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EXPLORING THE DISTANCE EDUCATION STUDENTS’ CYBERBULLYING, CYBERVICTIMIZATION AND CYBERBULLYING SENSIBILITY LEVELS

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4, 3 - 17, 05.10.2015
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.07460

Öz

The purpose of present research is to detect cyberbullying, cybervictimization and cyberbullying sensibility levels of distance education students and analyze these levels with respect to several variables. The research has been patterned on relational screening model. Study group consisted of 297 distance education students studying at university in Marmara region during fall term of 2012-2013 academic year. Data have been obtained via cyberbullying scale, cybervictimization scale and cyberbullying sensibility scale. In the analysis of obtained data descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis H and correlation tests have been utilized. Obtained findings manifested that distance education students received low scores on cyberbullying and mid level scores from cybervictimization; that they possess high sensibility towards cyberbullying and there is statistically meaningful differentiation between cyberbullying and cybervictimization. It has also been detected that the increase in Internet usage has accelerating effect on cyberbullying and cybervictimization and that there is correlation between cyberbullying and cybervictimization. Furthermore it has been revealed that compared to female students male students are engaged in higher levels of cyberbullying and they become cybervictimized more frequently.

Kaynakça

  • Agatston, P. W., Kowalski, R., & Limber, S. (2007). Student’s perspective on cyber bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 59–60.
  • Akbulut, Y., Sahin, Y. L., & Eristi, B. (2010). Development of a scale to investigate cybervictimization among online social utility members. Contemporary Educational Technology, 1(1), 46-59.
  • Akbulut, Y., & Eristi, B. (2011). Cyberbullying and victimisation among Turkish university students. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(7), 1155-1170.
  • Aricak, O. T. (2009). Psychiatric symptomatology as a predictor of cyberbullying among university students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 167–184.
  • Aricak, O. T., Kinay, H., & Tanrikulu, T. (2012). Initial psychometric findings of cyberbullying scale.Journal of the Hasan Ali Yucel Faculty of Education, 17, 340–341.
  • Aricak, O. T., Tanrikulu, T., & Kınay, H. (2012). Initial psychometric findings of cybervictimization scale. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Research, 6(11), 1-6.
  • Aricak, O. T. (2011). Cyberbullying: The new danger waiting for adolescents. Career
  • Window [Kariyer Penceresi], November-December (6), 10-11. Aricak, T., Siyahhan, S., Uzunhasanoglu, A., Saribeyoglu, S., Ciplak, S., Yilmaz, N., & Memmedov, C. (2008). Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 253-261.
  • Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2011). Exploring the teachers’ cyber bullying perception in terms of various variables. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences,3(2), 619-6
  • Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2012). On being cyber bully and victim among primary school students. Elementary Education Online, 11(2), 369-380.
  • Bauman, S. (2010). Cyberbullying in a rural intermediate school: An exploratory study.
  • The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(6), 803-833. Bauman, S., & Pero, H. (2010). Bullying and cyberbullying among deaf students and their hearing peers: An exploratory study. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 16(2), 236-2
  • Belsey, B. (2007). Cyberbullying: A real and growing threat. ATA Magazine, 88(1), 14–21.
  • Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber harassment: A study of new method for an old behavior.
  • Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(3), 265-277. Burnukara, P. (2009). İlk ve orta ergenlikte geleneksel ve sanal akran zorbalığına ilişkin betimsel bir inceleme [A descriptive study on traditional and cyber bullying in early and middle adolescence]. (Master's dissertation). Hacettepe University Graduate School of
  • Social Sciences, Ankara, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 258361.
  • Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15, 68–76.
  • Campbell, M., Spears, B., Slee, P., Butler, D., & Kift, S. (2012). Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation.
  • Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties, 17(3-4), 389-401. Calvete, E., Orue I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior 26, 1128– 1
  • Ceyhan, A. A., & Ceyhan, E. (2008). Loneliness, depression and computer self-efficacy as predictors of problematic internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 699–701.
  • Chak, K., & Leung, L. (2004). Shyness and locus of control as predictors of Internet addiction and Internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 559–570.
  • Çelik, S., Atak, H., & Erguzen, A. (2012). The effect of personality on cyberbullying among university students in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 49, 129-150.
  • Cetin, B., Yaman, E., Peker, A. (2011). Cyber victim and bullying scale: A study of validity and reliability. Computers & Education, 57, 2261-2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.014
  • Cetinkaya, B. (2010). İlköğretim ikinci kademe öğrencilerinde siber zorbalığın yaygınlığı
  • [The prevalence of the cyberbullying on secondary school students]. (Master's dissertation). Selcuk University Graduate School of Educational Sciences, Konya, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 264388.
  • Erdur-Baker, O. (2010). Cyber bullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet mediated communication tools. New Media and Society, 12, 109–125.
  • Erdur-Baker, O., & Kavsut, F. (2007). Cyber bullying: a new face of peer bullying. Eurasian
  • Journal of Educational Research, 27, 31–42. EU Kids Online (October, 2012). EU Kids Online: Turkish National perspectives. Retrieved
  • January 05, 2013 from http://eukidsonline.metu.edu.tr/file/PerspectivesReport.pdf
  • Gezgin, D. M., & Cuhadar, C. (2012). Bilgisayar ve öğretim teknolojileri eğitimi bölümü öğrencilerinin siber zorbalığa ilişkin duyarlılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the computer education and instructional technologies students’ awareness to cyber- bullying]. Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 2(2), 93–104.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29,129–156.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Cyberbullying identification, prevention, and response. Retrieved September 17, 2013 from http://www.cyberbullying.us/Cyberbullying_Identification_Prevention_Response_Fact_ Sheet.pdf
  • Hoff, D. L., & Mitchell, S. N. (2009). Cyberbullying: causes, effects, and remedies. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 652-665.
  • Huang, Yun-yin, Chou, C. (2013). Revisiting cyberbullying: Perspectives from Taiwanese teachers. Computers & Education, 63, 227-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.023
  • Johnson, C. L. (2011). An examination of the primary and secondary effects of cyber- bullying: Development and testing of a cyber-bullying moderator/mediator model. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 868683577).
  • Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi Kavram-İlke-Teknikler [Concept-Policy
  • Techniques for Scientific Research Method] (18th Edition). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi. Keith, S., & Martin, M. E. (2005). Cyber-Bullying: Creating a culture of respect in a cyber- world. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 13(4), 224–228.
  • Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students.
  • The Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 522-530. Lacey, B. (2007). Social aggression: A study of internet harassment. Hofstra University,
  • New York.(Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 304851762).
  • Li, Q. (2005) Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old. Behavior. Journal of
  • Educational Computing Research, 32(3) 265–277. Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School
  • Psychology International, 27(2), 157-170. Mark, L. K. (2009). Student, educator, and parent perceptions of cyberbullying in three
  • Hawai`i middle schools. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hawaii. Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 304894298).
  • Mason, K. (2008). Cyberbullying: A preliminary assessment for school personnel.
  • Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 323–348. Mesch, G. S. (2009). Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying.
  • Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12, 217–223. Ozdemir, M., & Akar, O. (2011). Examination of high school students’ opinions on cyberbullying in terms of various variables. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 17(4), 605–626.
  • Ozdemir, M., & Akar, F. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin siber-zorbalığa ilişkin görüşlerinin bazı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi[Examination high school students' perceptions about cyber-bullying in terms of some variables]. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 17(4), 605-626.
  • Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health 80, 614–21.
  • Peker, A., & Eroglu, Y., (2010). Internet addiction as a predictor of being a cyberbully/victim of male students. In A. M. Sünbül, & İ. Şahin (Eds.), 4th International
  • Computer and Instructional Technologies Symposium (ICITS’10), 2010 (pp. 862-867).
  • Konya: Selcuk University Press. Peker, A., Eroglu, Y., & Citemel, N. (2012). Relationship of submissive behavior and cyberbullying/cybervictimization: The mediation role of gender. International Journal of Human Sciences, 9(1), 205–221.
  • Pepler, D. J., Craig, W. M., Connolly, J. A., Yuile, A., McMaster, L., & Jiang, D. (2006). A developmental perspective on bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 376-384.
  • Price, M., & Dalgleish, J. (2010). Cyberbullying: Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia 29(2), 51–59.
  • Shariff, S. (2009). Confronting Cyberbullying: What Schools Need to Know to Control
  • Misconduct and Avoid Legal Consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press. Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?
  • Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154. Sahin, M., Sari, S. V., Ozer, O., & Er, S. H. (2010). High school students’ views about their cyber bully behaviors and self-exposition. SDU Faculty of Arts & Sciences Journal of Social Sciences, 21, 257-270.
  • Sahin, M. (2012). The relationship between the cyberbullying/cyber victimization and loneliness among adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review 34(4), 834–837.
  • Tanrikulu, T., Kinay, H., & Aricak, O., T. (2013). Cyberbullying sensibility scale: Validity and reliability study. Trakya University Journal of Education, 3(1), 38-47.
  • Topcu, C., Erdur-Baker, O., & Capa-Aydin, Y. (2008). Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 643-648.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute-TUIK (2012). 2012, Information and communication technology (ICT) usage survey on households and individuals. Retrieved February 06, 2013 from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=10880
  • Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and perpetration. Children & Society, 25(1), 59-72.
  • Willard, N. (2005). Educator’s guide to cyberbullying addressing the harm caused by outline social cruelty. Retrieved September 13, 2013 from http://www.asdk12.org/MiddleLink/AVB/bully_topics/EducatorsGuide_Cyberbullying.pd f
  • Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts.
  • Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 51-58. Yaman, E., Eroglu, Y., & Peker, A. (2011). Başa çıkma stratejileriyle okul zorbalığı ve siber zorbalık [Coping strategies, school bullying and cyber-bullying]. Istanbul: Kaknus Psikoloji Press.
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 319-336.
  • Ybarra, M., L., Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2007). Internet prevention messages: Targeting the right online behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 138-145.
  • Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K., J., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). Examining characteristics and associated distress related to internet harassment: Findings from the second youth
  • Internet safety survey. Pediatrics, 118, 1169–1177.
Yıl 2015, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4, 3 - 17, 05.10.2015
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.07460

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Agatston, P. W., Kowalski, R., & Limber, S. (2007). Student’s perspective on cyber bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 59–60.
  • Akbulut, Y., Sahin, Y. L., & Eristi, B. (2010). Development of a scale to investigate cybervictimization among online social utility members. Contemporary Educational Technology, 1(1), 46-59.
  • Akbulut, Y., & Eristi, B. (2011). Cyberbullying and victimisation among Turkish university students. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 27(7), 1155-1170.
  • Aricak, O. T. (2009). Psychiatric symptomatology as a predictor of cyberbullying among university students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 34, 167–184.
  • Aricak, O. T., Kinay, H., & Tanrikulu, T. (2012). Initial psychometric findings of cyberbullying scale.Journal of the Hasan Ali Yucel Faculty of Education, 17, 340–341.
  • Aricak, O. T., Tanrikulu, T., & Kınay, H. (2012). Initial psychometric findings of cybervictimization scale. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Research, 6(11), 1-6.
  • Aricak, O. T. (2011). Cyberbullying: The new danger waiting for adolescents. Career
  • Window [Kariyer Penceresi], November-December (6), 10-11. Aricak, T., Siyahhan, S., Uzunhasanoglu, A., Saribeyoglu, S., Ciplak, S., Yilmaz, N., & Memmedov, C. (2008). Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 253-261.
  • Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2011). Exploring the teachers’ cyber bullying perception in terms of various variables. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences,3(2), 619-6
  • Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2012). On being cyber bully and victim among primary school students. Elementary Education Online, 11(2), 369-380.
  • Bauman, S. (2010). Cyberbullying in a rural intermediate school: An exploratory study.
  • The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(6), 803-833. Bauman, S., & Pero, H. (2010). Bullying and cyberbullying among deaf students and their hearing peers: An exploratory study. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 16(2), 236-2
  • Belsey, B. (2007). Cyberbullying: A real and growing threat. ATA Magazine, 88(1), 14–21.
  • Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber harassment: A study of new method for an old behavior.
  • Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(3), 265-277. Burnukara, P. (2009). İlk ve orta ergenlikte geleneksel ve sanal akran zorbalığına ilişkin betimsel bir inceleme [A descriptive study on traditional and cyber bullying in early and middle adolescence]. (Master's dissertation). Hacettepe University Graduate School of
  • Social Sciences, Ankara, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 258361.
  • Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15, 68–76.
  • Campbell, M., Spears, B., Slee, P., Butler, D., & Kift, S. (2012). Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation.
  • Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties, 17(3-4), 389-401. Calvete, E., Orue I., Estévez, A., Villardón, L., & Padilla, P. (2010). Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Computers in Human Behavior 26, 1128– 1
  • Ceyhan, A. A., & Ceyhan, E. (2008). Loneliness, depression and computer self-efficacy as predictors of problematic internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 699–701.
  • Chak, K., & Leung, L. (2004). Shyness and locus of control as predictors of Internet addiction and Internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 559–570.
  • Çelik, S., Atak, H., & Erguzen, A. (2012). The effect of personality on cyberbullying among university students in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 49, 129-150.
  • Cetin, B., Yaman, E., Peker, A. (2011). Cyber victim and bullying scale: A study of validity and reliability. Computers & Education, 57, 2261-2271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.014
  • Cetinkaya, B. (2010). İlköğretim ikinci kademe öğrencilerinde siber zorbalığın yaygınlığı
  • [The prevalence of the cyberbullying on secondary school students]. (Master's dissertation). Selcuk University Graduate School of Educational Sciences, Konya, Turkey. Available from the Council of Higher Education, National Dissertation Center, Dissertation ID: 264388.
  • Erdur-Baker, O. (2010). Cyber bullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet mediated communication tools. New Media and Society, 12, 109–125.
  • Erdur-Baker, O., & Kavsut, F. (2007). Cyber bullying: a new face of peer bullying. Eurasian
  • Journal of Educational Research, 27, 31–42. EU Kids Online (October, 2012). EU Kids Online: Turkish National perspectives. Retrieved
  • January 05, 2013 from http://eukidsonline.metu.edu.tr/file/PerspectivesReport.pdf
  • Gezgin, D. M., & Cuhadar, C. (2012). Bilgisayar ve öğretim teknolojileri eğitimi bölümü öğrencilerinin siber zorbalığa ilişkin duyarlılık düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the computer education and instructional technologies students’ awareness to cyber- bullying]. Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 2(2), 93–104.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2008). Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29,129–156.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Cyberbullying identification, prevention, and response. Retrieved September 17, 2013 from http://www.cyberbullying.us/Cyberbullying_Identification_Prevention_Response_Fact_ Sheet.pdf
  • Hoff, D. L., & Mitchell, S. N. (2009). Cyberbullying: causes, effects, and remedies. Journal of Educational Administration, 47(5), 652-665.
  • Huang, Yun-yin, Chou, C. (2013). Revisiting cyberbullying: Perspectives from Taiwanese teachers. Computers & Education, 63, 227-239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.11.023
  • Johnson, C. L. (2011). An examination of the primary and secondary effects of cyber- bullying: Development and testing of a cyber-bullying moderator/mediator model. (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 868683577).
  • Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi Kavram-İlke-Teknikler [Concept-Policy
  • Techniques for Scientific Research Method] (18th Edition). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi. Keith, S., & Martin, M. E. (2005). Cyber-Bullying: Creating a culture of respect in a cyber- world. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 13(4), 224–228.
  • Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students.
  • The Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 522-530. Lacey, B. (2007). Social aggression: A study of internet harassment. Hofstra University,
  • New York.(Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 304851762).
  • Li, Q. (2005) Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old. Behavior. Journal of
  • Educational Computing Research, 32(3) 265–277. Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School
  • Psychology International, 27(2), 157-170. Mark, L. K. (2009). Student, educator, and parent perceptions of cyberbullying in three
  • Hawai`i middle schools. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hawaii. Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 304894298).
  • Mason, K. (2008). Cyberbullying: A preliminary assessment for school personnel.
  • Psychology in the Schools, 45(4), 323–348. Mesch, G. S. (2009). Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying.
  • Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12, 217–223. Ozdemir, M., & Akar, O. (2011). Examination of high school students’ opinions on cyberbullying in terms of various variables. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 17(4), 605–626.
  • Ozdemir, M., & Akar, F. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin siber-zorbalığa ilişkin görüşlerinin bazı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi[Examination high school students' perceptions about cyber-bullying in terms of some variables]. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 17(4), 605-626.
  • Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2010). Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health 80, 614–21.
  • Peker, A., & Eroglu, Y., (2010). Internet addiction as a predictor of being a cyberbully/victim of male students. In A. M. Sünbül, & İ. Şahin (Eds.), 4th International
  • Computer and Instructional Technologies Symposium (ICITS’10), 2010 (pp. 862-867).
  • Konya: Selcuk University Press. Peker, A., Eroglu, Y., & Citemel, N. (2012). Relationship of submissive behavior and cyberbullying/cybervictimization: The mediation role of gender. International Journal of Human Sciences, 9(1), 205–221.
  • Pepler, D. J., Craig, W. M., Connolly, J. A., Yuile, A., McMaster, L., & Jiang, D. (2006). A developmental perspective on bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 376-384.
  • Price, M., & Dalgleish, J. (2010). Cyberbullying: Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia 29(2), 51–59.
  • Shariff, S. (2009). Confronting Cyberbullying: What Schools Need to Know to Control
  • Misconduct and Avoid Legal Consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press. Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?
  • Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154. Sahin, M., Sari, S. V., Ozer, O., & Er, S. H. (2010). High school students’ views about their cyber bully behaviors and self-exposition. SDU Faculty of Arts & Sciences Journal of Social Sciences, 21, 257-270.
  • Sahin, M. (2012). The relationship between the cyberbullying/cyber victimization and loneliness among adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review 34(4), 834–837.
  • Tanrikulu, T., Kinay, H., & Aricak, O., T. (2013). Cyberbullying sensibility scale: Validity and reliability study. Trakya University Journal of Education, 3(1), 38-47.
  • Topcu, C., Erdur-Baker, O., & Capa-Aydin, Y. (2008). Examination of cyberbullying experiences among Turkish students from different school types. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 643-648.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute-TUIK (2012). 2012, Information and communication technology (ICT) usage survey on households and individuals. Retrieved February 06, 2013 from http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=10880
  • Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2011). Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and perpetration. Children & Society, 25(1), 59-72.
  • Willard, N. (2005). Educator’s guide to cyberbullying addressing the harm caused by outline social cruelty. Retrieved September 13, 2013 from http://www.asdk12.org/MiddleLink/AVB/bully_topics/EducatorsGuide_Cyberbullying.pd f
  • Wolak, J., Mitchell, K., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts.
  • Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 51-58. Yaman, E., Eroglu, Y., & Peker, A. (2011). Başa çıkma stratejileriyle okul zorbalığı ve siber zorbalık [Coping strategies, school bullying and cyber-bullying]. Istanbul: Kaknus Psikoloji Press.
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: Associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 319-336.
  • Ybarra, M., L., Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2007). Internet prevention messages: Targeting the right online behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 138-145.
  • Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K., J., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). Examining characteristics and associated distress related to internet harassment: Findings from the second youth
  • Internet safety survey. Pediatrics, 118, 1169–1177.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Hasan Ozgur

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Ekim 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ekim 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Ozgur, H. (2015). EXPLORING THE DISTANCE EDUCATION STUDENTS’ CYBERBULLYING, CYBERVICTIMIZATION AND CYBERBULLYING SENSIBILITY LEVELS. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 16(4), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.07460