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The Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire: Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 349 - 365, 28.08.2024

Ender Şenel , Derya Sakallı

https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1437210

Öz

Social support research in sports has attracted considerable attention in recent years. There are limited sport-specific support perception measurements to measure Turkish athletes' support perceptions. The present study was conducted to adapt the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire developed by Freeman et al. (2011) into Turkish and examine the measurement's psychometric properties. A total of 300 athletes aged between 18-22 years were included in the study. The factor structure of the measurement was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The obtained data revealed significant factor loadings and produced acceptable fit indices. Both internal consistency and composite reliability values were found to be high, thus supporting the validity and reliability of the measurement. The results show that the measurement retains its original structure consisting of 4 dimensions (esteem support, emotional support, information support, and tangible support) and 16 items, each containing four items. Accordingly, it was concluded that the Perceived Accessible Support in Sport Questionnaire is a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish athletes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Emotional support Esteem support Information support Perceived support Social support Tangible support

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, M. H., & Karafil, A. Y. (2021). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktiviteye yönelik sosyal destek algılarının psikolojik iyi oluş üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(3), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.891172
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808
  • Barrera Jr., M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(4), 413-445.
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.
  • Bianco, T. (2001). Social support and recovery from sport injury: Elite skiers share their experiences. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(4), 376–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2001.10608974
  • Bianco, T., & Eklund, R. C. (2001). Conceptual considerations for social support research in sport and exercise settings: The case of sport injury. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23(2), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.2.85
  • Brown, C., Webb, T., Robinson, M., & Cotgreave, R. (2018). Athletes' experiences of social support during their transition out of elite sport: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 36, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.01.003
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Coffee, P., Freeman, P., & Allen, M. S. (2017). The TASS-Q: The team-referent availability of social support questionnaire. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.08.003
  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  • Cohen, S., Gottlieb, B. H., & Underwood, L. G. (2000). Social relationships and health. In S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 3–25). Oxford University Press.
  • Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In: Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R. (Eds.), Social support: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 73–94). Springer.
  • Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B.R. Sarason, I.G. Sarason, & G.R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 319–366). Wiley.
  • Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4
  • de la Haye, K., de Heer, H. D., Wilkinson, A. V., & Koehly, L. M. (2014). Predictors of parent-child relationships that support physical activity in Mexican-American families. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 234-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9471-8
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
  • Farias, J. C. D., Mendonça, G., Florindo, A. A., & Barros, M. V. G. D. (2014). Reliability and validity of a physical activity social support assessment scale in adolescents-ASAFA Scale. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 17(02), 355–370.
  • Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.007
  • Freeman, P., & Rees, T. (2009). How does perceived support lead to better performance? An examination of potential mechanisms. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(4), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903222913
  • Freeman, P., Coffee, P., & Rees, T. (2011). The PASS-Q: The perceived available support in sport questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.1.54
  • Hartley, C., Haslam, S. A., Coffee, P., & Rees, T. (2020). Social Support. In: S.A. Haslam, K. Fransen, F. Boen (Eds.), The New Psychology of Sport and Exercise: The social identity approach (pp. 245–264). SAGE Publications.
  • Holahan, C., Moos, R., & Bonin, L. (1997). Social Support, Coping, and Psychological Adjustment (pp. 169-186). Springer.
  • Holt, N. L., & Hoar, S. D. (2006). The multidimensional construct of social support. In S. Hanton & S. D. Mellalieu (Eds.), Literature reviews in sport psychology (pp. 199–225). Nova Science.
  • Hoyle, R. H. (2000). Confirmatory factor analysis. In Handbook of applied multivariate statistics and mathematical modeling (pp. 465–497). Academic Press.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 16–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hurley, A. E., Scandura, T. A., Schriesheim, C. A., Brannick, M. T., Seers, A., Vandenberg, R. J., & Williams, L. J. (1997). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 667–683.
  • Katagami, E., & Tsuchiya, H. (2017). Effects of Received Social Support on Athletes' psychological well-being. International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 15, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.201612
  • Kaul, M., & Lakey, B. (2003). Where is the support in perceived support? The role of generic relationship satisfaction and enacted support in perceived support's relation to low distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(1), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.22.1.59.22761
  • Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Küçükibiş, H. F., & Eskiler, E. (2019). Fiziksel Aktivitelerde Sosyal Destek Ölçeği (FASDÖ): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Cumhuriyet Universitesi Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences (JEAS), 20(2), 117–127.
  • Ladin, K., Marotta, S., Butt, Z., Gordon, E., Daniels, N., Lavelle, T., & Hanto, D. (2019). A Mixed-Methods Approach to Understanding Variation in Social Support Requirements and Implications for Access to Transplantation in the United States. Progress in Transplantation, 29, 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924819874387
  • Lakey, B., & Drew, J. B. (1997). A social-cognitive perspective on social support. In Sourcebook of Social Support and Personality (pp. 107-140). Springer.
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563–575. Lu, F., & Hsu, Y. (2013). Injured athletes' rehabilitation beliefs and subjective well-being: the contribution of hope and social support. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(1), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.03
  • Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382–385.
  • Moshagen, M., & Bader, M. (in press). semPower: General Power Analysis for Structural Equation Models. Behavior Research Methods https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02254-7
  • Moshagen, M., & Erdfelder, E. (2016). A new strategy for testing structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.950896
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 599–620. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0904_8
  • Newman, N., & Weiss, W. M. (2017). Relationship between demographic variables and collegiate athletes' perceptions of social support from head coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(3), 343-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/174795411773798
  • Rae, G. (2006). Correcting Coefficient Alpha for Correlated Errors: Is a K a Lower Bound to Reliability? Applied Psychological Measurement January, 30(1), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621605280355
  • Rees, T., & Hardy, L. (2000). An Investigation of the Social Support Experiences of High-Level Sports Performers. The Sport Psychologist, 14(4), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.4.327
  • Rees, T., Hardy, L., Güllich, A., Abernethy, B., Côté, J., Woodman, T., Montgomery, H., Laing, S. & Warr, C. (2016). The great British medalists project: a review of current knowledge on the development of the world's best sporting talent. Sports Medicine, 46(8), 1041–1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0476-2
  • Rees, T., Ingledew, D. K., & Hardy, L. (1999). Social support dimensions and components of performance in tennis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(5), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365948
  • Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: The Social Support Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.127
  • Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2014). Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(15), 1419–1434. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.901551
  • Sheridan, D., Coffee, P., & Lavallee, D. (2014). A systematic review of social support in youth sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 198–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2014.931999
  • Shi, J., Mo, X., & Sun, Z. (2012). Content validity index in scale development. Zhong nan da xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences, 37(2), 152–155. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.02.007
  • Sullivan, L., Ding, K., Tattersall, H., Brown, S. G., & Yang, J. (2022). Social support and post-injury depressive and anxiety symptoms among college-student athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116458
  • Şenel, E., Yildiz, M., & Ulaş, M. (2018). Takima İlişkin Elde Edilebilir Sosyal Destek Ölçeği: Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000391
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6, pp. 497-516). Pearson.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon.
  • Thurber, S., & Bonynge, M. (2011). SEM-based composite reliability estimates of the Crisis Acuity Rating Scale with children and adolescents. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 1(1), 1–9.
  • Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 236-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x
  • Waltz, C. F., & Bausell, B. R. (1981). Nursing research: design statistics and computer analysis. Davis Fa.
  • Williams, P., Barclay, L., & Schmied, V. (2004). Defining Social Support in Context: A Necessary Step in Improving Research, Intervention, and Practice. Qualitative Health Research, 14(7), 942–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304266997
  • Wills, T.A., & Shinar, O. (2000). Measuring perceived and received social support. In S. Cohen, L.G. Underwood, & B.H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 86–135). Oxford University Press.
  • Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Lowe, J. B., Heiden, E., & Foster, D. T. (2010). Social support patterns of collegiate athletes before and after injury. Journal of Athletic Training, 45(4), 372–379.
  • Yang, Y., & Green, S. B. (2011). Coefficient Alpha: A Reliability Coefficient for the 21st century? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911406668
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 349 - 365, 28.08.2024

Ender Şenel , Derya Sakallı

https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1437210

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akgül, M. H., & Karafil, A. Y. (2021). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktiviteye yönelik sosyal destek algılarının psikolojik iyi oluş üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(3), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.891172
  • Ayre, C., & Scally, A. J. (2014). Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175613513808
  • Barrera Jr., M. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(4), 413-445.
  • Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246.
  • Bianco, T. (2001). Social support and recovery from sport injury: Elite skiers share their experiences. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(4), 376–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2001.10608974
  • Bianco, T., & Eklund, R. C. (2001). Conceptual considerations for social support research in sport and exercise settings: The case of sport injury. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23(2), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.23.2.85
  • Brown, C., Webb, T., Robinson, M., & Cotgreave, R. (2018). Athletes' experiences of social support during their transition out of elite sport: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 36, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.01.003
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Coffee, P., Freeman, P., & Allen, M. S. (2017). The TASS-Q: The team-referent availability of social support questionnaire. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.08.003
  • Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
  • Cohen, S., Gottlieb, B. H., & Underwood, L. G. (2000). Social relationships and health. In S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood, & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 3–25). Oxford University Press.
  • Cohen, S., Mermelstein, R., Kamarck, T., & Hoberman, H. M. (1985). Measuring the functional components of social support. In: Sarason, I. G., Sarason, B. R. (Eds.), Social support: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 73–94). Springer.
  • Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In B.R. Sarason, I.G. Sarason, & G.R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view (pp. 319–366). Wiley.
  • Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4
  • de la Haye, K., de Heer, H. D., Wilkinson, A. V., & Koehly, L. M. (2014). Predictors of parent-child relationships that support physical activity in Mexican-American families. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 234-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9471-8
  • Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
  • Farias, J. C. D., Mendonça, G., Florindo, A. A., & Barros, M. V. G. D. (2014). Reliability and validity of a physical activity social support assessment scale in adolescents-ASAFA Scale. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 17(02), 355–370.
  • Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.007
  • Freeman, P., & Rees, T. (2009). How does perceived support lead to better performance? An examination of potential mechanisms. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(4), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200903222913
  • Freeman, P., Coffee, P., & Rees, T. (2011). The PASS-Q: The perceived available support in sport questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(1), 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.1.54
  • Hartley, C., Haslam, S. A., Coffee, P., & Rees, T. (2020). Social Support. In: S.A. Haslam, K. Fransen, F. Boen (Eds.), The New Psychology of Sport and Exercise: The social identity approach (pp. 245–264). SAGE Publications.
  • Holahan, C., Moos, R., & Bonin, L. (1997). Social Support, Coping, and Psychological Adjustment (pp. 169-186). Springer.
  • Holt, N. L., & Hoar, S. D. (2006). The multidimensional construct of social support. In S. Hanton & S. D. Mellalieu (Eds.), Literature reviews in sport psychology (pp. 199–225). Nova Science.
  • Hoyle, R. H. (2000). Confirmatory factor analysis. In Handbook of applied multivariate statistics and mathematical modeling (pp. 465–497). Academic Press.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 16–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hurley, A. E., Scandura, T. A., Schriesheim, C. A., Brannick, M. T., Seers, A., Vandenberg, R. J., & Williams, L. J. (1997). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Guidelines, issues, and alternatives. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 667–683.
  • Katagami, E., & Tsuchiya, H. (2017). Effects of Received Social Support on Athletes' psychological well-being. International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 15, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.5432/ijshs.201612
  • Kaul, M., & Lakey, B. (2003). Where is the support in perceived support? The role of generic relationship satisfaction and enacted support in perceived support's relation to low distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(1), 59-78. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.22.1.59.22761
  • Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Küçükibiş, H. F., & Eskiler, E. (2019). Fiziksel Aktivitelerde Sosyal Destek Ölçeği (FASDÖ): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Cumhuriyet Universitesi Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences (JEAS), 20(2), 117–127.
  • Ladin, K., Marotta, S., Butt, Z., Gordon, E., Daniels, N., Lavelle, T., & Hanto, D. (2019). A Mixed-Methods Approach to Understanding Variation in Social Support Requirements and Implications for Access to Transplantation in the United States. Progress in Transplantation, 29, 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924819874387
  • Lakey, B., & Drew, J. B. (1997). A social-cognitive perspective on social support. In Sourcebook of Social Support and Personality (pp. 107-140). Springer.
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563–575. Lu, F., & Hsu, Y. (2013). Injured athletes' rehabilitation beliefs and subjective well-being: the contribution of hope and social support. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(1), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.03
  • Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382–385.
  • Moshagen, M., & Bader, M. (in press). semPower: General Power Analysis for Structural Equation Models. Behavior Research Methods https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02254-7
  • Moshagen, M., & Erdfelder, E. (2016). A new strategy for testing structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.950896
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 599–620. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0904_8
  • Newman, N., & Weiss, W. M. (2017). Relationship between demographic variables and collegiate athletes' perceptions of social support from head coaches. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(3), 343-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/174795411773798
  • Rae, G. (2006). Correcting Coefficient Alpha for Correlated Errors: Is a K a Lower Bound to Reliability? Applied Psychological Measurement January, 30(1), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621605280355
  • Rees, T., & Hardy, L. (2000). An Investigation of the Social Support Experiences of High-Level Sports Performers. The Sport Psychologist, 14(4), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.4.327
  • Rees, T., Hardy, L., Güllich, A., Abernethy, B., Côté, J., Woodman, T., Montgomery, H., Laing, S. & Warr, C. (2016). The great British medalists project: a review of current knowledge on the development of the world's best sporting talent. Sports Medicine, 46(8), 1041–1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0476-2
  • Rees, T., Ingledew, D. K., & Hardy, L. (1999). Social support dimensions and components of performance in tennis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17(5), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365948
  • Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: The Social Support Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.127
  • Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2014). Psychological resilience in sport performers: a review of stressors and protective factors. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(15), 1419–1434. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.901551
  • Sheridan, D., Coffee, P., & Lavallee, D. (2014). A systematic review of social support in youth sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(1), 198–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2014.931999
  • Shi, J., Mo, X., & Sun, Z. (2012). Content validity index in scale development. Zhong nan da xue bao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences, 37(2), 152–155. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-7347.2012.02.007
  • Sullivan, L., Ding, K., Tattersall, H., Brown, S. G., & Yang, J. (2022). Social support and post-injury depressive and anxiety symptoms among college-student athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116458
  • Şenel, E., Yildiz, M., & Ulaş, M. (2018). Takima İlişkin Elde Edilebilir Sosyal Destek Ölçeği: Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(4), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000391
  • Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6, pp. 497-516). Pearson.
  • Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn & Bacon.
  • Thurber, S., & Bonynge, M. (2011). SEM-based composite reliability estimates of the Crisis Acuity Rating Scale with children and adolescents. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 1(1), 1–9.
  • Uchino, B. N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 236-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01122.x
  • Waltz, C. F., & Bausell, B. R. (1981). Nursing research: design statistics and computer analysis. Davis Fa.
  • Williams, P., Barclay, L., & Schmied, V. (2004). Defining Social Support in Context: A Necessary Step in Improving Research, Intervention, and Practice. Qualitative Health Research, 14(7), 942–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304266997
  • Wills, T.A., & Shinar, O. (2000). Measuring perceived and received social support. In S. Cohen, L.G. Underwood, & B.H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 86–135). Oxford University Press.
  • Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Lowe, J. B., Heiden, E., & Foster, D. T. (2010). Social support patterns of collegiate athletes before and after injury. Journal of Athletic Training, 45(4), 372–379.
  • Yang, Y., & Green, S. B. (2011). Coefficient Alpha: A Reliability Coefficient for the 21st century? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911406668
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor ve Egzersiz Psikolojisi
Bölüm Social & Behavioral Sciences
Yazarlar

Ender Şenel 0000-0001-6276-6704

Derya Sakallı 0000-0001-9039-9905

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şenel, E., & Sakallı, D. (2024). The Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Available Support in Sport Questionnaire: Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 15(2), 349-365. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1437210
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