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TÜRKİYE’DE BÖLGELERARASI GELİR DAĞILIMI YAKINSAMASI: MEKANSAL EKONOMETRİK ANALİZ

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 25, 283 - 302, 25.10.2019

Uğur Çapar Nihal Yayla

https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.578014
Cited By: 2

Öz

Bir
ülkenin farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan fertlerin gelirden ne oranda pay
aldıklarını gösteren bölgesel gelir dağılımı, bölgelerarası gelişmişlik
farklılıklarını da yansıtan önemli ölçütlerden biridir. Bölgelerarası
farklılıkların zaman içinde ortadan kalkması bölgelerin birbirine yakınsadığı
anlamına gelmektedir. Yakınsama gelişmemiş bölgelerin gelişmiş olanları
yakalaması şeklinde ise ülkedeki gelişme sürecine de işaret edecektir. Ancak
yakınsama, gelişmiş bölgelerin gerilemesi sonucu ortaya çıkıyor ise bu durumda
tersi sözkonusudur. Bölgelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerinin komşuluk ilişkileriyle
de açıklanabileceği literatürde sıkça vurgulanan konulardan biridir. Bu nedenle
yakınsama analizlerinde komşuluk etkilerinin de dikkate alınması ayrı bir önem
taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de düzey 2 bölgelerinin gelir dağılımı
yakınsaması 2003-2014, 2003-2015 ve 2003-2016 dönemleri için yatay kesit
veriler kullanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Mekânsal etkilerin de dahil edildiği
analiz kapsamında 2003-2014 döneminde hem beta yakınsamasının hem de mekansal
bağımlılığın varlığı tespit edilmiştir.  2003-2015 ve 2003-2016 dönemlerinde ise beta yakınsaması
gerçekleşmekle birlikte mekansallık etkisine rastlanmamıştır. Araştırma dönemi
itibariyle bulgular, Türkiye’de Düzey 2 bölgelerinin giderek bozulan ulusal
gelir dağılımı düzeyinde birbirine yakınsadığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gelir Dağılımı Yakınsama Mekansal Modeller Gini

Kaynakça

  • Abreu, M., DeGroot, H. L. ve Florax, R. J. (2005). Space and growth: A survey of empirical evidence and methods. Région et développement, 21, 13-44.
  • Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1988.
  • AnseIin, L. (1988a). Lagrange Multiplier Test Diagnostics for Spatial Dependence and Spatial Heterogeneity. Geographical Analysis,20, pp.1-17.
  • Anselin, L. (2006). Spatial Econometrics. Mills, Terence C. ve Kerry Patterson (Eds), Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics. Vol. 1, Econometric Theory, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 901-969.
  • Anselin, L., Bera, A.K., Florax, R., Yoon, M.J. (1996). Simple Diagnostic Tests For Spatial Dependence. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26(1), 77-104.
  • Anselin, L. ve Rey S. (1991). Properties of tests for spatial dependence in linear regression models. Geographical Analysis, 23(2), 112-131.
  • Baumol, W.J. (1986). Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show. American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1085.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), .407 443.
  • Barro, R. J. ve Sala-i Martin, X. (1991). Convergence across States and Regions. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity, 1991(1), 107-182.
  • Barro, R.J. ve Sala-i Martin, X. (1995), Economic Growth, McGraw Hill, New York.
  • Benabou, R. (1996). Inequality and growth. in NBER Macroeconomics Annual. B.Bernanke and J. Rotemberg (Eds), MIT Press, Cambridge,11-73.
  • Bera, A.K. ve Yoon, M.J. (1993). Specification Testing with Locally Misspecified Alternatives. Econometric Theory, 9(4), 649-658.
  • Bishop, A., Formby, J. ve Thistle, P. (1994). Convergence and divergence of Regional Income Distributions and Welfare. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(2), 228-235.
  • Bleaney, M. ve Nishiyama, A. (2003). Convergence in Inequality: Differences Between Advanced and Developing Countries. Economics Bulletin, 4, 1-10.
  • Cliff, A. ve Ord, J. (1972). Testing for Spatial Autocorrelation Among Regression Residuals. Geographical Analysis, 4, 267-84.
  • Cliff, A. ve Ord, J. (1973). Spatial Autocorrelation”. London: Pion.
  • Çapar, U. (2018). Türkiye’de Bölgelerarası Gelir Dağılımı Yakınsaması: Mekansal Ekonometrik Analiz. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). PAU-SBE, Denizli.
  • Dall’ Erba, S. (2005). Productivity Convergence and Spatial Dependence among Spanish Region. Journal Geographical Systems, 7, 207-227.
  • De Long, J.B. (1988). Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: Comment, American Economic Review, 78(5), 1138-1154.
  • Dhongde, S. ve Miao, X. (2013). Cross-Country Convergence in Income Inequality. Working Papers 2013-290, ECINEQ Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
  • Dowrick, S. ve Nguyen, Duc-Tho. (1989). OECD Comparative Economic Growth 1950-85: Catch-Up and Convergence. American Economic Review, 79(5), 1010-1030.
  • DPT, (1994). Gelir Dağılımı ve Politikaları. Özel İhtisas Komisyonu, Yayın No: DPT 2370-ÖİK:436, Ankara.
  • Elmslie, B. T. (1995). The Convergence Debate Between David Hume and Josiah Tucker. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4): 207-16.
  • Ertur, Cem ve Wilfried, Koch. (2007), Growth, Technological Interdependence and Spatial Externalities: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (6), 1033-62.
  • Ezcurra, R. ve Pascual, P. (2005). Is there convergence in income inequality levels among the European regions?. Applied Economics Letters, 12, 763–7.
  • Ezcurra, R. ve Pascual, P. (2009). Convergence in Income Inequality in the United States: a Nonparametric Analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 16(13), 1365-1368.
  • Gezici, F. ve Hewings, G.J. D. (2004). Regional Convergence and The Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey. Review of Urban&Regional Development Studies, 16(2), 113-132.
  • Goerlich, F.J. ve Mas M. (2004). Three (Marginal?) Questions Regarding Convergence. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 15876.
  • Kuştepeli, Y. ve Halaç, U. (2004). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımının Analizi ve İyileştirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(4).
  • LeSage, J. ve Pace, K.P. (2009). Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Florida: Chapman and Hall.
  • Lin, P.C. ve Huang H.C. (2011). Inequality Convergence in a Panel of States. Journal of Economic Inequality, 9 (2), 195-206.
  • Lopez, J.H. (2004). Pro-growth, pro-poor: Is there a trade-off?. The World Bank (PRMPR), 1-29.
  • Marina, A. (2000). Economic Convergence of the Fırst and Second Moment in the Provinces of Argentina. Estudios de Economia, 27(2), 259-277.
  • Moran, P. (1950a). Notes on Continuous Stochastic Phenomena. Biometrika, 37, 17-23.
  • Moran, P. (1950b). A Test for the Serial Independence of Residuals. Biometrika, 37, 178-181
  • Ravallion, M. (2003). Inequality Convergence. Economics Letters, 80, 351-356.
  • Rey, S.J. ve Montouri, B.D. (1999). US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective. Regional Studies, 33 (2): 143-156.
  • Yıldırım, J., Öcal, N. ve Özyıldırım,S. (2009). Income Inequality and Economic Convergence in Turkey: A Spatial Effect Analysis. International Regional Science Review, 32 (2), 221-254.

CONVERGENCE OF REGIONAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN TURKEY: SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 25, 283 - 302, 25.10.2019

Uğur Çapar Nihal Yayla

https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.578014
Cited By: 2

Öz

Regional income distribution, which shows the proportion that people
living in different regions of a country takes from income, is one of the
important criteria reflecting the developmental differences between regions.
The disappearance of interregional differences over time means that the regions
are converging. Convergence will point to the development process in the whole
country if the undeveloped regions are catching the advanced ones. However, if
convergence arises as a result of the retroation of the developed regions, the
opposite is the case. One of the issues highlighted in the literature is that
the development levels of the regions can also be explained by neighborhood
relations. Therefore, it is of particular importance that neighborhood effects
are taken into account in convergence analyses. In this study, income
distribution convergence for NUTS 2 regions in Turkey is analyzed for the
period of 2003-2014, 2003-2015 and 2003-2016, by using cross-sectional data.
Within the scope of the analysis, which also included spatial effects, for the
period 2003-2014 both beta convergence and spatial dependence were determined.
For 2003-2015 and 2003-2016 periods while beta convergence were realized but no
spatial effect was observed. As of the research period the findings indicate
that the NUTS 2 regions in Turkey are converging at the deteriorating national
income distribution level.

Kaynakça

  • Abreu, M., DeGroot, H. L. ve Florax, R. J. (2005). Space and growth: A survey of empirical evidence and methods. Région et développement, 21, 13-44.
  • Anselin, L. (1988). Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1988.
  • AnseIin, L. (1988a). Lagrange Multiplier Test Diagnostics for Spatial Dependence and Spatial Heterogeneity. Geographical Analysis,20, pp.1-17.
  • Anselin, L. (2006). Spatial Econometrics. Mills, Terence C. ve Kerry Patterson (Eds), Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics. Vol. 1, Econometric Theory, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 901-969.
  • Anselin, L., Bera, A.K., Florax, R., Yoon, M.J. (1996). Simple Diagnostic Tests For Spatial Dependence. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26(1), 77-104.
  • Anselin, L. ve Rey S. (1991). Properties of tests for spatial dependence in linear regression models. Geographical Analysis, 23(2), 112-131.
  • Baumol, W.J. (1986). Productivity Growth, Convergence, and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show. American Economic Review, 76(5), 1072-1085.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), .407 443.
  • Barro, R. J. ve Sala-i Martin, X. (1991). Convergence across States and Regions. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity, 1991(1), 107-182.
  • Barro, R.J. ve Sala-i Martin, X. (1995), Economic Growth, McGraw Hill, New York.
  • Benabou, R. (1996). Inequality and growth. in NBER Macroeconomics Annual. B.Bernanke and J. Rotemberg (Eds), MIT Press, Cambridge,11-73.
  • Bera, A.K. ve Yoon, M.J. (1993). Specification Testing with Locally Misspecified Alternatives. Econometric Theory, 9(4), 649-658.
  • Bishop, A., Formby, J. ve Thistle, P. (1994). Convergence and divergence of Regional Income Distributions and Welfare. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(2), 228-235.
  • Bleaney, M. ve Nishiyama, A. (2003). Convergence in Inequality: Differences Between Advanced and Developing Countries. Economics Bulletin, 4, 1-10.
  • Cliff, A. ve Ord, J. (1972). Testing for Spatial Autocorrelation Among Regression Residuals. Geographical Analysis, 4, 267-84.
  • Cliff, A. ve Ord, J. (1973). Spatial Autocorrelation”. London: Pion.
  • Çapar, U. (2018). Türkiye’de Bölgelerarası Gelir Dağılımı Yakınsaması: Mekansal Ekonometrik Analiz. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). PAU-SBE, Denizli.
  • Dall’ Erba, S. (2005). Productivity Convergence and Spatial Dependence among Spanish Region. Journal Geographical Systems, 7, 207-227.
  • De Long, J.B. (1988). Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: Comment, American Economic Review, 78(5), 1138-1154.
  • Dhongde, S. ve Miao, X. (2013). Cross-Country Convergence in Income Inequality. Working Papers 2013-290, ECINEQ Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
  • Dowrick, S. ve Nguyen, Duc-Tho. (1989). OECD Comparative Economic Growth 1950-85: Catch-Up and Convergence. American Economic Review, 79(5), 1010-1030.
  • DPT, (1994). Gelir Dağılımı ve Politikaları. Özel İhtisas Komisyonu, Yayın No: DPT 2370-ÖİK:436, Ankara.
  • Elmslie, B. T. (1995). The Convergence Debate Between David Hume and Josiah Tucker. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4): 207-16.
  • Ertur, Cem ve Wilfried, Koch. (2007), Growth, Technological Interdependence and Spatial Externalities: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22 (6), 1033-62.
  • Ezcurra, R. ve Pascual, P. (2005). Is there convergence in income inequality levels among the European regions?. Applied Economics Letters, 12, 763–7.
  • Ezcurra, R. ve Pascual, P. (2009). Convergence in Income Inequality in the United States: a Nonparametric Analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 16(13), 1365-1368.
  • Gezici, F. ve Hewings, G.J. D. (2004). Regional Convergence and The Economic Performance of Peripheral Areas in Turkey. Review of Urban&Regional Development Studies, 16(2), 113-132.
  • Goerlich, F.J. ve Mas M. (2004). Three (Marginal?) Questions Regarding Convergence. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 15876.
  • Kuştepeli, Y. ve Halaç, U. (2004). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımının Analizi ve İyileştirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(4).
  • LeSage, J. ve Pace, K.P. (2009). Introduction to Spatial Econometrics. Florida: Chapman and Hall.
  • Lin, P.C. ve Huang H.C. (2011). Inequality Convergence in a Panel of States. Journal of Economic Inequality, 9 (2), 195-206.
  • Lopez, J.H. (2004). Pro-growth, pro-poor: Is there a trade-off?. The World Bank (PRMPR), 1-29.
  • Marina, A. (2000). Economic Convergence of the Fırst and Second Moment in the Provinces of Argentina. Estudios de Economia, 27(2), 259-277.
  • Moran, P. (1950a). Notes on Continuous Stochastic Phenomena. Biometrika, 37, 17-23.
  • Moran, P. (1950b). A Test for the Serial Independence of Residuals. Biometrika, 37, 178-181
  • Ravallion, M. (2003). Inequality Convergence. Economics Letters, 80, 351-356.
  • Rey, S.J. ve Montouri, B.D. (1999). US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective. Regional Studies, 33 (2): 143-156.
  • Yıldırım, J., Öcal, N. ve Özyıldırım,S. (2009). Income Inequality and Economic Convergence in Turkey: A Spatial Effect Analysis. International Regional Science Review, 32 (2), 221-254.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Uğur Çapar 0000-0002-0292-8473

Nihal Yayla 0000-0002-0647-5088

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 25

Kaynak Göster

APA Çapar, U., & Yayla, N. (2019). TÜRKİYE’DE BÖLGELERARASI GELİR DAĞILIMI YAKINSAMASI: MEKANSAL EKONOMETRİK ANALİZ. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi(25), 283-302. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.578014

Cited By

TÜRKİYE’DE BÖLGELERARASI GELİR DAĞILIMI YAKINSAMASI: MEKANSAL EKONOMETRİK ANALİZ
Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.578014
Is There Income Inequality Convergence Between Regions in Turkey? Panel Data Analysis
Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.871975


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