Derleme
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 575 - 592, 30.11.2021
Öz
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder have deficiencies in social communication skills. Language development delay, repetitive and specific language use are among the common problems in social communication skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Echolalia is a verbal repetition of previously spoken statement and is common in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Echolalia negatively affects the social acceptance and independent life opportunities of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Immediate echolalia, delayed echolalia, mitigated echolalia and unmitigated echolalia are types of echolalia. Immediate echolalia occurs when the latency between the first and the repeated utterance is within a few seconds. Delayed echolalia is the repetition of previously heard utterance after a few minutes, hours, days, weeks, months or years. Unmitigated echolalia is exact repetition of words spoken by others the repetition of the words in someone else's speech completely. Mitigated echolalia, on the other hand, is repetition the first few words spoken by others, and then continue to speak with his own words. "What is the definition of echolalia?", "Does echolalia have a function?", "Can echolalia be accepted as a vocal stereotype?", "Does echolalia affect language development negatively?", "What are the effective interventions for echolalia?" these questions are still need answer. It is suggested that the limited knowledge about echolalia may result from the confusion in terminology, the lack of detailed description of observed behavior, or differences in the philosophy and methodology of various disciplines. This study aimed to provide detailed information about the definition of echolalia, its functions and its relationship with speech. In addition, it was aimed to introduce commonly used intervention methods such as, differential reinforcement of other behaviors, cues pause-point and make suggestions for implementation.
Anahtar Kelimeler
autism spectrum disorder echolalia immediate echolalia delayed echolalia vocal stereotype
Kaynakça
- Ahearn, W., Clark, K., MacDonald, R., & Chung, B. (2007). Assessing and treating vocal stereotypy in children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40, 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2007.30-06
- Ahearn B. (2013) Response Interruption/Redirection. In: Volkmar F.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1296
- Ahrens, E., Lerman, D., Kodak, T., Worsdell, A., & Keegan, C. (2011). Further evaluation of response interruption and redirection as treatment for stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44, 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-95
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Benke, T., & Butterworth, B. (2001). Palilalia & repetitive speech. Brain and Language, 78, 62-81. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2445
- Bogin, J., & Sullivan, L. (2009). Overview of differential reinforcement of other behaviors. Sacramento, CA: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis School of Medicine. https://autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/sites/autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/files/imce/documents/Differential-Reinforcement-complete10-2010.pdf
- Cassella, M., Sidener, T., Sidener, D., & Progar, P. (2011). Response interruption and redirection for vocal stereotypy in children with autism: A systematic replication. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44, 169-173. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-169
- Dounavi, A. (2011). Treating vocal stereotypy in a child with autism: Differential reinforcement of other behavior and sensory-integrative therapy. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 12(1), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2011.11434366
- Enloe, K., & Rapp, J. (2014). Effects of noncontingent social interaction on immediate and subsequent engagement in vocal and motor stereotypy in children with autism. Behavior Modification, 38, 374-391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445513514081
- Fay, W. H. (1973). On the echolalia of the blind and of autistic children. The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 38, 478-489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4754881
- Foxx, R. M., & Faw, G. D. (1990). Long-term follow up of echolalia and question answering. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-387
- Foxx, R. M., Faw, G. D., McMorrow, M. J., Kyle, M. S., & Bittle, R. G. (1988). Replacing maladaptive speech with verbal labeling responses: An analysis of generalized responding. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1988.21-411
- Foxx, R. M., Schreck, K. A., Garito, J., Smith, A., & Weisenberger, S. (2004). Replacing the echolalia of children with autism with functional use of verbal labeling. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 16, 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-004-0688-5
- Gartland, M. E. (2009). The Effects of Response Interruption/Redirection and Differential Reinforcemetn of Other Behaivors on Vocal Stereotypy in Children With Autism (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1249572421
- Hanley, G.P., Iwata, B.A & McCord, B.E. . (2003). Functional analysis of problem behavior: A review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 147-185. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-147
- Healy, O., Lydon, S., Brady, T., Rispoli, M., Holloway, J., Neely, L. & Grey, I. (2019) The use of differential reinforcement of other behaviours to establish ınhibitory stimulus control for the management of vocal stereotypy in children with autism. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 22 (3), 192-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2018.1523246
- Hetzroni, O. E., & Tannous, J. (2004). Effects of a computer-based intervention program on the communicative functions of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADD.0000022602.40506.bf
- Howlin, P. (1982). Echolalic and spontaneous phrase speech in autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23, 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1982.tb00073.x
- Jared, C. E. (2011). The effects of response interruption redirection and differential reinforcement of other behaviors on rates of vocal stereotypy (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313247693
- Karmali, I., Greer, R. D., Nuzzlo-Gomez, R., Ross, D. E., & Rivera- Valdes, C. (2005). Reducing palilalia by presenting tact corrections to young children with autism. Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 21, 145-153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ journals/609/
- Kirchner, D.M. & Prutting, C.A. (1987). Spontaneous verbal repetition: A performance-based strategy for language acquisition. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 1, 147–169. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699208708985009
- Light, C., Roberts, B., Dimarco, R., & Greiner, N. (1998). Augmentative and alternative communication to support receptive and expressive communication for people with autism. Journal of Communication Disorders, 31, 153-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(97)00087-7
- Liu-Gitz, L., & Banda, D. (2010). A replication of the RIRD strategy to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with autism. Behavioral Interventions, 25, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.297
- Lovaas, O. I., Koegel, R., Simmons, J. Q., & Long, J. S. (1973). Some generalization and follow up measures on autistic children in behavior therapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 131-165. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-131
- McEvoy, R. E., Loveland, K. A., & Landry, S. H. (1988). The functions of immediate echolalia in autistic children: A developmental perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(4), 657-668.
- McMorrow, M. J., & Foxx, R. M. (1986). Some direct and generalized effects of replacing an autistic man’s echolalia with correct responses to questions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1986.19-289
- Neely, L., Gerow, S., Rispoli, M., Lang, R., & Pullen, N. (2016). Treatment of echolalia in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 3(1), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-015-0067-4
- Neitzel, J. (2009). Steps for implementation: Response interruption/redirection. Chapel Hill, NC: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina. https://csesa.fpg.unc.edu/sites/csesa.fpg.unc.edu/files/ebpbriefs/ResponseInterruption_Steps.pdf
- O’Connor, A., Prieto, J., Hoffman, B., DeQuinzio, J., & Taylor, B. (2011). A stimulus control procedure to decrease motor and vocal stereotypy. Behavioral Interventions, 26, 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.335
- Ökcün-Akçamuş, M. Ç. (2016). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocukların sosyal iletişim becerileri ve dil gelişim özellikleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 17(02), 163-192
- Philips, G. M., & Dyer, C. (1977). Late onset echolalia in autism and allied disorders. British Journal of Disordered Communication, 12, 47-59. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682827709011308
- Poulson, C. L. (2009). Behavioral theory and language acquisition. In A. Fitzer & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Language and Autism: Applied behavior analysis, evidence, and practice (pp. 51-78). PRO-ED.
- Prizant, B., & Duchan, J. (1981). The functions of immediate echolalia in autistic children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.4603.241
- Prizant, B.M. & Rydell, P. (1984). An analysis of the functions of delayed echolalia in autistic children. Journal of Speech Hearing Research, 46, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2702.183
- Roberts, J. M. (1989). Echolalia and comprehension in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(2), 271-281.
- Roberts, J. M. A. (2014). Echolalia and language development in children with autism. In J. Arciuli & J. Brock (Eds.), Communication in autism (pp. 53-74). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Rogers, S. J., Hepburn, S. L., Stackhouse, T., & Wehner, E. (2003). Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(5), 763-781.
- Rydell, P. J. & Mirenda, P. (1994). Effects of high and low constraint utterances on the production of immediate and delayed echolalia in young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(6).719-735. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172282
- Schumacher, B., & Rapp, J. (2011). Evaluation of the immediate and subsequent effects of response interruption and redirection on vocal stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44, 681– 685. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-681
- Sigafoos, J., O’Reilly, M. F., Schlosser, R. W., & Lancioni, G. E. (2007). Communication intervention. In P. Sturmey & A. Fitzer (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders: Applied behavior analysis, evidence, and practice (pp. 151-185). PRO-ED.
- Spencer, V. G., & Alkhanji, R. (2018). Response interruption and redirection (RIRD) as a behavioral intervention for vocal stereotypy: A systematic review. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 53(1), 33-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26420425
- Stiegler, L. N. (2015). Examining the echolalia literature: where do speech-language pathologists stand?. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(4), 750-762. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0166
- Stribling, P., Rae, J., & Dickerson, P. (2007). Two forms of spoken repetition in a girl with autism. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 42, 427-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13682820601183659
- Sturmey, P. (2009). Reducing inappropriate verbal behavior. In A. Fitzer & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Language and Autism: Applied behavior analysis, evidence, and practice (pp. 279-298). PRO-ED.
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- Taylor, B., Hoch, H., & Weissman, M. (2005). The analysis and treatment of vocal stereotypy in a child with autism. Behavioral Interventions, 20, 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.200
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- Zaghlawan, H. (2011). A parent-implemented intervention to improve spontaneous imitation by young children with autism (Doctoral dissertation). University of Illisions at Urbana Champaign, ABD. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/26087
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 575 - 592, 30.11.2021
Öz
Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerin, sosyal iletişim becerilerindeki eksiklikler görülmektedir. Dil gelişiminde gecikme, tekrarlayan ve kendine özgü dil kullanımı otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerin sosyal iletişim becerilerinde sık gözlenen sorunlar arasında yer almaktadır. Ekolali, daha önce söylenen bir ifadenin bir kısmının veya tamamının sözel olarak tekrarlanmasıdır ve otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerde yaygın olarak görülmektedir. Ekolali, otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerin sosyal kabulünü ve bağımsız yaşam fırsatlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Ekolalinin türleri; anında ekolali, gecikmiş ekolali, tam ekolali ve azaltılmış ekolalidir. Anında ekolali, ilk ifade ile tekrar edilen ifade arasındaki süre birkaç saniye olduğunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gecikmiş ekolali, daha önce duyulmuş ifadelerin birkaç dakika, saat, gün, hafta, ay veya yıl geçmesinden sonra tekrarlanmasıdır. Tam ekolali, başkasının konuşmasındaki sözcüklerin eksiksiz ve kişinin tonlamasına uygun olarak taklit edilmesidir. Azaltılmış ekolali ise başka biri tarafından söylenen cümlenin ilk birkaç sözcüğünü taklit etmek ve sonra kendi ürettiği sözcüklerle konuşmaya devam etmektir “Ekolalinin tanımı nedir?”, “Ekolalinin işlevi var mıdır?”, “Ekolali vokal stereotipi olarak kabul edilebilir mi?”, “Ekolali dil gelişimini olumsuz etkiler mi?”, “Ekolaliye yönelik etkili müdahaleler nelerdir?” gibi sorulara ulusal ve uluslararası alanyazında halen yanıt aranmaktadır. Ekolali hakkındaki sınırlı bilginin terminolojideki kavram karışıklığından, gözlenen davranışların detaylı tanımlanmamasından ya da çeşitli disiplinlerin felsefesindeki ve metodolojisindeki farklılıklardan kaynaklanabileceği ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan bireylerin ailelerine, öğretmenlerine, dil ve konuşma terapistlerine ve diğer uzmanlara ekolalinin tanımı, işlevleri ve konuşmayla ilişkisi hakkında detaylı bilgi vermektir. Ayrıca, ekolalinin azaltılmasında yaygın olarak kullanılan diğer davranışların ayrımlı pekiştirilmesi, tepkiyi yarıda kesme ve yeniden yönlendirme, işaret et-duraklat-bitir müdahale yöntemlerini tanıtmak ve uygulamaya yönelik önerilerde bulunmak amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
otizm spektrum bozukluğu ekolali anında ekolali gecikmiş ekolali vokal stereotipi
Kaynakça
- Ahearn, W., Clark, K., MacDonald, R., & Chung, B. (2007). Assessing and treating vocal stereotypy in children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40, 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2007.30-06
- Ahearn B. (2013) Response Interruption/Redirection. In: Volkmar F.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1296
- Ahrens, E., Lerman, D., Kodak, T., Worsdell, A., & Keegan, C. (2011). Further evaluation of response interruption and redirection as treatment for stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44, 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-95
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
- Benke, T., & Butterworth, B. (2001). Palilalia & repetitive speech. Brain and Language, 78, 62-81. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2000.2445
- Bogin, J., & Sullivan, L. (2009). Overview of differential reinforcement of other behaviors. Sacramento, CA: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis School of Medicine. https://autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/sites/autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/files/imce/documents/Differential-Reinforcement-complete10-2010.pdf
- Cassella, M., Sidener, T., Sidener, D., & Progar, P. (2011). Response interruption and redirection for vocal stereotypy in children with autism: A systematic replication. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44, 169-173. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-169
- Dounavi, A. (2011). Treating vocal stereotypy in a child with autism: Differential reinforcement of other behavior and sensory-integrative therapy. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 12(1), 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2011.11434366
- Enloe, K., & Rapp, J. (2014). Effects of noncontingent social interaction on immediate and subsequent engagement in vocal and motor stereotypy in children with autism. Behavior Modification, 38, 374-391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445513514081
- Fay, W. H. (1973). On the echolalia of the blind and of autistic children. The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 38, 478-489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4754881
- Foxx, R. M., & Faw, G. D. (1990). Long-term follow up of echolalia and question answering. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1990.23-387
- Foxx, R. M., Faw, G. D., McMorrow, M. J., Kyle, M. S., & Bittle, R. G. (1988). Replacing maladaptive speech with verbal labeling responses: An analysis of generalized responding. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 21, 411–417. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1988.21-411
- Foxx, R. M., Schreck, K. A., Garito, J., Smith, A., & Weisenberger, S. (2004). Replacing the echolalia of children with autism with functional use of verbal labeling. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 16, 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-004-0688-5
- Gartland, M. E. (2009). The Effects of Response Interruption/Redirection and Differential Reinforcemetn of Other Behaivors on Vocal Stereotypy in Children With Autism (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1249572421
- Hanley, G.P., Iwata, B.A & McCord, B.E. . (2003). Functional analysis of problem behavior: A review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36, 147-185. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-147
- Healy, O., Lydon, S., Brady, T., Rispoli, M., Holloway, J., Neely, L. & Grey, I. (2019) The use of differential reinforcement of other behaviours to establish ınhibitory stimulus control for the management of vocal stereotypy in children with autism. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 22 (3), 192-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/17518423.2018.1523246
- Hetzroni, O. E., & Tannous, J. (2004). Effects of a computer-based intervention program on the communicative functions of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADD.0000022602.40506.bf
- Howlin, P. (1982). Echolalic and spontaneous phrase speech in autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23, 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1982.tb00073.x
- Jared, C. E. (2011). The effects of response interruption redirection and differential reinforcement of other behaviors on rates of vocal stereotypy (Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University). http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313247693
- Karmali, I., Greer, R. D., Nuzzlo-Gomez, R., Ross, D. E., & Rivera- Valdes, C. (2005). Reducing palilalia by presenting tact corrections to young children with autism. Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 21, 145-153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ journals/609/
- Kirchner, D.M. & Prutting, C.A. (1987). Spontaneous verbal repetition: A performance-based strategy for language acquisition. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 1, 147–169. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699208708985009
- Light, C., Roberts, B., Dimarco, R., & Greiner, N. (1998). Augmentative and alternative communication to support receptive and expressive communication for people with autism. Journal of Communication Disorders, 31, 153-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(97)00087-7
- Liu-Gitz, L., & Banda, D. (2010). A replication of the RIRD strategy to decrease vocal stereotypy in a student with autism. Behavioral Interventions, 25, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.297
- Lovaas, O. I., Koegel, R., Simmons, J. Q., & Long, J. S. (1973). Some generalization and follow up measures on autistic children in behavior therapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 131-165. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-131
- McEvoy, R. E., Loveland, K. A., & Landry, S. H. (1988). The functions of immediate echolalia in autistic children: A developmental perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(4), 657-668.
- McMorrow, M. J., & Foxx, R. M. (1986). Some direct and generalized effects of replacing an autistic man’s echolalia with correct responses to questions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1986.19-289
- Neely, L., Gerow, S., Rispoli, M., Lang, R., & Pullen, N. (2016). Treatment of echolalia in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 3(1), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-015-0067-4
- Neitzel, J. (2009). Steps for implementation: Response interruption/redirection. Chapel Hill, NC: The National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorders, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina. https://csesa.fpg.unc.edu/sites/csesa.fpg.unc.edu/files/ebpbriefs/ResponseInterruption_Steps.pdf
- O’Connor, A., Prieto, J., Hoffman, B., DeQuinzio, J., & Taylor, B. (2011). A stimulus control procedure to decrease motor and vocal stereotypy. Behavioral Interventions, 26, 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.335
- Ökcün-Akçamuş, M. Ç. (2016). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocukların sosyal iletişim becerileri ve dil gelişim özellikleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 17(02), 163-192
- Philips, G. M., & Dyer, C. (1977). Late onset echolalia in autism and allied disorders. British Journal of Disordered Communication, 12, 47-59. https://doi.org/10.3109/13682827709011308
- Poulson, C. L. (2009). Behavioral theory and language acquisition. In A. Fitzer & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Language and Autism: Applied behavior analysis, evidence, and practice (pp. 51-78). PRO-ED.
- Prizant, B., & Duchan, J. (1981). The functions of immediate echolalia in autistic children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.4603.241
- Prizant, B.M. & Rydell, P. (1984). An analysis of the functions of delayed echolalia in autistic children. Journal of Speech Hearing Research, 46, 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.2702.183
- Roberts, J. M. (1989). Echolalia and comprehension in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19(2), 271-281.
- Roberts, J. M. A. (2014). Echolalia and language development in children with autism. In J. Arciuli & J. Brock (Eds.), Communication in autism (pp. 53-74). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Rogers, S. J., Hepburn, S. L., Stackhouse, T., & Wehner, E. (2003). Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44(5), 763-781.
- Rydell, P. J. & Mirenda, P. (1994). Effects of high and low constraint utterances on the production of immediate and delayed echolalia in young children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(6).719-735. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172282
- Schumacher, B., & Rapp, J. (2011). Evaluation of the immediate and subsequent effects of response interruption and redirection on vocal stereotypy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 44, 681– 685. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2011.44-681
- Sigafoos, J., O’Reilly, M. F., Schlosser, R. W., & Lancioni, G. E. (2007). Communication intervention. In P. Sturmey & A. Fitzer (Eds.), Autism spectrum disorders: Applied behavior analysis, evidence, and practice (pp. 151-185). PRO-ED.
- Spencer, V. G., & Alkhanji, R. (2018). Response interruption and redirection (RIRD) as a behavioral intervention for vocal stereotypy: A systematic review. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 53(1), 33-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26420425
- Stiegler, L. N. (2015). Examining the echolalia literature: where do speech-language pathologists stand?. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(4), 750-762. https://doi.org/10.1044/2015_AJSLP-14-0166
- Stribling, P., Rae, J., & Dickerson, P. (2007). Two forms of spoken repetition in a girl with autism. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 42, 427-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13682820601183659
- Sturmey, P. (2009). Reducing inappropriate verbal behavior. In A. Fitzer & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Language and Autism: Applied behavior analysis, evidence, and practice (pp. 279-298). PRO-ED.
- Şahin, Ş. & Ülke-Kürkçüoğlu, B. (2017). Dil ve iletişim gelişimi: Bebeklik, erken çocukluk, okul öncesi ve okul dönemi gelişimi Ö. Diken (Ed.) İletişim ve alternatif iletişim sistemleri içinde (s. 3-30). Anadolu Üniversitesi Açık Öğretim Yayınları.
- Taylor, B., Hoch, H., & Weissman, M. (2005). The analysis and treatment of vocal stereotypy in a child with autism. Behavioral Interventions, 20, 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.200
- Toper-Korkmaz, Ö. (2018). Problem Davranışların İşlevlerinin Belirlenmesinde Standart İşlevsel Analiz Test Oturumlarının Düzenlenmesi. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(2), 651-678. https://doi.org/10.19171/uefad.505626
- Valentino, A. L., Schillingsburg, M. A., Conine, D. E., & Powell, N. M. (2012). Decreasing echolalia of the instruction Bsay during echoic training through use of the cues-pause-point procedure. Journal of Behavioral Education, 21, 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-012- 9155-z
- Vicker, B. (1999). Functional categories of delayed echolalia. The Reporter, 4(2), 7-10. https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/9126/01.pdf?sequence=1
- Vicker, B. (2009). Functional categories of immediate echolalia. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Resource Center Autism. https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/9540
- Zaghlawan, H. (2011). A parent-implemented intervention to improve spontaneous imitation by young children with autism (Doctoral dissertation). University of Illisions at Urbana Champaign, ABD. http://hdl.handle.net/2142/26087
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Özel Eğitim ve Engelli Eğitimi |
| Bölüm | Derleme Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Kasım 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 27 Mart 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2 |
