İş Yolculuğunun Kavramsal Anlamda İncelenmesi ve Geri Çekilme Davranışları

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16, 1613 - 1633, 30.12.2018

Onur Emre

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.479549

Cited By: 1

Öz

İş fırsatları ve iş piyasası, birçok ülkede yalnızca
bazı bölgelerde yoğunlaşmaktadır ve işgücü piyasasına katılmak isteyenlerin bu
duruma uyum sağlaması gerekmektedir. Çalışanların evi ve işyerleri arasındaki
mesafeler, bu uyumu zorlaştıran unsurlardandır. Mesleği ya da işi ne kadar
zorlu veya rahat olursa olsun, tüm çalışanların bir iş günü öncelikle işe
gitmek için yapılan yolculukla başlamaktadır. Günümüzde modern çalışma
biçimlerinin yaygınlaşması ile dahi çok az sayıda insan evden çalışma veya
işyerine bağımlı olmadan çalışma olanaklarına sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, gündelik
iş yolculuğunun etkilerini ve sonuçlarını tartışmak amacıyla, kaynakların
korunumu yaklaşımı ve iş talepleri- iş kaynakları yaklaşımı gibi teorilerden yararlanılmış
ve bu yaklaşımların yardımıyla, yolculuk sırasında yaşanan kaynak tüketiminin,
hayatın iş dışında kalan yönlerine, işe bağlılığa, işten geri çekilme
davranışlarına ve iş-yaşam dengesi gibi örgütsel sonuçlara nasıl etki ettiği ele
alınmıştır.  Konunun, çalışma hayatını ele
alan kaynaklarda nadir tartışılmış olduğu tespit edilmiş ve bu yolculuğun
ortaya çıkardığı sonuçların nasıl ortadan kaldırılabileceği ile ilgili görüşler
ve öneriler tartışılmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

İş yolculuğu, Geri çekilme davranışları, Kaynakların korunumu

Commuting and Withdrawal Behavior: A Conceptual Discussion

Öz

Job
opportunities and job market are concentrated in some areas in many countries,
and those who wish to join the labor market need to relocate or mobilize
accordingly. For that, employees commute to work in the morning and travel back
in the evening. This journey, which must be endured daily by employees, is a
problem that should be addressed by organizational sciences. The distance
between home and work is at the top of every employee's challenges. No matter
how challenging or comfortable the job is, the ordinary day starts with the
commute. Even with the increasing implementation of modern forms of work, few
people still have work designs that enable them to work from home or work
without being dependent on the workplace. Commuting is an inevitable effort one
has to make in urbanized regions and it is a must to stay in the labor market.
For the purpose of discussing its effects and outcomes, theories which have
proven themselves in the literature have been utilized such as the conservation
of resources approach and work demands-resources approach. With the help of
these approaches, we discuss how the resource consumption during the commute
affect the work and non-work aspects of life, how they affect organizational
results such as commitment to the workplace, withdrawal behaviors, and work
life balance. Implications for further research and for practice are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Commuting, Withdrawal Behavior, Conservation of Resources

Kaynakça

• Baillien, E., De Cuyper, N.ve De Witte, H. (2011). Job autonomy and workload as antecedents of workplace bullying: A two-wave test of Karasek’s Job Demand Control Model for targets and perpetrators. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 191–208.
• Bakker, A. B.ve Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328.
• Ben-David, N.ve Sharabi, M. (2009). Commuting and Its Effect on Work Decisions. International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(3), 183–187.
• Blau, G. (1998). On the aggregation of individual withdrawal behaviors into larger multi‐item constructs. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 437–452.
• Costa, G., Pickup, L.ve DiMartino, Vittorio. (1988). Commuting—a further stress factor for working people: evidence from the European Community. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 60, 377–385.
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F.ve Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512.
• Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Geurts, S. A. E.ve Taris, T. W. (2009). Daily recovery from work-related effort during non-work time. In E. Demerouti, A. B. Bakker, S. A. E. Geurtsve T. W. Taris (Eds.), Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being (Vol. 7, pp. 85–123). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
• Dex, S.ve Bond, S. (2005). Measuring work-life balance and its covariates. Work, Employment and Society.
• Greenhaus, J. H.ve Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of management review, 10(1), 76-88.
• Halbesleben, J. R. B., Neveu, J.-P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C.ve Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the “‘COR’”: Understanding the Role of Resources in Conservation of Resources Theory. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1334–1364.
• Hämmig, O., Gutzwiller, F.ve Bauer, G. (2009). Work-life conflict and associations with work- and nonwork-related factors and with physical and mental health outcomes: A nationally representative cross-sectional study in Switzerland. BMC Public Health.
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources. A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. The American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.
• Karasek, R. a. (1979). Job Demands , Job Decision Latitude , and Mental Strain : Implications for Job Redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285–308.
• Koslowsky, M. (1997). Commuting stress: Problems of definition and variable identification. Applied Psychology, 46(2), 153–174.
• Krueger, A. B., Kahneman, D., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N.ve Stone, A. A. (2009). National time accounting: The currency of life. In Measuring the Subjective Well-Being of Nations: National Accounts of Time Use and Well Being (Vol. I, pp. 1–84).
• Lyons, G.ve Chatterjee, K. (2008). A human perspective on the daily commute: Costs, benefits and trade-offs. Transport Reviews, 28(2), 181–198.
• Meyer, J. P.ve Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89.
• Mokhtarian, P. L.ve Salomon, I. (2001). How derived is the demand for travel? Some conceptual and measurement considerations. Transportation research part A: Policy and practice, 35(8), 695-719.
• Morgeson, F. P., Delaney-Klinger, K.ve Hemingway, M. a. (2005). The importance of job autonomy, cognitive ability, and job-related skill for predicting role breadth and job performance. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 399–406.
• Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M.ve Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224–247.
• Ory, D. T., Mokhtarian, P. L., Redmond, L. S., Salomon, I., Collantes, G. O.ve Choo, S. (2004). When is Commuting Desirable to the Individual? Growth and Change, 35(3), 334–359.
• Redmond, L. S.ve Mokhtarian, P. L. (2001). The positive utility of the commute : modeling ideal commute time and relative desired commute amount. Transportation, 28, 179–205.
• Rouwendal & Nijkamp. (2004). Living in two worlds : A review of home-to-work decisions. Growth and Change, 35(3), 287–303.
• Sadler-Smith, E., El-Kot, G.ve Leat, M. (2003). Differentiating work autonomy facets in a non-Western context. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 709–731.
• Sims, H., Szilagyi, A.ve Keller, R. (1976). The measurement of job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 19(2), 195–212.
• Sonnentag, S., ve Natter, E. (2004). Flight attendants' daily recovery from work: Is there no place like home?. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(4), 366-391.
• Sonnentag, S., ve Zijlstra, F. R. (2006). Job characteristics and off-job activities as predictors of need for recovery, well-being, and fatigue. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 330-350.
• Stutzer, A.ve Frey, B. S. (2008). Stress that doesn’t pay: The commuting paradox. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 110(1278), 339–366.
• Van den Berg, G. J.ve Gorter, C. (1997). Job search and commuting time. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 15(2), 269.
• Van Ommeren, J. N.ve Gutiérrez-i-Puigarnau, E. (2011). Are workers with a long commute less productive? An empirical analysis of absenteeism. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 41(1), 1–8.
• Voydanoff, P. (2004). The effects of work demands and resources on work-to-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(May), 398–412.
• Wasti, A. (2003). Organizational commitment, turnover intentions and the influence of cultural values. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(3), 303–321.
• Zacharatos, A., Barling, J.ve Iverson, R. D. (2005). High-performance work systems and occupational safety. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 77–93.