Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis

Hayrettin Çetin; Eyyüp Hakan Uçar

Derleme

Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 3, 15 - 22, 27.12.2018

Hayrettin Çetin Eyyüp Hakan Uçar

Öz

Süt sığırı yetiştiriciliğinde karlı bir üretim açısından ilk amaç her yıl bir yavru elde edilmesidir. Bunun için ineğin geçiş dönemini problemsiz atlatıp en kısa sürede yeniden gebe kalması gereklidir. İkinci amaç ise yüksek süt verimi elde edilmesidir. Ancak, bu iki amaç arasında negatif bir korelasyon vardır. Yüksek verimli süt ineklerde çeşitli fertilite problemleri daha yaygın olarak görülür. Süt ineklerinin en önemli sorunlarından biri olan mastitis, ekonomik üretimi negatif olarak etkilemektedir. Mastitis insidansı, süt verimi ile paralel olarak artış göstermekte ve postpartum dönemde oluşan çeşitli sekonder faktörler mastitis riskini artırmaktadır. Postpartum dönemde görülen genital kanal problemlerinin yanı sıra, mastitis de servis periyodunu uzatabilmektedir. Bu derlemede, mastitis ve bazı postpartum dönem hastalıkları gibi fertiliteyi etkileyen problemlere değinilmiştir. Ayrıca, bu sorunlardan kaynaklanan ekonomik kayıpların ve alınacak önlemlerin paylaşılması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Postpartum dönem, sütçü inek

Kaynakça

1. Alaçam E (1974): Üneklerde retentio secundinarumÕun sebepleri ve tedavisi üzerinde incelemeler. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 21, 3- 4, 319-324.
2. Arthur GH, Noakes DE, Pearson H (1989): Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. Pages 178–179 in Part III: Dystocia and Other Disorders Associated with Parturition. General Considerations. Types of Dystocia Within the Species. 6th ed. Bailliere Tindall, London, UK
3. Barnouin J, Chassagne M (1991): An aetiological hypothesis for the nutrition-induced association between retained placenta and milk fever in the dairy cow. Ann Rech Vet 22: 331–343.
4. Bartlett PC, Kirk JH, Wilke MA, Kaneene JB, Mather EC (1986): Metritis complex in Michigan Holstein–Friesian cattle: incidence, descriptive epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Prev Vet Med 4: 235–248
5. Bellows RA, Lammoglia MA (2000): Effects of severity of dystocia on cold tolerance and serum concentrations of glucose and cortisol in neonatal beef calves. Theriogenology 53, 803–813.
6. Berry DP, Lee JM, Macdonald KA, Roche JR (2007): Body condition score and body weight effects on dystocia and stillbirths and consequent effects on postcalving performance. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(9), 4201-4211.
7. Bondurant RH (1999): Inflammation in the bovine female reproductive tract. Journal of Animal Science, 77(suppl_2), 101-110. 8. Bonnett BN, Martin SW, Gannon VP, Miller RB, Etherington WG (1991): Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. III. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 55(2), 168.
9. Chapwanya A, Meade KG, Doherty ML, Callanan JJ, Mee JF, O’Farrelly C (2009): Histopathological and molecular evaluation of Holstein-Friesian cows postpartum: toward an improved understanding of uterine innate immunity. Theriogenology, 71(9), 13961407.
10. Chassagne M, Barnouin J, Chaconac JP (1999): Risk factors for stillbirth in Holstein heifers under field conditions in France: a prospective study. Theriogenology 51, 1477–1488.
11. Coleman DA, Thane WV, Dailey RA (1985): Factors affecting reproductive performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1985; 68: 1793– 1803.
12. Coleman DA, Thayne WV, Dailey RA (1985): Factors affecting reproductive performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 68: 1793–1803
13. Correa MT, Erb H, Scarlett J (1993): Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 76, 1305–1312.
14. Daniel, LR, Chew BP, Tanaka TS, Tjoelker LW (1991): Betacarotene and vitamin A effects on bovine phagocytic function in vitro during the peripartum period. J. Dairy Sci. 74:124.
15. Dematawewa CMB, Berger PJ (1997): Effect of dystocia on yield, fertility, and cow losses and an economic evaluation of dystocia scores for Holsteins. J Dairy Sci 80, 754–761.
16. Erb HN, Martin SW, Ison N, Swaminathan S (1981): Interrelationships between production and reproductive diseases in Holstein cows. Path analysis. J Dairy Sci 64: 282–289.
17. Esposito G, Irons PC, Webb EC, Chapwanya A (2014): Interactions between negative energy balance, metabolic diseases, uterine health and immune response in transition dairy cows. Animal reproduction science, 144(3-4), 60-71.
18. Esslemont, RJ, Peeler EJ (1993): The scope for raising margins in dairy herds by improving fertility and health. British Veterinary Journal, 149(6), 537-547.
19. Fourichon C, Seegers H, Malher X (2000): Effect of disease on reproduction in the dairy cow: a metaanalysis. Theriogenology 53: 1729–1759
20. Földi J, Kulcsar M, Pecsi A, Huyghe B, De sa C, Lohuis JACM, Cox P, Huszenica GY (2006): Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle Anim Reprod Sci, 96: 265-281.
21. Gilbert RO (2017): Reproductive Inflammatory Disease in Postpartum Dairy Cows, Türk Veteriner Jinekoloji Derneği VII. Ulusal, I. Uluslararası Kongresi, Marmaris, Türkiye, 60-65.
22. Goff JP (1999): Mastitis and retained placenta-relationship to bovine immunology and nutrition. Adv. Dairy Technol, 11, 185-192.
23. Goff JP, Stabel JR (1990): Decreased plasma retinol, atocopherol, and zinc concentration during the periparturient period: effect of milk fever. J. Dairy Sci. 73:3195.
24. Grammer RR (1995): Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feding the transition cow, Journal of Animal Science, 73; 2820-2833.
25. Gröhn YT, Erb HN, McCulloch CE, Saloniemi HS (1990): Epidemiology of reproductive disorders in dairy cattle: associations among host characteristics, disease and production. Prev Vet Med 8:25–39
26. Grunert E (1986): Etiology and pathogenesis of retained placenta. In: Morrow DA, ed. Current Therapy in Theriogenology 2. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 237–241.
27. Gumen A, Rastani RR, Grummer RR, Wiltbank MC (2005): Reduced dry periods and varying prepartum diets alter postpartum ovulation and reproductive measures. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 2401–2411.
28. Gürbulak K, Bademkıran S (2012): Puerperal Dönem Sorunları, Ed. Semacan A, Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Doğum ve jinekoloji. 345-372. Medipres Mat. Ve Yay. Malatya.
29. Halpern NE, Erb HN, Smith RD (1985): Duration of retained fetal membranes and subsequent fertility in dairy cows. Theriogenology, 23(5), 807-813.
30. Hammon D, Evjen I, Dhiman T, Goff J, Walters J (2006): Neutrophilfunction and energy status in Holstein cows with uterine health dis-orders. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 113, 21-29.
31. Han YK, Kim IH (2005): Risk factors for retained placenta and the effect of retained placenta on the occurrence of postpartum diseases and subsequent reproductive performance in dairy cows. J Vet Sci., 61(1): 53-59
32. Heinonen M, Heinonen K (1989): Retained placenta in cattle: the effect of treatment or nontreatment on puerperal diseases and subsequent fertility. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 30(4), 425-429.
33. Heringstad B, Klemetsdal G, Ruane J (2000): Selection for mastitis resistance in dairy cattle: a review with focus on the situation in the Nordic countries. Livestock Science, 64(2), 95-106.
34. Hossein-Zadeh NG, Ardalan M (2011): Cow-specific risk factors for retained placenta, metritis and clinical mastitis in Holstein cows. Veterinary research communications, 35(6), 345-354.
35. Hurley WL, Doane RM (1989): Recent developments in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction. J. Dairy Sci. 72:784–804.
36.
37. Huzzey JM, Duffield TF, LeBlanc SJ, Veira DM, Weary DM, Von Keyserlingk MAG (2009): Haptoglobin as an early indicator of metritis. Journal of dairy science, 92(2), 621-625.
38. Huzzey JM, Veira DM, Weary DM, Von Keyserlingk MAG (2007): Prepartum behavior and dry matter intake identify dairy cows at risk for metritis. Journal of dairy science, 90(7), 3220-3233.
39. Kalkan C, Öcal H, Rişvanlı A, Aydın M (2011): İneklerde retensiyo sekundinarum olgularının etiyopatogenezisi, postpartum uterus enfeksiyonlarındaki rolü, sağaltım ve korunma yöntemleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2(1), 49-57.
40. Kelton DF, Lissemore KD, Martin RE (1998): Recommendations for recording and calculating the incidence of selected clinical diseases of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 81: 2502-2509
41. Kimura K, Goff JP, Kehrli ME, Reinhardt TA (2002): Decreased Neutrophil Function as a Cause of Retained Placenta in Dairy Cattle1. Journal of dairy science, 85(3), 544-550.
42. Kok A, van Hoeij RJ, Tolkamp BJ, Haskell MJ, van Knegsel AT, de Boer IJ, Bokkers EA (2017): Behavioural adaptation to a short or no dry period with associated management in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 186, 7-15.
43. Korkmaz Ö, Küplülü Ş (2014): Yüksek Süt Verimli İneklerde İnfertilite Nedenleri. Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 3(1) 49-54.
44. Laven RA, Peters AR (1996): Bovine retained placenta: aetiology, pathogenesis and economic loss. Vet. Rec., 1996; 139, 9, 465- 471.
45. LeBlanc SJ (2008): Postpartum uterine disease and dairy herd reproductive performance: a review. Vet J. 176:102–114
46. Leblanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Bateman KG, Keefe GP, Walton JS, Johnson WH (2002): The effect of treatment of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci, 85: 2237-2249.
47. LeBlanc S (2007): Prevention of postpartum uterine disease. In Advances in dairy technology: proceedings of the... Western Canadian Dairy Seminar. WCDS Advances in Dairy Technology (2007) Volume 19: 145-155
48. LeBlanc SJ, Herdt T, Seymour W, Duffield T, Leslie K (2004): Factors associated with peripartum serum concentrations of vitamin E, retinol, and β-carotene in Holstein dairy cattle, and their associations with periparturient disease. J. Dairy Sci, 87, 609-619.
49. Lo´pez de Maturana E, Ugarte E, Gonza´lez-Recio O (2007): Impact of calving ease on functional longevity and herd amortiza tion costs in Basque Holsteins using survival analysis. J. Dairy Sci 90, 4451–4457.
50. Lombard JE, Garry FB, Tomlinson SM, Garber LP (2007): Impacts of dystocia on health and survival of dairy calves. Journal of dairy science, 90(4), 1751-1760.
51. Lucey S, Rowlands GJ, Russell AM (1986): Short-term associations between disease and milk yield of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research, 53(1), 7-15.
52. Noakes DE, Perkinson TJ, England GCW (2009): Post parturient prolapse of the uterus. Arthur’s Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. Saunders, 319-323.
53. Öcal H (2017): Sütçü ineklerde Geçi Dönemi Yönetimi: Kritik Evreler ve Kontrol Noktaları, Türk Veteriner Jinekoloji Derneği VII. Ulusal, I. Uluslararası Kongresi, Marmaris, Türkiye
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Yıl 2018, Cilt: 58 Sayı: 3, 15 - 22, 27.12.2018

Hayrettin Çetin Eyyüp Hakan Uçar

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Alaçam E (1974): Üneklerde retentio secundinarumÕun sebepleri ve tedavisi üzerinde incelemeler. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 21, 3- 4, 319-324.
2. Arthur GH, Noakes DE, Pearson H (1989): Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. Pages 178–179 in Part III: Dystocia and Other Disorders Associated with Parturition. General Considerations. Types of Dystocia Within the Species. 6th ed. Bailliere Tindall, London, UK
3. Barnouin J, Chassagne M (1991): An aetiological hypothesis for the nutrition-induced association between retained placenta and milk fever in the dairy cow. Ann Rech Vet 22: 331–343.
4. Bartlett PC, Kirk JH, Wilke MA, Kaneene JB, Mather EC (1986): Metritis complex in Michigan Holstein–Friesian cattle: incidence, descriptive epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Prev Vet Med 4: 235–248
5. Bellows RA, Lammoglia MA (2000): Effects of severity of dystocia on cold tolerance and serum concentrations of glucose and cortisol in neonatal beef calves. Theriogenology 53, 803–813.
6. Berry DP, Lee JM, Macdonald KA, Roche JR (2007): Body condition score and body weight effects on dystocia and stillbirths and consequent effects on postcalving performance. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(9), 4201-4211.
7. Bondurant RH (1999): Inflammation in the bovine female reproductive tract. Journal of Animal Science, 77(suppl_2), 101-110. 8. Bonnett BN, Martin SW, Gannon VP, Miller RB, Etherington WG (1991): Endometrial biopsy in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. III. Bacteriological analysis and correlations with histological findings. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 55(2), 168.
9. Chapwanya A, Meade KG, Doherty ML, Callanan JJ, Mee JF, O’Farrelly C (2009): Histopathological and molecular evaluation of Holstein-Friesian cows postpartum: toward an improved understanding of uterine innate immunity. Theriogenology, 71(9), 13961407.
10. Chassagne M, Barnouin J, Chaconac JP (1999): Risk factors for stillbirth in Holstein heifers under field conditions in France: a prospective study. Theriogenology 51, 1477–1488.
11. Coleman DA, Thane WV, Dailey RA (1985): Factors affecting reproductive performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 1985; 68: 1793– 1803.
12. Coleman DA, Thayne WV, Dailey RA (1985): Factors affecting reproductive performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci 68: 1793–1803
13. Correa MT, Erb H, Scarlett J (1993): Path analysis for seven postpartum disorders of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 76, 1305–1312.
14. Daniel, LR, Chew BP, Tanaka TS, Tjoelker LW (1991): Betacarotene and vitamin A effects on bovine phagocytic function in vitro during the peripartum period. J. Dairy Sci. 74:124.
15. Dematawewa CMB, Berger PJ (1997): Effect of dystocia on yield, fertility, and cow losses and an economic evaluation of dystocia scores for Holsteins. J Dairy Sci 80, 754–761.
16. Erb HN, Martin SW, Ison N, Swaminathan S (1981): Interrelationships between production and reproductive diseases in Holstein cows. Path analysis. J Dairy Sci 64: 282–289.
17. Esposito G, Irons PC, Webb EC, Chapwanya A (2014): Interactions between negative energy balance, metabolic diseases, uterine health and immune response in transition dairy cows. Animal reproduction science, 144(3-4), 60-71.
18. Esslemont, RJ, Peeler EJ (1993): The scope for raising margins in dairy herds by improving fertility and health. British Veterinary Journal, 149(6), 537-547.
19. Fourichon C, Seegers H, Malher X (2000): Effect of disease on reproduction in the dairy cow: a metaanalysis. Theriogenology 53: 1729–1759
20. Földi J, Kulcsar M, Pecsi A, Huyghe B, De sa C, Lohuis JACM, Cox P, Huszenica GY (2006): Bacterial complications of postpartum uterine involution in cattle Anim Reprod Sci, 96: 265-281.
21. Gilbert RO (2017): Reproductive Inflammatory Disease in Postpartum Dairy Cows, Türk Veteriner Jinekoloji Derneği VII. Ulusal, I. Uluslararası Kongresi, Marmaris, Türkiye, 60-65.
22. Goff JP (1999): Mastitis and retained placenta-relationship to bovine immunology and nutrition. Adv. Dairy Technol, 11, 185-192.
23. Goff JP, Stabel JR (1990): Decreased plasma retinol, atocopherol, and zinc concentration during the periparturient period: effect of milk fever. J. Dairy Sci. 73:3195.
24. Grammer RR (1995): Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feding the transition cow, Journal of Animal Science, 73; 2820-2833.
25. Gröhn YT, Erb HN, McCulloch CE, Saloniemi HS (1990): Epidemiology of reproductive disorders in dairy cattle: associations among host characteristics, disease and production. Prev Vet Med 8:25–39
26. Grunert E (1986): Etiology and pathogenesis of retained placenta. In: Morrow DA, ed. Current Therapy in Theriogenology 2. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 237–241.
27. Gumen A, Rastani RR, Grummer RR, Wiltbank MC (2005): Reduced dry periods and varying prepartum diets alter postpartum ovulation and reproductive measures. J. Dairy Sci. 88: 2401–2411.
28. Gürbulak K, Bademkıran S (2012): Puerperal Dönem Sorunları, Ed. Semacan A, Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Doğum ve jinekoloji. 345-372. Medipres Mat. Ve Yay. Malatya.
29. Halpern NE, Erb HN, Smith RD (1985): Duration of retained fetal membranes and subsequent fertility in dairy cows. Theriogenology, 23(5), 807-813.
30. Hammon D, Evjen I, Dhiman T, Goff J, Walters J (2006): Neutrophilfunction and energy status in Holstein cows with uterine health dis-orders. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 113, 21-29.
31. Han YK, Kim IH (2005): Risk factors for retained placenta and the effect of retained placenta on the occurrence of postpartum diseases and subsequent reproductive performance in dairy cows. J Vet Sci., 61(1): 53-59
32. Heinonen M, Heinonen K (1989): Retained placenta in cattle: the effect of treatment or nontreatment on puerperal diseases and subsequent fertility. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 30(4), 425-429.
33. Heringstad B, Klemetsdal G, Ruane J (2000): Selection for mastitis resistance in dairy cattle: a review with focus on the situation in the Nordic countries. Livestock Science, 64(2), 95-106.
34. Hossein-Zadeh NG, Ardalan M (2011): Cow-specific risk factors for retained placenta, metritis and clinical mastitis in Holstein cows. Veterinary research communications, 35(6), 345-354.
35. Hurley WL, Doane RM (1989): Recent developments in the roles of vitamins and minerals in reproduction. J. Dairy Sci. 72:784–804.
36.
37. Huzzey JM, Duffield TF, LeBlanc SJ, Veira DM, Weary DM, Von Keyserlingk MAG (2009): Haptoglobin as an early indicator of metritis. Journal of dairy science, 92(2), 621-625.
38. Huzzey JM, Veira DM, Weary DM, Von Keyserlingk MAG (2007): Prepartum behavior and dry matter intake identify dairy cows at risk for metritis. Journal of dairy science, 90(7), 3220-3233.
39. Kalkan C, Öcal H, Rişvanlı A, Aydın M (2011): İneklerde retensiyo sekundinarum olgularının etiyopatogenezisi, postpartum uterus enfeksiyonlarındaki rolü, sağaltım ve korunma yöntemleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 2(1), 49-57.
40. Kelton DF, Lissemore KD, Martin RE (1998): Recommendations for recording and calculating the incidence of selected clinical diseases of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 81: 2502-2509
41. Kimura K, Goff JP, Kehrli ME, Reinhardt TA (2002): Decreased Neutrophil Function as a Cause of Retained Placenta in Dairy Cattle1. Journal of dairy science, 85(3), 544-550.
42. Kok A, van Hoeij RJ, Tolkamp BJ, Haskell MJ, van Knegsel AT, de Boer IJ, Bokkers EA (2017): Behavioural adaptation to a short or no dry period with associated management in dairy cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 186, 7-15.
43. Korkmaz Ö, Küplülü Ş (2014): Yüksek Süt Verimli İneklerde İnfertilite Nedenleri. Harran Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 3(1) 49-54.
44. Laven RA, Peters AR (1996): Bovine retained placenta: aetiology, pathogenesis and economic loss. Vet. Rec., 1996; 139, 9, 465- 471.
45. LeBlanc SJ (2008): Postpartum uterine disease and dairy herd reproductive performance: a review. Vet J. 176:102–114
46. Leblanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Bateman KG, Keefe GP, Walton JS, Johnson WH (2002): The effect of treatment of clinical endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci, 85: 2237-2249.
47. LeBlanc S (2007): Prevention of postpartum uterine disease. In Advances in dairy technology: proceedings of the... Western Canadian Dairy Seminar. WCDS Advances in Dairy Technology (2007) Volume 19: 145-155
48. LeBlanc SJ, Herdt T, Seymour W, Duffield T, Leslie K (2004): Factors associated with peripartum serum concentrations of vitamin E, retinol, and β-carotene in Holstein dairy cattle, and their associations with periparturient disease. J. Dairy Sci, 87, 609-619.
49. Lo´pez de Maturana E, Ugarte E, Gonza´lez-Recio O (2007): Impact of calving ease on functional longevity and herd amortiza tion costs in Basque Holsteins using survival analysis. J. Dairy Sci 90, 4451–4457.
50. Lombard JE, Garry FB, Tomlinson SM, Garber LP (2007): Impacts of dystocia on health and survival of dairy calves. Journal of dairy science, 90(4), 1751-1760.
51. Lucey S, Rowlands GJ, Russell AM (1986): Short-term associations between disease and milk yield of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Research, 53(1), 7-15.
52. Noakes DE, Perkinson TJ, England GCW (2009): Post parturient prolapse of the uterus. Arthur’s Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. Saunders, 319-323.
53. Öcal H (2017): Sütçü ineklerde Geçi Dönemi Yönetimi: Kritik Evreler ve Kontrol Noktaları, Türk Veteriner Jinekoloji Derneği VII. Ulusal, I. Uluslararası Kongresi, Marmaris, Türkiye
54. Öcal H, Türköz Y, Çetin H, Kaygusuzoğlu E, Rişvanlı A, Kalkan C (1999): Retensiyo sekundinarumlu ineklerde kan serumu kalsiyum (Ca) ve fosfor (P) düzeyleri üzerine çalışma. Tr. J. of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 23, Ek Say› 3, 591-595
55. Özyurtlu N, Zonturlu AH, İçen H, Gürgöze SY, Güngör Ö (2008): Retensiyo sekundinarumlu ineklerde bazı biyokimyasal parametreler ve mineral madde düzeylerinin araştırılması. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 1(2), 38-41.
56. Potter T (2008): Prolapse of the uterus in the cow. UK Vet Livestock, 13(1), 25-28.
57. Rastani RR, Grummer RR, Bertics SJ, Gümen A, Wiltbank MC, Mashek DG, Schwab MC (2005): Reducing dry period length to simplify feeding transition cows: milk production, energy balance, and metabolic profiles. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 1004–1014.
58. Roberts SJ (1986): Puerperal infections, uterine infections and diseases. Page 373–393 in Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases. 3. David & Charles Inc, Woodstock, NY.
59. Santschi DE, Lefebvre DM, Cue RI, Girard CL, Pellerin D (2011): Complete-lactation milk and component yields following a short (35-d) or a conventional (60-d) dry period management strategy in commercial Holstein herds. J. Dairy Sci. 94, 2302–2311
60. Sheldon IM, Dobson H (2004): Postpartum uterine health in cattle. Ani Rep Sci, 82:295-306.
61. Sheldon IM, Lewis G, Leblanc S, Gilbert RO (2006): Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle. Theriogenelogy, 65: 1516-1530.
62. Sheldon IM, Williams EJ, Miller A, Nash DM, Herath S (2008): Uterine diseases in cattle after parturation. Vet J, 176: 115-121.
63. Smith KL (1987): Vitamin E - Enhancement of immune response and effects on mastitis in dairy cows. Page 1 in Manuscript, Department of Dairy Science, Ohio Agricultural Research Development Center.
64. Stabel JR, Reinhardt TA, Stevens MA, Marcus EKJr, Nonnecke BJ (1992): Vitamin E Effects on In Vitro Immunoglobulin M and IL1_ Production and Transcription in Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci. 75:2190.
65. Steeneveld W, Schukken YH, van Knegsel ATM, Hogeveen H (2013): Effect of different dry period lengths on milk production and somatic cell count in subsequent lactations in commercial Dutch dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 96, 2988–3001,
66. Şenüver A, Nak Y (2012): Çiftlik Hayvanlarında doğum ve Jinekoloji Semacan A, Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A. Medipres, Malatya.
67. Tanör MA (1991): Yüksek Verimli Süt İneklerinin Kuru Dönemde Beslenmesi Ve Hipokalsemi, Vet. Bil. Dcrg., 14, 2: 57-61
68. Taşal İ, Şendağ S (2012): Doğum, s:615-637. Ed. Semacan A, Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A. Çiftlik Hayvanlarında Doğum ve jinekoloji. Medipres Mat. Ve Yay. Malatya.
69. Tjoelker LW, Chew BP, Tanaka TS, Daniel LR (1990): Effect of dietary vitamin A and _-carotene on polymorphonuclear leukocyte and lymphocyte function on dairy cows during the early dry period. J. Dairy Sci. 73:1017.
70. Urton G, Von Keyserlingk M, Weary D (2005): Feeding behavior identi-fies dairy cows at risk for metritis. J. Dairy Sci. 88, 2843– 2849.
71. van Knegsel ATM, Remmelink GJ, Jorjong S, Fievez V, Kemp B (2014): Effect of dry period length and dietary energy source on energy balance, milk yield, and milk composition of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 97, 1499–1512,
72. Van Werven T, Schukken YH, Lloyd J, Brand A, Heeringa HT, Shea M (1992): The effects of duration of retained placenta on reproduction, milk production, postpartum disease and culling rate. Theriogenology, 37(6), 1191-1203.
73. Vural R, Ergün Y, Özenç E (2016): Büyük Ruminantlarda Mastitis s:149-260. Ed. Kaymaz M, Fındık M, Rişvanlı A, Köker A. Evcil Hayvanlarda Meme Hastalıkları, Medipres Mat. Ve Yay. Malatya.
74. Watters, RD, Guenther JN, Brickner AE, Rastani RR, Crump PM, Clark PW, Grummer RR (2008): Effects of dry period length on milk production and health of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 91(7), 2595-2603.
75. Weigel KA, Rekaya R (2000): Genetic parameters for reproductive traits of Holstein cattle in California and Minnesota. J Dairy Sci 83, 1072–1080.
76. Youngquist RS, Shore MD (1997): Postpartum uterine infection. In: Youngquist, R.S. Ed., Current Therapy of Large Animal Theriogenology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 335-340.
77. Zaborski D, Grzesiak W, Szatkowska I, Dybus A, Muszynska M, Jedrzejczak M (2009): Factors affecting dystocia in cattle. Reproduction in domestic animals, 44(3), 540-551.
78. Zonturlu AK, Üren N, Özyurtlu N, Bozkurt G, Alpaslan BM (2008): Retensiyo sekundinarumlu ineklerde yaş, süt verimi, vücüt kondisyon skoru ve kan serumu selenyum düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. F.Ü. Sağ Bil Derg, 22(3): 127-130

Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Hayrettin Çetin Eyyüp Hakan Uçar Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	27 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2018 Cilt: 58 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA	Çetin, H., & Uçar, E. H. (2018). Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 58(3), 15-22.
AMA	Çetin H, Uçar EH. Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi. Aralık 2018;58(3):15-22.
Chicago	Çetin, Hayrettin, ve Eyyüp Hakan Uçar. “Doğum Sonrası Problemler Ve Mastitis”. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 58, sy. 3 (Aralık 2018): 15-22.
EndNote	Çetin H, Uçar EH (01 Aralık 2018) Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 58 3 15–22.
IEEE	H. Çetin ve E. H. Uçar, “Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis”, Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 58, sy. 3, ss. 15–22, 2018.
ISNAD	Çetin, Hayrettin - Uçar, Eyyüp Hakan. “Doğum Sonrası Problemler Ve Mastitis”. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 58/3 (Aralık 2018), 15-22.
JAMA	Çetin H, Uçar EH. Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2018;58:15–22.
MLA	Çetin, Hayrettin ve Eyyüp Hakan Uçar. “Doğum Sonrası Problemler Ve Mastitis”. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 58, sy. 3, 2018, ss. 15-22.
Vancouver	Çetin H, Uçar EH. Doğum Sonrası Problemler ve Mastitis. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2018;58(3):15-22.

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