Öz
1970’ten günümüze
kadar dünya nüfusu yaklaşık %87 büyümüştür. Aynı zamanda, nehir havzalarında
sele maruz kalan insanların oranının %114, siklonlara maruz kalan kıyı
şeridinin ise %192 arttığı ve gelecekte daha fazla artacağı öngörülmektedir.
Meydana gelen meteorolojik kaynaklı afetlerin büyük bir kısmı daha çok kentsel
alanları etkilemekte ve çeşitli riskleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Kentsel
alanlarda yaşayanların yoğunluğu ve altyapıya olan bağımlılık göz önüne
alındığında, kentsel alanlar şiddetli fırtınalar, siklonlar, heyelanlar,
taşkınlar, çığlar gibi meteorolojik kaynaklı afetlere karşı en duyarlı alanlar
olarak görülmektedir.
Planlamada
meteorolojik kaynaklı doğal afet risklerinin göz önünde tutulmaması risklerden
etkilenebilirliği artırmaktadır. Bir başka ifade ile afetlerin istihdam, konut,
enerji, ulaşım, su kaynakları vb. üzerinde daha fazla hasara yol açtığı
anlamını da taşımaktadır. Afet yönetiminin, esnekliğin/dayanıklılığın,
risklerin ve kırılganlıkların hızla değiştiği kentsel ortamdaki etkisini
azaltmak için esnekliğin/dayanıklılığın, risklerin ve kırılganlıkların tespiti
önemlidir. Dirençli planlama, afet yönetimini gözeten, afet durumlarıyla başa
çıkabilecek, önceden hazırlıklı olabilecek bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Bu
nedenle, felaketlerin, bir kereye mahsus olduğu yaklaşımı yerine,
bölgeleri/kentleri planlarken, riski azaltma ve dayanıklılığı artırma
merceğiyle bakılması kritik önem arz etmektedir.
Meteorolojik kaynaklı afetlerin
risklerinin/etkilerinin önlenmesinde/azaltılmasında kent ve bölge planlama
disiplini dirençli kentler ortaya konulmasında önemli bir araç olarak rol alır.
Bu nedenle çalışmada, meteorolojik kaynaklı afetlere karşı dirençli kentleri
oluşturmak için kent ve bölge planlama disiplininde mekânsal alanda hangi
politika ve önlemler alınması gerektiği üzerinde durulacaktır. Meteorolojik
kaynaklı afetlere karşı dirençli kentler adı altında kent ve bölge planlama
disiplininde geliştirilen çalışmalar ele alınacak ve yeni öneriler
sunulacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Afet İklim Değişikliği Dirençli Planlama Kent ve Bölge Planlama Meteoroloji
Kaynakça
- AGIR Global Alliance for Resilience, (2013). regional roadmap. Adopted On 9 April 2013. https://www.oecd.org/swac/publications/AGIR%20roadmap_EN_FINAL.pdf.
- Elmqvist, T. (2014). Urban Resilience Thinking. Solutions, 5(5), 26–30. http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/237196.
- Holling, C.S. (1973). Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 4/1, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.
- ICLEI, (2015). ICLEI Resilient Cities Agenda. http://www.iclei.org/activities/agendas/resilientcity.html.
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
- K. Jha, A, W. Miner, T., and Stanton-Geddes, Z. (eds.) (2013). Building Urban Resilience: Principles, Tools, and Practice, The World Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-82138865-5.
- Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate Change and Urban Resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.014Lhomme.
- Meerow, S., Newell, J.P., and Stultz, M. (2016). Defining Urban Resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147: 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011.
- OECD, (2018). Indicators for Resilient Cities. OECD Regional Development Working Papers, 2018/02. https://doi.org/10.1787/6f1f6065-en.
- Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E. and Sinha, R. (2009). Climate Resilient Cities-A Primer on Reducing Vulnerabilities to Disasters. The World Bank, Washington. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/164671468026943315/Climate-resilient-cities-a-primer-on-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-disasters.
- Resilient Europe, (2016). Ready for the Future? Urban Resilience in Practice. http://urbact.eu/ready-future-urban-resilience-practice.
- Sharifi, A., Yamagata, Y. (2018). Resilience-Oriented Urban Planning. Lecture Notes in Energy, Springer Nature, 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75798-8_1.
- Soofi-Siavash, Y. (2016). Achieving Urban Resilience: Through Urban Design and Planning Principles. Postgraduate Thesis, Department of Planning Oxford Brookes University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315676074_Achieving_Urban_Resilience_Through_Urban_Design_and_Planning_Principles.
- Torabi, E. (2017). To Be Beside the Seaside: Urban Resilience to ClimateRelated Disasters in Coastal Cities. Thesis (PhD Doctorate). Griffith University School Of Environment Cities Research Institute Gold Coast Campus. https://experts.griffith.edu.au/publication/n2e1110fa6fb4e00928a4d743348b9d9b.
- UNISDR&CRED, (2015). The Human Cost of Weather Related Disasters 1990-2015. https://www.unisdr.org/files/46796_cop21weatherdisastersreport2015.pdf.
- United Nations, (2015). The United Nations World Water Development Report, Water for a Sustainable World. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000231823.
Öz
From 1970 until today the world population has grown
by about 87%. At the same time, it is estimated that the percentage of people
exposed to floods in the river basins will by increase 114%, the coastline
exposed to cyclones will increase by 192% and will increase further in the
future. A large part of the meteorological disasters are mostly affects urban
areas and brings various risks. Considering the density of urban residents and
the dependence on infrastructure, urban areas are considered to be the most
sensitive areas against meteorological disasters such as severe storms,
cyclones, massive storms, landslides, floods, avalanches.
In meteorological-based planning, non-consideration of
the natural disaster risks increases the influenceability to risks. In other
words, it means that disasters cause more damage on employment, housing,
energy, transportation, water etc. resources. It is important to identify
flexibility/durability, risks and fragility to reduce the impact of disaster
management, flexibility/durability, risks and fragility on the urban
environment in which it is rapidly changing. Resilient planning provides an
approach that can be prepared in advance, which is capable of dealing with
disasters, taking into account disaster management. Therefore, instead of a one-off
approach to disasters, when planning urbans, it is critical to look at risk
reduction and durability enhancement.
Urban
and regional planning discipline plays an important role in putting out
resistant cities in reducing the risks of meteorological disasters. Therefore,
in this study, it will be emphasized which policies and measures should be
taken in spatial area in urban and regional planning discipline in order to
create cities resilient to meteorological disasters. The studies developed in
the discipline of urban and regional planning under the name of
meteorological-resilient disasters will be discussed and new proposals will be
presented.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Disaster Meteorology Climate Change Resilient Planning Urban and Regional Planning
Kaynakça
- AGIR Global Alliance for Resilience, (2013). regional roadmap. Adopted On 9 April 2013. https://www.oecd.org/swac/publications/AGIR%20roadmap_EN_FINAL.pdf.
- Elmqvist, T. (2014). Urban Resilience Thinking. Solutions, 5(5), 26–30. http://www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/237196.
- Holling, C.S. (1973). Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 4/1, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.
- ICLEI, (2015). ICLEI Resilient Cities Agenda. http://www.iclei.org/activities/agendas/resilientcity.html.
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
- K. Jha, A, W. Miner, T., and Stanton-Geddes, Z. (eds.) (2013). Building Urban Resilience: Principles, Tools, and Practice, The World Bank. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-82138865-5.
- Leichenko, R. (2011). Climate Change and Urban Resilience. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(3), 164–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.014Lhomme.
- Meerow, S., Newell, J.P., and Stultz, M. (2016). Defining Urban Resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147: 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011.
- OECD, (2018). Indicators for Resilient Cities. OECD Regional Development Working Papers, 2018/02. https://doi.org/10.1787/6f1f6065-en.
- Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E. and Sinha, R. (2009). Climate Resilient Cities-A Primer on Reducing Vulnerabilities to Disasters. The World Bank, Washington. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/164671468026943315/Climate-resilient-cities-a-primer-on-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-disasters.
- Resilient Europe, (2016). Ready for the Future? Urban Resilience in Practice. http://urbact.eu/ready-future-urban-resilience-practice.
- Sharifi, A., Yamagata, Y. (2018). Resilience-Oriented Urban Planning. Lecture Notes in Energy, Springer Nature, 65. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75798-8_1.
- Soofi-Siavash, Y. (2016). Achieving Urban Resilience: Through Urban Design and Planning Principles. Postgraduate Thesis, Department of Planning Oxford Brookes University. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315676074_Achieving_Urban_Resilience_Through_Urban_Design_and_Planning_Principles.
- Torabi, E. (2017). To Be Beside the Seaside: Urban Resilience to ClimateRelated Disasters in Coastal Cities. Thesis (PhD Doctorate). Griffith University School Of Environment Cities Research Institute Gold Coast Campus. https://experts.griffith.edu.au/publication/n2e1110fa6fb4e00928a4d743348b9d9b.
- UNISDR&CRED, (2015). The Human Cost of Weather Related Disasters 1990-2015. https://www.unisdr.org/files/46796_cop21weatherdisastersreport2015.pdf.
- United Nations, (2015). The United Nations World Water Development Report, Water for a Sustainable World. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000231823.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mimarlık |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2019 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 19 Aralık 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2 |
