic verification practices concerning social media. Journalism Practice, 10(3), 323–342. doi:10.1080/17512786.2015.1020331
• Broersma, M. & Graham, T. (2013). Twitter as news source: How Dutch and British newspa-pers used tweets in their news coverage, 2007-2011. Journalism Practice, 7(4), 446–464. doi:10.1080/17512786.2013.802481
• Bruns, A. (2003). Gatewatching, not gatekeeping: Collaborative online news. Media Interna-tional Australia, 107, 31–44.
• Castells, M. (2012). Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge: Polity.
• Fortunelords (2017). YouTube facts, figures and statistics–2017. Erişim tarihi: 16 Aralık 2017, https://fortunelords.com/youtube-statistics/.
• Goode, L, (2009). Social news, citizen journalism and democracy. New Media & Society, 11(8), 1287–1305. doi:10.1177/1461444809341393
• Goodman, E. (5 Temmuz 2009). Journalism needed in twitter era. Columbia Daily Tribune. Erişim tarihi: 16 Aralık 2017, http://www.columbiatribune.com/9409a1ef-48d2-57f4-935b-fd51e95f6cf2.html.
• Gunter, B. (2000). Media Research Methods. London: Sage Publications.
• Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke J. & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the Crisis: Mug-ging, the State, and Law and Order. London: Macmillan.
• Hamilton, C. (29 Mayıs 2012). Houla massacre picture mistake. BBC. Erişim tarihi: 25 Ocak 2017, http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2012/05/houla_massacre_picture_mistake.html.
• Harrison, J. (2010). User-generated content and gatekeeping at the BBC hub. Journalism Studies, 11(2), 243–256. doi:10.1080/14616700903290593
• Hermida, A. (2010). Twittering the news: The emergence of ambient journalism. Journalism Practice, 4(3), 297–308. doi:10.1080/17512781003640703
• Hermida, A. (2012). Tweets and truth: Journalism as a discipline of collaborative verification. Journalism Practice, 6(5-6), 659–668. doi:10.1080/17512786.2012.667269
• Herrman, J. (17 Nisan 2016). Media websites battle faltering ad revenue and traffic. The New York Times. Erişim tarihi: 17 Haziran 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/business/media-websites-battle-falteringad-revenue-and-traffic.html.
• Internet Live Stats (2017). Internet usage & social media statistics. Erişim tarihi: 16 Aralık 2017, http://www.internetlivestats.com/.
• Jesse, H., Gross, K. & Mitchell, A. (2011). How Mainstream Media Outlets Use Twitter. Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism. Erişim tarihi: 12 Eylül 2016, http://www.journalism.org/2011/11/14/how-mainstream-media-outlets-use-twitter/
• Johnston, L. (2016). Social news = Journalism evolution? How the integration of UGC into newswork helps and hinders the role of the journalist. Digital Journalism, 4(7), 899-909. doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1168709
• Knight, M. (2012). Journalism as usual: The use of social media as a newsgathering tool in the coverage of the Iranian elections in 2009. Journal of Media Practice, 13(1), 61–74.
• Kurt, H. (2014). Gazetecilik pratiği ve sosyal medya. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Science, 13(4), 821–835.
• Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H. & Moon, S. (2010).What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web, 591–600. Erişim tarihi: 23 Temmuz 2017, http://www.ambuehler.ethz.ch/CDstore/www2010/www/p591.pdf
• Lasorsa, D. L., Lewis, S. C. & Holton, A. E. (2012). Normalizing Twitter: Journalism practice in an emerging communication space. Journalism Studies, 13(1), 19–36. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2011.571825
• Lecheler, S. & Kruikemeier, S. (2016). Re-evaluating journalistic routines in a digital age: A review of research on the use of online sources. New Media & Society, 18(1), 156–171. doi:10.1177/1461444815600412
• Lewis, S. C., Kaufhold, K. & Lasorsa, D. L. (2010). Thinking about citizen journalism: The philosophical and practical challenges of user-generated content for community newspapers. Journalism Practice, 4(2), 163-179. doi:10.1080/14616700903156919
• Manosevitch, I. (2011). User generated content in the Israeli online journalism landscape. Is-rael Affairs, 17(3), 422–444. DOİ:10.1080/13537121.2011.584670
• Messner, M., Linke, M. & Esford, A. (2012). Shoveling tweets: An analysis of the microblog-ging engagement of traditional news organizations. #ISOJ The Journal of the International Symposium on Online Journalism, 2(1), 74-87. Erişim tarihi: 30 Ekim 2017, https://isoj.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ISOJ_Journal_V2_N1_2012_Spring.pdf
• Neuberger, C., vom Hofe, H. J. & Nuernbergk, C. (2016). The use of Twitter by professional journalists: Results of a newsroom survey in Germany. K.
• Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt & C. Puschmann (Ed.), Twitter and society (385–398). New York: Peter Lang.
• Newman, N. (2009). The Rise of Social Media and Its Impact on Mainstream Journalism. Reu-ters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Oxford: University of Oxford. Erişim tarihi: 18 Mayıs 2017, http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/
• Newman, N., Dutton, W. H. & Blank, G. (2012). Social media in the changing ecology of news: The fourth and fifth estates in Britain. International Journal of Internet Science, 7(1), 6–22.
• Omnicore (2017). Instagram by the numbers. Erişim tarihi: 16 Aralık 2017, https://www.omnicoreagency.com/instagram-statistics/.
• Oriella PR Network (2012). The Influence Game: How News is Sourced and Managed To-day. Erişim tarihi: 10 Eylül 2017, http://journalismdegree.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Oriella-Digital-Journalism-Study-2012-Final-US-copy.pdf
• Piscina, T. R., Zabalondo, B., Aiestaran, A. & Agirre, A. (2016). The future of journalism–Who to believe? Different perceptions among European professionals and internet users. Journalism Practice, 10(1), 71–92. doi:10.1080/17512786.2015.1006932
• Schifferes, S. & Newman, N. (2013). Verifying News on the Social Web: Challenges and Pro-spects. Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web companion, 875–878. Erişim tarihi: 21 Nisan 2017, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.402.250&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• Schifferes, S., Newman, N., Thurman, N., Corney, D., Göker, A. & Martin, C. (2014). Identi-fying and verifying news through social media: Developing a user-centred tool for profession-al journalists. Digital Journalism, 2(3), 406–418. doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.892747
• Schudson, M. (1989). The sociology of news production. Media, Culture & Society, 11(3), 263–282.
• Sütçü, C. S. & Bayrakçı, S. (2014). Sosyal medya gazeteleri nasıl etkiliyor? Haberleri Twit-ter’da yayılması üzerine bir araştırma. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Commu-nication, 4(2), 40–52.
• Tong, T. (2015). Chinese journalists' views of user-generated content producers and journal-ism: a case study of the boundary work of journalism. Asian Journal of Communication, 25(6), 600-616. doi:10.1080/01292986.2015.1019526
• Vis, F. (2013). Twitter as a reporting tool for breaking news: Journalists tweeting the 2011 UK riots. Digital Journalism, 1(1), 27–47. doi:10.1080/21670811.2012.741316
• Weaver, D. H. & Willnat, L. (2016). Changes in U.S. journalism: How do journalists think about social media?. Journalism Practice, 10(7), 844–855. doi:10.1080/17512786.2016.1171162
• Weiss, S. A. (2015). The digital and social media journalist: A comparative analysis of journal-ists in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. The International Communication Ga-zette, 77(1), 74–101. doi:10.1177/1748048514556985
• Whitbourn, M. (26 Nisan 2015). SBS presenter Scott McIntyre sacked over 'inappropriate' An-zac Day tweets. Sydney Morning Herald. Erişim tarihi: 15 Ağustos 2017, http://www.smh.com.au/national/ww1/sbs-presenter-scott-mcintyre-sacked-over-inappropriate-anzac-day-tweets-20150426-1mtbx8.html.
• White, D. M. (1950). The ‘Gatekeeper’. A case study in the selection of news. Journalism Quarterly, 27, 383–390.
• Zephoria (2017). The top 20 valuable Facebook statistics. Erişim tarihi: 16 Aralık 2017, https://zephoria.com/top-15-valuable-facebook-statistics/.