Araştırma Makalesi
Effects of biochar and organic fertilizer applications on the growth and chemical fertilizer use efficiency of onion plant
Öz
The aim of this study is to determine the combined effects of goat manure (GM, 5 t ha-1) and its biochar (BC, 10 t ha-1) on fertilizer use efficiency under different ratios of inorganic fertilizer (IF, 100%, 50% and 0%) of onion plant and also on their growth and development. For this purpose, trials have been carried out with green onions (cv. Metan 88) in the spring of 2018 and after the experiment, the average fresh and dry weight, total yield, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations of plants measured. Results showed that the yield components of the plant weight and total yield were significantly increased only in BC+GM treatment. N concentrations of onion plants were increased by 100% IF, BC and BC+GM treatments, while K, Ca and Mg concentrations were increased BC and BC+GM treatment in which IF not applied. Conclusively, BC+GM combination was found to be the best practice among the treatments studied regarding the onion plant.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adekiya AO, Agbede TM, Aboyeji CM, Dunsin O, Simeon VT 2019. Biochar and poultry manure effects on soil properties and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) yield, Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 35(1): 33-45.
- Antonious GF 2018. Biochar and Animal Manure Impact on Soil, Crop Yield and Quality. In: Agricultural Waste and Residues, Chap 4, pp. 45-67.
- Anonymous 1951. Soil Survey Stuff, Soil Survey Manual. Agricultural Research Administration, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, USA, 18: 340-377.
- Biederman LA, Harpole WS 2013. Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy 5: 202-214.
- Bouyoucos GJ 1951. A recalibration of hydrometer for making mechanical analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal, 43: 434-438.
- Bremner JM 1965. Total Nitrogen Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. In: Chemical and Microbiological Properties (eds. Black CA). Amer. Soc.of Agron. Inc. Pub. Agron.Series. No: 9, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A., pp. 1149-1178.
- Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S 2008. Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 46: 437-444.
- Cheng CH, Lehmann J, Thies JE, Burton SD, Engelhard, MH 2006. Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Organic Geochemistry, 37: 1477-1488.
- Chirenje T, Ma LQ 2002. Impact of high-volume wood-fired boiler ash amendment on soil properties and nutrients. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal., 33: 1-17.
- Deenik JL, McClellan T, Uehara G, Antal MJ, Campbell S 2010. Charcoal volatile matter content influences plant growth and soil nitrogen transformations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 74: 1259-1270.
- Demir K, Sahin O, Kadioglu YK, Pilbeam DJ, Gunes A 2010. Essential and non-essential element composition of tomato plants fertilized with poultry manure. Scientia Horticulturae, 127: 16-22.
- Doan TT, Tureaux TH, Rumpel C, Janeau JL, Jouquet P 2015. Impact of compost, vermicompost and biochar on soil fertility, maize yield and soil erosion in Northern Vietnam: A three year mesocosm experiment. Science of the Total Environment, 514: 147-54.
- Dodor DE, Amanor YJ, Attor FT, Adjadeh TA, Neina D, Miyittah M 2018. Co application of biochar and cattle manure counteract positive priming of carbon mineralization in a sandy soil. Environmental Systems Research, 7(5): 1-9.
- Dong X, Ma LQ, Li Y 2011. Characteristics and mechanisms of hexavalent chromium removal by biochar from sugar beet tailing. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190: 909-915.
- Eraslan F, Inal A, Gunes A., Erdal I, Coskan A 2010. Türkiye’de kimyasal gübre üretim ve tüketim durumu, sorunlar, çözüm önerileri ve yenilikler. TMMOB Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası, Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, 11-15 Ocak 2010, Ankara.
- Fearnside PM 2000. Global warming and tropical land-use change: Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning, decomposition and soils in forest conversion, shifting cultivation and secondary vegetation. Climatic Change, 46(1-2): 115-158.
- Gaskin JW, Speir RA, Harris K, Das KC, Lee RD, Morris LA, Fisher DS 2010. Effect of peanut hull and pine chip biochar on soil nutrient, corn nutrient status, and yield. Agronomy Journal, 102: 623-633.
- Glaser B, Haumaier L, Guggenberger G, Zech W 2001. The Terra Preta phenomenon: A model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics. Naturwissenschaften, 88: 37-41.
- Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W 2002. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soilsin thetropics with charcoal–a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35: 219-230.
- Gunes A 2012. Technical assistance for the implementation of nitrate directive. Task 6: Prepare an Action Plan for Nitrate Directive. Output 6.2. Draft Manure Management Plan. Vakakis International S.A. Athens, Greece.
- Gunes A, Inal A, Taskin MB, Sahin O, Kaya EC, Atakol A 2014. Effect of phosphorus enriched biochar and poultry manure on growth and mineral composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv.) grown in alkaline soil. Soil Use and Management, 30: 182-184.
- Gunes A, Inal A, Sahin O, Taskin MB, Atakol O, Yılmaz N 2015. Variations in mineral element concentrations of poultry manure biochar obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures, and their effects on crop growth and mineral nutrition. Soil Use and Management, 31: 429-437.
- Inal A, Gunes A, Sahin O, Taskin MB, Kaya EC 2015. Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use and Management 31: 106-113.
- Isaac RA, Kerber JD 1971. Atomic Absorption and Flamephotometry: Techniques and uses in soil, plant and water analysis. In: Instrumental methods for analysis of soils and plant tissue. (eds: Walsh LM), Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp. 34-37.
- Jackson ML 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp. 498.
- Jones DL, Rousk Edwards-Jones G, DeLuca TH, Murphy DV 2012. Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three-year field trial. Soil biology and Biochemistry, 45: 113-124.
- Kamman CI, Linsel S, Gossling JW, Koyro HW 2011. Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of chenopodium quinoa willd and on soil-plant relations. Plant and Soil: 195-210.
- Kaya EC, Akça H, Taşkın MB, Mounirou MM, Kaya T 2019. Biyokömür ve fosfor uygulamalarının mısır ve çeltik bitkilerinin gelişimi ve mineral element konsantrasyonlarına etkileri. Toprak Su Dergisi, 8(1): 46-54.
- Kurt S 2016. Biyokömür ve vermikompostun mısır bitkisinin (Zea mays L.) kök bölgesindeki enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkisi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bil. Ens. Toprak Bölümü ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalı, Ordu.
- Laird D, Fleming P, Wang BQ, Horton R, Karlen D 2010. Biochar impact on nutient leaching from a Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 158: 436-442.
- Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M 2006. Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems - A review. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change, 11(2): 403-427.
- Lehmann J, Rilling MC, Thies J, Masiello CA, Hockaday WC, Crowley D 2011. Biochar effects on soil biota-A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43: 1812-1836.
- Majeed AJ 2014. Toprak verimliliğini arttırmak için bir toprak düzenleyici olarak biochar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Ün., Fen Bil. Ens. Biyomühendislik ve Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı, Kahramanmaraş.
- Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, Riha SJ, Lehmann J 2010. Maize yield and nutrition after 4 years of doing biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant and Soil, 333: 117-128.
- Manolikaki I, Diamadopoulos E 2019. Positive effects of biochar and biochar-compost on maize growth and nutrient availability in two agricultural soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50(5): 512-526.
- Mayola MM, Leyoly J, Komanda JL 2017. Effet de l’application du biochar et de la litière d’Acacia mangium sur la culture du maïs en Alley cropping au plateau de Batéké / RDC. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 19: 897-907.
- Mielki GF, Novais RF, Ker C, Vergütz L, Castro GF 2016. Iron availability in tropical soils and iron uptake by plants. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo, 40: 1-14.
- Mukherjee A, Lal R 2014. The biochar dilemma. Soil Research, 52: 217-230.
- Novak, JM, Lima IM, Xing B, Gaskin JW, Steiner C, Das KC, Ahmedna M, Rehrah D, Watts WD, Busscher WJ, Shomberg H 2009. Characterization of designer biochar produced at different temperatures and their effects on a loamy sand. Annals of Environmental Science, 3: 195-206.
- Oka H, Rungattanakasin W, Arroratana U, Idthipong S 1993. Improvement of sandy soil in the northeast by using carbonized rice husks. JICA Technical Report, 13: 40-42.
- Oldfield TL, Sikirica N, Mondini C, Lopez G, Kuikman PJ, Holden NM 2018. Biochar, compost and biochar-compost blend as options to recover nutrients and sequester carbon. Journal of Environmental Management, 218: 465-476.
- Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, Dean NC 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicorbonate. United States Department of Agriculture Circular, 939: 1-18.
- Park JH, Choppala GK, Bolan NS, Chung JW, Chuasavathi T 2011. Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals. Plant and Soil, 348: 439-451.
- Pratt PF 1965. Methods of soil analysis. In: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. (eds. Black CA), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp. 771-1572.
- Peng X, Ye LL, Wang CH, Zhou H, Sun B 2011. Temperature- and duration-dependent rice straw-derived biochar: characteristics and its effects on soil properties of an Ultisol in southern China. Soil Tillage Research, 112: 159-166.
- Qayyum MF, Liaquat F, Abdur Rehman R., Gul M, Hye MZ, Rizwan M, Rehaman MZ 2017. Effects of co-composting of farm manure and biochar on plant growth and carbon mineralization in an alkaline soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 24: 26060-26068.
- Richards LA 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, USA, pp. 1070.
- Sahin O, Taskin MB, Kadioglu YK, Pilbeam DJ, Inal A, Gunes A 2014. Elementel composition of pepper plants fertilized with pellettized poultry manure. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37: 458-468.
- Sahin O, Taskin MB, Kaya EC, Taşkın H 2016. Fosfor ile zenginleştirilmiş biyokömürün marul bitkisinin (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Maritima) gelişimi ve mineral element konsantrasyonu üzerine etkisi. Çukurova Tarım Gıda Bil. Der., 31(3): 101-107.
- Schulz H, Glaser B 2012. Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 175: 410-422.
- Schnell RW, Vietor DM, Provin TL, Munster CL, Capareda S 2012. Capacity of biochar application to maintain energy crop productivity: soil chemistry, sorghum growth, and runoff water quality effects. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41: 1044-1051.
- Smith NJH 1999. The Amazon River Forest: A Natural History of Plants, Animals and People. Oxford University Press, New york.
- Spokas KA, Novak JM, Venterea RT. 2012. Biochar's role as an alternative N-fertilizer: ammonia capture. Plant and Soil, 350: 35-42.
- Steiner C, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macedo JLV, Blum WE, Zech W 2007. Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil, 291(1-2): 275-290.
- Thies, J., Rillig, M. 2009. Characteristics of biochar: Biological properties. In: Biochar for environmental management (eds. Lehmann J, Joseph S), Earthscan, London, pp. 85-102.
- Uzoma KC, Inoue M, Andry H, Fujimaki H, Zahoor A, Nishihara E 2011.Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition. Soil Use and Management, 27: 205-212.
- Wang T, Arbestan MC, Hedley M, Bishop P 2012. Predicting phosphorus bioavailability from high-ash biochars. Plant and Soil, 357: 173-187.
- Wang L, Xue C, Nie X, Liu Y, Chen F 2018. Effects of biochar application on soil potassium dynamics and crop uptake. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 181: 635-643.
- Yamato M, Okimori Y, Wibowo IF, Anshori S, Ogawa M 2006. Effects of the application of charred bark of Acacia mangium on the yield of maize, cowpea and peanut, and soil chemical properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 52: 489-495.
- Zemanova V, Brendova K, Pavlikova D, Kuvatova P, Tlustos P 2017. Effect of biochar application on the content of nutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P) and amino acids in subsequently growing spinach and mustard. Plant, Soil and Environment, 7: 322-327.
- Zolfi-Bavariani M, Ronagh A, Ghasemi-Fasaei R, Yasrebi J 2016. Influence of poultry manure-derived biochars on nutrients bioavailability and chemical properties of a calcareous soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 62: 1578-1591.
Biyokömür ve organik gübre uygulamalarının soğan bitkisinin gelişimi ve kimyasal gübreden yararlanma oranına etkileri
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı inorganik gübre (%100, %50 ve %0 İG) düzeylerinde keçi gübresi (KG, 5 t ha-1) ve bundan elde edilen biyokömür (BK, 10 t ha-1) uygulamalarının ayrı ayrı ve birlikte uygulanmasının soğan bitkisinin gelişimi ile inorganik gübreden (İG) yararlanma düzeylerine etkisini belirlemiştir. Bu amaçla; 2018 ilkbaharında taze soğan (Metan 88) bitkisi yetiştirilmiş ve deneme sonunda ortalama bitki yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, toplam verim, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu ve Mn konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Deneme alanında, %100 İG, BK ve BK+KG uygulamalarıyla N içeriği, İG uygulanmayan bitkilerde tüm organik gübre uygulamalarıyla P içeriği, BK ve BK+KG uygulamalarıyla K, Ca ve Mg içeriği artış göstermiştir. BK uygulaması tek başına bitki Fe ve Cu içeriklerini önemli düzeyde azaltmış, İG uygulamaları Zn içeriğini artırmıştır. BK ve BK+KG uygulamaları bitki Mn içeriğini önemli düzeyde artırmıştır. Sonuç olarak BK ve KG’nin birlikte uygulamasının verim ve verim öğeleri açısından daha uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adekiya AO, Agbede TM, Aboyeji CM, Dunsin O, Simeon VT 2019. Biochar and poultry manure effects on soil properties and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) yield, Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 35(1): 33-45.
- Antonious GF 2018. Biochar and Animal Manure Impact on Soil, Crop Yield and Quality. In: Agricultural Waste and Residues, Chap 4, pp. 45-67.
- Anonymous 1951. Soil Survey Stuff, Soil Survey Manual. Agricultural Research Administration, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, USA, 18: 340-377.
- Biederman LA, Harpole WS 2013. Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: a meta-analysis. GCB Bioenergy 5: 202-214.
- Bouyoucos GJ 1951. A recalibration of hydrometer for making mechanical analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal, 43: 434-438.
- Bremner JM 1965. Total Nitrogen Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. In: Chemical and Microbiological Properties (eds. Black CA). Amer. Soc.of Agron. Inc. Pub. Agron.Series. No: 9, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A., pp. 1149-1178.
- Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S 2008. Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 46: 437-444.
- Cheng CH, Lehmann J, Thies JE, Burton SD, Engelhard, MH 2006. Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Organic Geochemistry, 37: 1477-1488.
- Chirenje T, Ma LQ 2002. Impact of high-volume wood-fired boiler ash amendment on soil properties and nutrients. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal., 33: 1-17.
- Deenik JL, McClellan T, Uehara G, Antal MJ, Campbell S 2010. Charcoal volatile matter content influences plant growth and soil nitrogen transformations. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 74: 1259-1270.
- Demir K, Sahin O, Kadioglu YK, Pilbeam DJ, Gunes A 2010. Essential and non-essential element composition of tomato plants fertilized with poultry manure. Scientia Horticulturae, 127: 16-22.
- Doan TT, Tureaux TH, Rumpel C, Janeau JL, Jouquet P 2015. Impact of compost, vermicompost and biochar on soil fertility, maize yield and soil erosion in Northern Vietnam: A three year mesocosm experiment. Science of the Total Environment, 514: 147-54.
- Dodor DE, Amanor YJ, Attor FT, Adjadeh TA, Neina D, Miyittah M 2018. Co application of biochar and cattle manure counteract positive priming of carbon mineralization in a sandy soil. Environmental Systems Research, 7(5): 1-9.
- Dong X, Ma LQ, Li Y 2011. Characteristics and mechanisms of hexavalent chromium removal by biochar from sugar beet tailing. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190: 909-915.
- Eraslan F, Inal A, Gunes A., Erdal I, Coskan A 2010. Türkiye’de kimyasal gübre üretim ve tüketim durumu, sorunlar, çözüm önerileri ve yenilikler. TMMOB Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası, Ziraat Mühendisliği VII. Teknik Kongresi, 11-15 Ocak 2010, Ankara.
- Fearnside PM 2000. Global warming and tropical land-use change: Greenhouse gas emissions from biomass burning, decomposition and soils in forest conversion, shifting cultivation and secondary vegetation. Climatic Change, 46(1-2): 115-158.
- Gaskin JW, Speir RA, Harris K, Das KC, Lee RD, Morris LA, Fisher DS 2010. Effect of peanut hull and pine chip biochar on soil nutrient, corn nutrient status, and yield. Agronomy Journal, 102: 623-633.
- Glaser B, Haumaier L, Guggenberger G, Zech W 2001. The Terra Preta phenomenon: A model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics. Naturwissenschaften, 88: 37-41.
- Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W 2002. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soilsin thetropics with charcoal–a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35: 219-230.
- Gunes A 2012. Technical assistance for the implementation of nitrate directive. Task 6: Prepare an Action Plan for Nitrate Directive. Output 6.2. Draft Manure Management Plan. Vakakis International S.A. Athens, Greece.
- Gunes A, Inal A, Taskin MB, Sahin O, Kaya EC, Atakol A 2014. Effect of phosphorus enriched biochar and poultry manure on growth and mineral composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv.) grown in alkaline soil. Soil Use and Management, 30: 182-184.
- Gunes A, Inal A, Sahin O, Taskin MB, Atakol O, Yılmaz N 2015. Variations in mineral element concentrations of poultry manure biochar obtained at different pyrolysis temperatures, and their effects on crop growth and mineral nutrition. Soil Use and Management, 31: 429-437.
- Inal A, Gunes A, Sahin O, Taskin MB, Kaya EC 2015. Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use and Management 31: 106-113.
- Isaac RA, Kerber JD 1971. Atomic Absorption and Flamephotometry: Techniques and uses in soil, plant and water analysis. In: Instrumental methods for analysis of soils and plant tissue. (eds: Walsh LM), Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp. 34-37.
- Jackson ML 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp. 498.
- Jones DL, Rousk Edwards-Jones G, DeLuca TH, Murphy DV 2012. Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three-year field trial. Soil biology and Biochemistry, 45: 113-124.
- Kamman CI, Linsel S, Gossling JW, Koyro HW 2011. Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of chenopodium quinoa willd and on soil-plant relations. Plant and Soil: 195-210.
- Kaya EC, Akça H, Taşkın MB, Mounirou MM, Kaya T 2019. Biyokömür ve fosfor uygulamalarının mısır ve çeltik bitkilerinin gelişimi ve mineral element konsantrasyonlarına etkileri. Toprak Su Dergisi, 8(1): 46-54.
- Kurt S 2016. Biyokömür ve vermikompostun mısır bitkisinin (Zea mays L.) kök bölgesindeki enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkisi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bil. Ens. Toprak Bölümü ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalı, Ordu.
- Laird D, Fleming P, Wang BQ, Horton R, Karlen D 2010. Biochar impact on nutient leaching from a Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 158: 436-442.
- Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M 2006. Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems - A review. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change, 11(2): 403-427.
- Lehmann J, Rilling MC, Thies J, Masiello CA, Hockaday WC, Crowley D 2011. Biochar effects on soil biota-A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43: 1812-1836.
- Majeed AJ 2014. Toprak verimliliğini arttırmak için bir toprak düzenleyici olarak biochar. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Ün., Fen Bil. Ens. Biyomühendislik ve Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı, Kahramanmaraş.
- Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, Riha SJ, Lehmann J 2010. Maize yield and nutrition after 4 years of doing biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant and Soil, 333: 117-128.
- Manolikaki I, Diamadopoulos E 2019. Positive effects of biochar and biochar-compost on maize growth and nutrient availability in two agricultural soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 50(5): 512-526.
- Mayola MM, Leyoly J, Komanda JL 2017. Effet de l’application du biochar et de la litière d’Acacia mangium sur la culture du maïs en Alley cropping au plateau de Batéké / RDC. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 19: 897-907.
- Mielki GF, Novais RF, Ker C, Vergütz L, Castro GF 2016. Iron availability in tropical soils and iron uptake by plants. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo, 40: 1-14.
- Mukherjee A, Lal R 2014. The biochar dilemma. Soil Research, 52: 217-230.
- Novak, JM, Lima IM, Xing B, Gaskin JW, Steiner C, Das KC, Ahmedna M, Rehrah D, Watts WD, Busscher WJ, Shomberg H 2009. Characterization of designer biochar produced at different temperatures and their effects on a loamy sand. Annals of Environmental Science, 3: 195-206.
- Oka H, Rungattanakasin W, Arroratana U, Idthipong S 1993. Improvement of sandy soil in the northeast by using carbonized rice husks. JICA Technical Report, 13: 40-42.
- Oldfield TL, Sikirica N, Mondini C, Lopez G, Kuikman PJ, Holden NM 2018. Biochar, compost and biochar-compost blend as options to recover nutrients and sequester carbon. Journal of Environmental Management, 218: 465-476.
- Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, Dean NC 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicorbonate. United States Department of Agriculture Circular, 939: 1-18.
- Park JH, Choppala GK, Bolan NS, Chung JW, Chuasavathi T 2011. Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals. Plant and Soil, 348: 439-451.
- Pratt PF 1965. Methods of soil analysis. In: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. (eds. Black CA), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp. 771-1572.
- Peng X, Ye LL, Wang CH, Zhou H, Sun B 2011. Temperature- and duration-dependent rice straw-derived biochar: characteristics and its effects on soil properties of an Ultisol in southern China. Soil Tillage Research, 112: 159-166.
- Qayyum MF, Liaquat F, Abdur Rehman R., Gul M, Hye MZ, Rizwan M, Rehaman MZ 2017. Effects of co-composting of farm manure and biochar on plant growth and carbon mineralization in an alkaline soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 24: 26060-26068.
- Richards LA 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils. United States Department of Agriculture Handbook, USA, pp. 1070.
- Sahin O, Taskin MB, Kadioglu YK, Pilbeam DJ, Inal A, Gunes A 2014. Elementel composition of pepper plants fertilized with pellettized poultry manure. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37: 458-468.
- Sahin O, Taskin MB, Kaya EC, Taşkın H 2016. Fosfor ile zenginleştirilmiş biyokömürün marul bitkisinin (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Maritima) gelişimi ve mineral element konsantrasyonu üzerine etkisi. Çukurova Tarım Gıda Bil. Der., 31(3): 101-107.
- Schulz H, Glaser B 2012. Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 175: 410-422.
- Schnell RW, Vietor DM, Provin TL, Munster CL, Capareda S 2012. Capacity of biochar application to maintain energy crop productivity: soil chemistry, sorghum growth, and runoff water quality effects. Journal of Environmental Quality, 41: 1044-1051.
- Smith NJH 1999. The Amazon River Forest: A Natural History of Plants, Animals and People. Oxford University Press, New york.
- Spokas KA, Novak JM, Venterea RT. 2012. Biochar's role as an alternative N-fertilizer: ammonia capture. Plant and Soil, 350: 35-42.
- Steiner C, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macedo JLV, Blum WE, Zech W 2007. Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil, 291(1-2): 275-290.
- Thies, J., Rillig, M. 2009. Characteristics of biochar: Biological properties. In: Biochar for environmental management (eds. Lehmann J, Joseph S), Earthscan, London, pp. 85-102.
- Uzoma KC, Inoue M, Andry H, Fujimaki H, Zahoor A, Nishihara E 2011.Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition. Soil Use and Management, 27: 205-212.
- Wang T, Arbestan MC, Hedley M, Bishop P 2012. Predicting phosphorus bioavailability from high-ash biochars. Plant and Soil, 357: 173-187.
- Wang L, Xue C, Nie X, Liu Y, Chen F 2018. Effects of biochar application on soil potassium dynamics and crop uptake. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 181: 635-643.
- Yamato M, Okimori Y, Wibowo IF, Anshori S, Ogawa M 2006. Effects of the application of charred bark of Acacia mangium on the yield of maize, cowpea and peanut, and soil chemical properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 52: 489-495.
- Zemanova V, Brendova K, Pavlikova D, Kuvatova P, Tlustos P 2017. Effect of biochar application on the content of nutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P) and amino acids in subsequently growing spinach and mustard. Plant, Soil and Environment, 7: 322-327.
- Zolfi-Bavariani M, Ronagh A, Ghasemi-Fasaei R, Yasrebi J 2016. Influence of poultry manure-derived biochars on nutrients bioavailability and chemical properties of a calcareous soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 62: 1578-1591.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Ziraat Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 24 Haziran 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 |
