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How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 107 - 119, 30.06.2019

Uğur Çalışkan

Öz

Tourism, a rapidly growing sector around the
world, is perceived as panacea for socio-economic problems in many regions. Study
aims to compile the opinions of the travel agencies for tourism development in the
Eastern Anatolia in Turkey. Qualitative research method has been utilized to
get in-depth views on the planning and implementation issues. Findings indicate
that tourism can be used as a development tool provided that correct steps are
taken after planning with the participation of all stakeholders. The study is
important not only because it contributes to the literature by determining the
remarks of travel agencies, but also offers valuable information to tourism
planners and decision makers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Travel agencies underdeveloped regions tourism development

Kaynakça

  • Alipour, H. (1996). Tourism Development within Planning Paradigms: The Case of Turkey, Tourism Management, 17(5), 367—377.
  • Ashley, C. & Jones, B. (2001). Joint Ventures between Communities and Tourism Investors: Experience in Southern Africa, International Journal of Tourism Research, 3 (2), 407–423.
  • Ashley, C. & Roe, D. (2003). Working with the Private Sector on Pro-Poor Tourism: Opinions and Experience from Two Development Practitioners, Pro-Poor Tourism Working Paper. London: Overseas Development Institute.
  • Baid J.A.I. (2004). Tourism Planning in Spain: Evolution and Perspectives, Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 313–333.
  • Bitner, M.J. (1992). Servicescape: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees, Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 57–71.
  • Bitner, M.J. & Booms, B.M. (1982). Trends in Travel and Tourism Marketing: The Hanging Structure of Distribution Channels, Journal of Travel Research, 20, 39–44.
  • Boers, B. & Cottrell, S. (2007). Sustainable Tourism Infrastructure Planning: a GIS-Supported Approach, Tourism Geographies, 9(1), 1-21.
  • Boukas, N. & Ziakas, V. (2016). Tourism Policy and Residents' Well-Being in Cyprus: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing an Inside-Out Destination Management Approach, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 5, 44–54.
  • Cabanillas, F.J.J., Aliseda, J.M., Gallego, J.A.G. & Jeong, J.S. (2013). Comparison of Regional Planning Strategies: Countywide General Plans in USA and Territorial Plans in Spain, Land Use Policy 30, 758– 773.
  • Chan, J.K.L. (2010). Building Sustainable Tourism Destination and Developing Responsible Tourism: Conceptual Framework, Key Issues and Challenges, Tourism Development Journal- An International Research Journal, 8(1), 24–32.
  • Chok S., Macbeth, J. & Warren, C. (2007). Tourism As a Tool for Poverty Alleviation: a Critical Analysis of ‘Pro-Poor Tourism’ and Implications for Sustainability, Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2-3), 144–165.
  • Christie, I.T. (2002). Tourism, Growth and Poverty: Framework Conditions for Tourism in Developing Countries, Tourism Review, 57 (1/2), 35–41.
  • Coyne I.T. (1997). Sampling in Qualitative Research, Purposeful and Theoretical Sampling, Merging or Clear Boundaries? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 623–630.
  • Crouch, G. & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1999). Tourism, Competitiveness and Societal Prosperity, Journal of Business Research, 44, 137–152.
  • Çaha, Ö. & Tutar, H. (2013). TRA2 Bölgesi’nde Yoğun Kamu Çalışanı Göçü: Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri, Kars.
  • Çalışkan, U. (2015). Misafirlerin Gözünden TRA2 Turizmi, Kars.
  • Daka (Eastern Anatolia Development Agency) (2014). 2014 – 2023 TRB1 Bölge Planı, Van, Turkey.
  • de Kadt, E. (1979). Preface. E. de Kadt (Ed.), Tourism: Passport to Development? (pp. ix–xvi), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • del Bosque, I.R., San Martin, I.H. & Collado, J. (2006). The Role of Expectations in The Consumer Satisfaction Formation Process: Empirical Evidence in The Travel Agency Sector, Tourism Management, 27, 410–419.
  • Dhanani, S. & Islam, I. (2002). Poverty, Vulnerability and Social Protection in a Period of Crisis: The Case of Indonesia, World Development, 30 (7), 1211–1231.
  • Dube, L. & Renaghan, L. M. (2000). Marketing Your Hotel to and Through Intermediaries, Cornell HRA Quarterly, 41(1), 73–83.
  • Fazenda, N. & Da Silva, Costa, C. (2010). Douro Valley Tourism Plan, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2(4), 428 – 440.
  • Gomezelj, D. O. & Mihalic, T. (2008). Destination Competitiveness—Applying Different Models, The Case of Slovenia, Tourism Management, 29, 294–307.
  • Goodwin, H. (2007). Measuring and Reporting The Impact of Tourism on Poverty, J. Tribe and D. Airey, (Eds.), Developments in Tourism Research (pp. 63 – 75). New York: Routledge.
  • Göymen, K. (2000). Tourism and Governance in Turkey, Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 1025–1048.
  • Gunn, C. A. & Var, T. (2002). Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases (4th Ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Hall, C.M. & Coles, T. (2008). Introduction: Tourism and International Business–Tourism As International Business. T. Coles and C.M. Hall (Eds), International Business and Tourism Global Issues, Contemporary Interactions, (pp. 1-25), Routledge, London.
  • Hall, C. M. & Jenkins, J. M. (1995). Tourism and Public Policy, Routledge, London.
  • Harrison, D. & Schipani, S. (2007). Lao Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: Community-Based Tourism and The Private Sector, Current Issues in Tourısm, 10 (2-3), 194 – 230.
  • Hassan, S. (2000). Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Industry, Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), 239–245.
  • Heung, V.C.S. & Chu, R. (2000). Important Factors Affecting Hong Kong Consumers’ Choice of a Travel Agency for All-Inclusive Package Tours, Journal of Travel Research, 39, 52–59.
  • Heung, V.C.S. & Zhu, P. (2005). Factors Affecting Choice of a Travel Agency for Domestic Tourism, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(4), 13-25.
  • Jennings, G. (2001). Tourism Research, John Wiley and Sons, Sydney.
  • King, B., McVey, M. & Simmons, D. (2000). A Societal Marketing Approach to National Tourism Planning: Evidence from the South Pacific, Tourism Management, 21(4), 407–416.
  • Kudaka (North-East Anatolia Development Agency) (2014). Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölge Planı. Erzurum.
  • Lai, K., Li, Y. & Feng, X. (2006). Gap between Tourism Planning and Implementation: a Case of China, Tourism Management, 27, 1171–1180.
  • Laws, E. (1995). Tourist Destination Management: Issues, Analysis and Policies. Routledge, London.
  • Lima, S., Eusébio, C. & Partidário, M.D.R. (2011). Determinants for Tourism and Poverty Alleviation, Tourism and Management Studies, 7, 43 – 53.
  • McKercher, B., Packer, T., Yau, M.K. & Lam, P. (2003). Travel Agents As Facilitators or Inhibitors of Travel: Perceptions of People with Disabilities, Tourism Management, 24, 465–474.
  • Michalkó, G., Irimiás, A. & Timothy, D.J. (2015). Disappointment in Tourism: Perspectives on Tourism Destination Management. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 85–91.
  • Middleton, V. (1994). Marketing Travel and Tourism (2nd Ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
  • Miguel A., Moliner M.A., Sanchez, J., Rodriguez, R.M. & Callarisa, L. (2007). Travel Agency Relationship Quality, Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 537–540.
  • Ministry of Development (2013). İllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması (SEGE) 2011. Ankara
  • Morgan N. (2012). Time for ‘Mindful’ Destination Management and Marketing, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 1, 8–9.
  • Morrison, A. (2013). Marketing and Managing Tourism Destinations. London: Routledge.
  • Pearce, D.G. (2016). Destination Management: Plans and Practitioners’ Perspectives in New Zealand. Tourism Planning and Development, 13(1), 52–71.
  • Pearce, D.G. & Schänzel, H.A. (2013). Destination Management, the Tourists’ Perspective, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 2, 137–145.
  • Pforr, C. (2006). Tourism Policy in the Making: An Australian Network Study, Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 87–108.
  • Phillips, P. & Moutinho, L. (2014). Critical Review of Strategic Planning Research in Hospitality and Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research 48, 96–120.
  • Plog, S.C. (2001). Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity An Update of a Cornell Quarterly Classic, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 42(3), 13–24.
  • Ritchie, J. & Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative Research Practice: a Guide for Social Science Students and Researcher, Sage Publications, London.
  • Roe, D. & Urquhart, P. (2004). Pro-Poor Tourism: Harnessing The World’s Largest Industry for The World’s Poor, Turning The Rhetoric Into Action for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction., In, T. Bigg (Ed.) Survival for a Small Planet–The Sustainable Development Agenda (pp. 309- 325). Earthscan, London.
  • Scheyvens, R. & Russell, M. (2012). Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Fiji: Comparing The Impacts of Small- and Large-Scale Tourism Enterprises, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 417-436.
  • Serka (Serhat Development Agency) (2014). TRA2 Bölge Planı. Kars.
  • Sinclair-Maragh, G. & Gursoy, D. (2016) A Conceptual Model of Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in Developing Countries, Tourism Planning and Development, 13(1), 1–22.
  • Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Svensson, B., Nordin, S. & Flagestad, A. (2005). A Governance Perspective on Destination Development–Exploring Partnerships, Clusters and Innovations Systems, Tourism Review, 60(2), 32–37.
  • Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to Community Participation in The Tourism Development Process in Developing Countries, Tourism Management, 21(6), 613–633.
  • Tosun, C. & Jenkins, C.L. (1996). Regional Planning Approaches to Tourism Development: The Case of Turkey, Tourism Management, 17(7), 519 – 531.
  • Tosun, C. & Timothy, D.J. (2003). Arguments for Community Participation in The Tourism Development Process, The Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(2), 2–15.
  • TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) (2016). Address Based Population Registration System Results, www.tuik.gov.tr (08.09.2016).
  • TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) (2017). Statistical Data, www.tuik.gov.tr (24.10.2017)
  • Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2007a). Tourism Strategy of Turkey-2023. Ankara.
  • Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2017b). Tourism Statistics, www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/tr,9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html (16.05.2017).
  • Turkish State Meteorological Service (2016). Climatic Statistics, http://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx (12.11.2016).
  • UNWTO (1994). National and Regional Tourism Planning: Methodologies and Case Studies, Routledge, London.
  • UNWTO (2007). A Practical Guide to Tourism Destination Management. Madrid.
  • UNWTO (2016). Tourism Highlights, http://mkt.onwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2016-edition (15.11.2016)
  • UNWTO (2017). Tourism Highlights, http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2017-edition (15.03.2018).
  • Wang, D. & Ap, J. (2013). Factors Affecting Tourism Policy Implementation: A Conceptual Framework and a Case Study in China, Tourism Management, 36, 221–233.
  • Worldatlas (2016). Political Map of Europe, http://www.worldatlasbook.com (22.11.2016).
  • Xin, T.K & Chan, J.K.L. (2014). Tour Operator Perspectives on Responsible Tourism Indicators of Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 25–34.
  • Yang, L. & Wall, G. (2009). Minorities and Tourism: Community Perspectives From Yunnan, China, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 7(2), 77–98.
  • Zhao, W. & Ritchie, J.R.B. (2007). Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: An Integrative Research Framework, Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2-3), 119–143.

How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 107 - 119, 30.06.2019

Uğur Çalışkan

Öz

Dünya çapında hızla büyüyen bir sektör olan turizm, dünyanın pek çok yerinde sosyo-ekonomik sorunlara deva olarak algılanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin en az gelişmiş bölgeleri arasında yer alan Doğu Anadolu’da turizm gelişimine yönelik seyahat acentalarının bakış açılarını derlemektir. Çalışma kapsamında görüşleri derinlemesine elde edebilmek için nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma geri kalmış bölge kavramının oluşturduğu olumsuz imajın taze, el değmemiş ve özgün gibi imajlarla yer değiştirmesinin temel adım olması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma bulguları ayrıca, tüm paydaşların katılımı ile gerçekleştirilecek planlama sonrasında doğru adımların atılması durumunda, turizmin geri kalmış bölgeler için bir kalkınma aracı olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, seyahat acentelerinin az gelişmiş bölgelere bakış açısını belirleyen çalışma eksikliğinin giderilmesine katkı sunmasının yanı sıra turizm planlayıcılarına ve karar vericilere kayda değer veriler sunmaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Seyahat acentaları az gelişmiş bölgeler turizm gelişimi

Kaynakça

  • Alipour, H. (1996). Tourism Development within Planning Paradigms: The Case of Turkey, Tourism Management, 17(5), 367—377.
  • Ashley, C. & Jones, B. (2001). Joint Ventures between Communities and Tourism Investors: Experience in Southern Africa, International Journal of Tourism Research, 3 (2), 407–423.
  • Ashley, C. & Roe, D. (2003). Working with the Private Sector on Pro-Poor Tourism: Opinions and Experience from Two Development Practitioners, Pro-Poor Tourism Working Paper. London: Overseas Development Institute.
  • Baid J.A.I. (2004). Tourism Planning in Spain: Evolution and Perspectives, Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 313–333.
  • Bitner, M.J. (1992). Servicescape: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees, Journal of Marketing, 56(2), 57–71.
  • Bitner, M.J. & Booms, B.M. (1982). Trends in Travel and Tourism Marketing: The Hanging Structure of Distribution Channels, Journal of Travel Research, 20, 39–44.
  • Boers, B. & Cottrell, S. (2007). Sustainable Tourism Infrastructure Planning: a GIS-Supported Approach, Tourism Geographies, 9(1), 1-21.
  • Boukas, N. & Ziakas, V. (2016). Tourism Policy and Residents' Well-Being in Cyprus: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing an Inside-Out Destination Management Approach, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 5, 44–54.
  • Cabanillas, F.J.J., Aliseda, J.M., Gallego, J.A.G. & Jeong, J.S. (2013). Comparison of Regional Planning Strategies: Countywide General Plans in USA and Territorial Plans in Spain, Land Use Policy 30, 758– 773.
  • Chan, J.K.L. (2010). Building Sustainable Tourism Destination and Developing Responsible Tourism: Conceptual Framework, Key Issues and Challenges, Tourism Development Journal- An International Research Journal, 8(1), 24–32.
  • Chok S., Macbeth, J. & Warren, C. (2007). Tourism As a Tool for Poverty Alleviation: a Critical Analysis of ‘Pro-Poor Tourism’ and Implications for Sustainability, Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2-3), 144–165.
  • Christie, I.T. (2002). Tourism, Growth and Poverty: Framework Conditions for Tourism in Developing Countries, Tourism Review, 57 (1/2), 35–41.
  • Coyne I.T. (1997). Sampling in Qualitative Research, Purposeful and Theoretical Sampling, Merging or Clear Boundaries? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 623–630.
  • Crouch, G. & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1999). Tourism, Competitiveness and Societal Prosperity, Journal of Business Research, 44, 137–152.
  • Çaha, Ö. & Tutar, H. (2013). TRA2 Bölgesi’nde Yoğun Kamu Çalışanı Göçü: Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri, Kars.
  • Çalışkan, U. (2015). Misafirlerin Gözünden TRA2 Turizmi, Kars.
  • Daka (Eastern Anatolia Development Agency) (2014). 2014 – 2023 TRB1 Bölge Planı, Van, Turkey.
  • de Kadt, E. (1979). Preface. E. de Kadt (Ed.), Tourism: Passport to Development? (pp. ix–xvi), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • del Bosque, I.R., San Martin, I.H. & Collado, J. (2006). The Role of Expectations in The Consumer Satisfaction Formation Process: Empirical Evidence in The Travel Agency Sector, Tourism Management, 27, 410–419.
  • Dhanani, S. & Islam, I. (2002). Poverty, Vulnerability and Social Protection in a Period of Crisis: The Case of Indonesia, World Development, 30 (7), 1211–1231.
  • Dube, L. & Renaghan, L. M. (2000). Marketing Your Hotel to and Through Intermediaries, Cornell HRA Quarterly, 41(1), 73–83.
  • Fazenda, N. & Da Silva, Costa, C. (2010). Douro Valley Tourism Plan, Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 2(4), 428 – 440.
  • Gomezelj, D. O. & Mihalic, T. (2008). Destination Competitiveness—Applying Different Models, The Case of Slovenia, Tourism Management, 29, 294–307.
  • Goodwin, H. (2007). Measuring and Reporting The Impact of Tourism on Poverty, J. Tribe and D. Airey, (Eds.), Developments in Tourism Research (pp. 63 – 75). New York: Routledge.
  • Göymen, K. (2000). Tourism and Governance in Turkey, Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 1025–1048.
  • Gunn, C. A. & Var, T. (2002). Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases (4th Ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Hall, C.M. & Coles, T. (2008). Introduction: Tourism and International Business–Tourism As International Business. T. Coles and C.M. Hall (Eds), International Business and Tourism Global Issues, Contemporary Interactions, (pp. 1-25), Routledge, London.
  • Hall, C. M. & Jenkins, J. M. (1995). Tourism and Public Policy, Routledge, London.
  • Harrison, D. & Schipani, S. (2007). Lao Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: Community-Based Tourism and The Private Sector, Current Issues in Tourısm, 10 (2-3), 194 – 230.
  • Hassan, S. (2000). Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Industry, Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), 239–245.
  • Heung, V.C.S. & Chu, R. (2000). Important Factors Affecting Hong Kong Consumers’ Choice of a Travel Agency for All-Inclusive Package Tours, Journal of Travel Research, 39, 52–59.
  • Heung, V.C.S. & Zhu, P. (2005). Factors Affecting Choice of a Travel Agency for Domestic Tourism, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(4), 13-25.
  • Jennings, G. (2001). Tourism Research, John Wiley and Sons, Sydney.
  • King, B., McVey, M. & Simmons, D. (2000). A Societal Marketing Approach to National Tourism Planning: Evidence from the South Pacific, Tourism Management, 21(4), 407–416.
  • Kudaka (North-East Anatolia Development Agency) (2014). Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölge Planı. Erzurum.
  • Lai, K., Li, Y. & Feng, X. (2006). Gap between Tourism Planning and Implementation: a Case of China, Tourism Management, 27, 1171–1180.
  • Laws, E. (1995). Tourist Destination Management: Issues, Analysis and Policies. Routledge, London.
  • Lima, S., Eusébio, C. & Partidário, M.D.R. (2011). Determinants for Tourism and Poverty Alleviation, Tourism and Management Studies, 7, 43 – 53.
  • McKercher, B., Packer, T., Yau, M.K. & Lam, P. (2003). Travel Agents As Facilitators or Inhibitors of Travel: Perceptions of People with Disabilities, Tourism Management, 24, 465–474.
  • Michalkó, G., Irimiás, A. & Timothy, D.J. (2015). Disappointment in Tourism: Perspectives on Tourism Destination Management. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 85–91.
  • Middleton, V. (1994). Marketing Travel and Tourism (2nd Ed.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
  • Miguel A., Moliner M.A., Sanchez, J., Rodriguez, R.M. & Callarisa, L. (2007). Travel Agency Relationship Quality, Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 537–540.
  • Ministry of Development (2013). İllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması (SEGE) 2011. Ankara
  • Morgan N. (2012). Time for ‘Mindful’ Destination Management and Marketing, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 1, 8–9.
  • Morrison, A. (2013). Marketing and Managing Tourism Destinations. London: Routledge.
  • Pearce, D.G. (2016). Destination Management: Plans and Practitioners’ Perspectives in New Zealand. Tourism Planning and Development, 13(1), 52–71.
  • Pearce, D.G. & Schänzel, H.A. (2013). Destination Management, the Tourists’ Perspective, Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 2, 137–145.
  • Pforr, C. (2006). Tourism Policy in the Making: An Australian Network Study, Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 87–108.
  • Phillips, P. & Moutinho, L. (2014). Critical Review of Strategic Planning Research in Hospitality and Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research 48, 96–120.
  • Plog, S.C. (2001). Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity An Update of a Cornell Quarterly Classic, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 42(3), 13–24.
  • Ritchie, J. & Lewis, J. (2003). Qualitative Research Practice: a Guide for Social Science Students and Researcher, Sage Publications, London.
  • Roe, D. & Urquhart, P. (2004). Pro-Poor Tourism: Harnessing The World’s Largest Industry for The World’s Poor, Turning The Rhetoric Into Action for Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction., In, T. Bigg (Ed.) Survival for a Small Planet–The Sustainable Development Agenda (pp. 309- 325). Earthscan, London.
  • Scheyvens, R. & Russell, M. (2012). Tourism and Poverty Alleviation in Fiji: Comparing The Impacts of Small- and Large-Scale Tourism Enterprises, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 417-436.
  • Serka (Serhat Development Agency) (2014). TRA2 Bölge Planı. Kars.
  • Sinclair-Maragh, G. & Gursoy, D. (2016) A Conceptual Model of Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in Developing Countries, Tourism Planning and Development, 13(1), 1–22.
  • Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Svensson, B., Nordin, S. & Flagestad, A. (2005). A Governance Perspective on Destination Development–Exploring Partnerships, Clusters and Innovations Systems, Tourism Review, 60(2), 32–37.
  • Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to Community Participation in The Tourism Development Process in Developing Countries, Tourism Management, 21(6), 613–633.
  • Tosun, C. & Jenkins, C.L. (1996). Regional Planning Approaches to Tourism Development: The Case of Turkey, Tourism Management, 17(7), 519 – 531.
  • Tosun, C. & Timothy, D.J. (2003). Arguments for Community Participation in The Tourism Development Process, The Journal of Tourism Studies, 14(2), 2–15.
  • TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) (2016). Address Based Population Registration System Results, www.tuik.gov.tr (08.09.2016).
  • TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) (2017). Statistical Data, www.tuik.gov.tr (24.10.2017)
  • Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2007a). Tourism Strategy of Turkey-2023. Ankara.
  • Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2017b). Tourism Statistics, www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/tr,9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html (16.05.2017).
  • Turkish State Meteorological Service (2016). Climatic Statistics, http://mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx (12.11.2016).
  • UNWTO (1994). National and Regional Tourism Planning: Methodologies and Case Studies, Routledge, London.
  • UNWTO (2007). A Practical Guide to Tourism Destination Management. Madrid.
  • UNWTO (2016). Tourism Highlights, http://mkt.onwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2016-edition (15.11.2016)
  • UNWTO (2017). Tourism Highlights, http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2017-edition (15.03.2018).
  • Wang, D. & Ap, J. (2013). Factors Affecting Tourism Policy Implementation: A Conceptual Framework and a Case Study in China, Tourism Management, 36, 221–233.
  • Worldatlas (2016). Political Map of Europe, http://www.worldatlasbook.com (22.11.2016).
  • Xin, T.K & Chan, J.K.L. (2014). Tour Operator Perspectives on Responsible Tourism Indicators of Kinabalu National Park, Sabah, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 144, 25–34.
  • Yang, L. & Wall, G. (2009). Minorities and Tourism: Community Perspectives From Yunnan, China, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 7(2), 77–98.
  • Zhao, W. & Ritchie, J.R.B. (2007). Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: An Integrative Research Framework, Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2-3), 119–143.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Uğur Çalışkan 0000-0002-6844-7197

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2018
Kabul Tarihi 5 Şubat 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çalışkan, U. (2019). How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 6(1), 107-119.
AMA Çalışkan U. How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. Haziran 2019;6(1):107-119.
Chicago Çalışkan, Uğur. “How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 6, sy. 1 (Haziran 2019): 107-19.
EndNote Çalışkan U (01 Haziran 2019) How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 6 1 107–119.
IEEE U. Çalışkan, “How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies”, Turizm Akademik Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 107–119, 2019.
ISNAD Çalışkan, Uğur. “How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi 6/1 (Haziran 2019), 107-119.
JAMA Çalışkan U. How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. 2019;6:107–119.
MLA Çalışkan, Uğur. “How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies”. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 107-19.
Vancouver Çalışkan U. How to Develop Tourism in the Least Developed Regions? Notes from Travel Agencies. Turizm Akademik Dergisi. 2019;6(1):107-19.
 Kapak Resmi İndir