TY  - JOUR
T1  - Terör Örgütlerinin Hashtag Aktivizmi Üzerinden Karşılaştırmalı Sosyal Ağ Analizi
TT  - Comparative Social Network Analysis of Terrorist Organizations Through Hashtag Activism
AU  - Önder, Mehmet Seyman
PY  - 2022
DA  - June
DO  - 10.36484/liberal.1025312
JF  - Liberal Düşünce Dergisi
PB  - Liberte Yayınları
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1300-8781
SP  - 169
EP  - 197
IS  - 106
LA  - tr
AB  - Sosyal medya başta olmak üzere iletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmeler terörörgütlerinin aktivist yaklaşımlarında önemli değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Örgütlergeleneksel eylemlerini sürdürüyor olsalar da asıl eylemselliklerini hashtag aktivizmiile siber dünyaya taşımış durumdadırlar.Bu çalışmada terör örgütlerinin nasıl bir ağ yapısına sahip olduğu, nasıl bir hashtagaktivizmi oluşturdukları, ağ içindeki etkin bireylerin kimler olduğu ve aktivizminoluşma sürecinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda NodeXL adlı bir sosyalağ analizi bilgisayar programı kullanılarak FETÖ örgütü ile PKK örgütü üyeleri vesempatizanlarına ait Twitter hesapları ve hesaplardan açılan hashtaglar incelenmişve sosyal ağ analizleri yapılmıştır.Ayrıca destekleyici veri toplama adına hashtag paylaşımları içerik analizlerine tabitutulmuştur. PKK ağlarının daha yatay ve yoğun ilişki içinde olduğu, ağ içinde yabancıaktörlerin de oldukça etkili olduğu, FETÖ ağlarının daha hiyerarşik, kontrollüve organize bir ilişki sergilediği konusunda bulgular elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, zıt ideolojikyapılara sahip olmalarına rağmen zaman zaman ağlarda işbirliği yaptıklarınayönelik verilere rastlanmıştır.
KW  - Hashtag aktivizmi
KW  - Sosyal ağ analizi
KW  - Terör örgütleri
KW  - FETÖ
KW  - PKK
N2  - Developments in communication technologies, especially in social media, causedsignificant changes in the activist approaches of terrorist organizations. Whilethe organizations continued their traditional actions, they carried their de factoactivism to the cyber world with hashtag activism.This study aims to determine what kind of network structure terrorist organizationshave, what kind of hashtag activism they create, who are the active individuals inthe network and the activism process. In this context, we analyzed Twitter accountsand hashtags of the members and sympathizers of the FETO organization and PKKorganization using a social network analysis computer program called NodeXL, andmade social network analyzes.Additionally, hashtag posts were subjected to content analysis to collect supportingdata. According to the findings, PKK networks have a more horizontal and intenserelationship. Foreign actors are also quite influential within the network, andFETO networks display a more hierarchical, controlled and organized relationship.They also sometimes cooperate in networks, despite having opposing ideologicalapproaches.
CR  - Ağcasulu, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde İlişkileri İnceleyen Bir Yöntem : Sosyal Ağ Analizi A M. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(Özel sayı), 1915–1933.
CR  - Amedie, J. (2015). The Impact of Social Media on Society. Advanced Writing: Pop Culture Intersections. http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/engl_176http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/engl_176/2
CR  - Armond, P. de. (2001). Netwar In The Emerald City: WHO Protest Strategyand Tactics. In Jahn Arquilla & D. Rnnfeldt (Eds.), Networks And Netwars : The Future of Terror, Crime, And Militancy (pp. 201–238).
CR  - Arquilla, John, & Ronfeldt, D. (2001). The Advent of Netwar (Revisited). In Jahn Arquilla & D. Rnnfeldt (Eds.), Networks And Netwars : The Future of Terror, Crime, And Militancy (pp. 1–28).
CR  - Asongu, S. A., Orim, S. M. I., & Nting, R. T. (2019). Terrorism and Social Media: Global Evidence. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 22(3), 208–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1097198X.2019.1642023
CR  - Bandura, A. (1996). Failures in Self-Regulation : Energy Depletion or Selective Disengagement ? Psychological Inquiry, 7(1), 20–24. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1449147
CR  - Bennett, J. (2014). Behold the Power of #Hashtag Feminism. TİME Magazine. https://time.com/3319081/whyistayed-hashtag-feminism-activism/
CR  - Beşer, M. (2014). Organize Suç ve Terör Örgütleri ile Mücadelede Önleyici İstihbarat Hizmeti için Matematiksel Yaklaşım. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomı̇k Araştırmalar Dergı̇si, 16(Özel Sayı 1), 206–211.
CR  - Bozkurt, A. (2013). Sosyal Medyanın “Gezi”deki rolü... Bilişim Dergisi, 156(54), 19–26.
CR  - Brams, S. J., Mutlu, H., & Ramirez, S. L. (2006). Influence in terrorist networks: From undirected to directed graphs. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29(7), 703–718. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100600701982
CR  - Bright, D., Brewer, R., & Morselli, C. (2021). Using social network analysis to study crime: Navigating the challenges of criminal justice records. Social Networks, 66(February), 50–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2021.01.006
CR  - Bright, D., Whelan, C., & Harris-Hogan, S. (2020). On the Durability of Terrorist Networks: Revealing the Hidden Connections between Jihadist Cells. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 43(7), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1494411
CR  - Burcher, M., & Whelan, C. (2015). Social network analysis and small group ‘dark’ networks: an analysis of the London bombers and the problem of ‘fuzzy’ boundaries. Global Crime, 16(2), 104–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2015.1005363
CR  - Bürhan, Y., Baykara, M., & Daş, R. (2017). Sosyal Ağ Analizi ve Veri Görselleştirme Araçlarının İncelenmesi ve Uygulamalı Karşılaştırılması. In 2017 International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium (IDAP), 1–5.
CR  - Clauset, A., Moore, C., & Newman, M. E. J. (2008). Hierarchical structure and the prediction of missing links in networks. Nature, 453(7191), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06830
CR  - Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent Boys: The Culture of The Gang. Free Press.
CR  - Cohen, A. K., & Short, J. F. (1958). Research in Delinquent Subcultures. Journal of Social Issues, 14(3), 20–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1958.tb01414.x
CR  - Conway, M. (2002). Reality bytes: Cyberterrorism and terrorist “use” of the internet. First Monday, 7(11), 1–17.
CR  - Conway, M. (2006). Terrorism and the Internet: New media - New threat? Parliamentary Affairs, 59(2), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsl009
CR  - Danitz, T., & Strobel, W. P. (2001). Networking Dissent Cyber Activists Use The İnternet to Promote Democracy in Burma. In Jahn Arquilla & D. Rnnfeldt (Eds.), Networks And Netwars : The Future of Terror, Crime, And Militancy (pp. 129–170).
CR  - Dean, G., Bell, P., & Newman, J. (2012). The Dark Side of Social Media : Review of Online Terrorism. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 3(4), 191–210.
Demir, Y. (2020). Sosyal Medyanın Gündem Belirleyicileri : Twitter ’ da Gündem Belirleme Süreci Üzerine Bir Sosyal Ağ Analizi. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 51, 1–19.
CR  - Denning, D. E. (2001). Activism, Hactivism, And Cyberterrorism: The Internet As A Tool For Influencing Foreign Policy. In Jahn Arquilla & D. Rnnfeldt (Eds.), Networks And Netwars : The Future of Terror, Crime, And Militancy (pp. 239–288).
CR  - Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, M., & Jones, C. (2008). Assessing the Dangers of Illicit Networks: Why al-Qaida May Be Less Threatening Than Many Think. International Security, 32(1), 7–44.
CR  - Eren, Z. (2018). Biçimsel ve Biçimsel Olmayan Örgüt Yapılarının Sosyal Ağ Analizi: Öneri ve Güven Ağları Örneği. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 34(4), 1121–1142. https://doi.org/10.16986/huje.2018041879
CR  - Eteman, F. S., Gürsakal, N., & Tüzüntürk, S. (2014). NodeXL ile Sosyal Ağ Analizi : # akademikzam Örneği. 15. Uluslararası Ekonometri, Yöneylem Araştırmaları ve İstatistik Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, 2016, 464–482.
CR  - Gençer, M. (2017). Sosyal Ağ Analizi Yöntemlerine Bir Bakış. Yıldız Social Science Review, 3(2), 19–34.
CR  - Gialampoukidis, I., Kalpakis, G., Tsikrika, T., Vrochidis, S., & Kompatsiaris, I. (2017). Key player identification in terrorism-related social media networks using centrality measures. Proceedings - 2016 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, EISIC 2016, i, 112–115. https://doi.org/10.1109/EISIC.2016.029
CR  - Glasser, S. B., & Coll, S. (2005). e-Qaeda, In a Real War, a Cyber War: The Web as Weapon. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/08/AR2005080801018.html
CR  - Goodman, S. E., Kirk, J. C., & Kirk, M. H. (2007). Cyberspace as a medium for terrorists. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74(2), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2006.07.007
CR  - Gülpınar-Demirci, V. (2020). Ağ Bilimi. In V. Gülpınar-Demirci & A. M. Çilingiroğlu (Eds.), Sosyal Ağ Analizi Yöntem ve İşletme Uygulamaları. Ekin Yayınevi.
CR  - Gürsakal, N. (2009). Sosyal Ağ Analizi. Dora Yayınları.
CR  - Güzeller, C. O., Eser, M. T., & Aksu, G. (2016). Ucinet ile Sosyal Ağa Analizi. Maya Akademi.
CR  - Harris-Hogan, S. (2013). Anatomy of a terrorist cell: A study of the network uncovered in Sydney in 2005. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 5(2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2012.727096
CR  - Hashemi, M., & Hall, M. (2019). Detecting and classifying online dark visual propaganda. Image and Vision Computing, 89, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2019.06.001
CR  - Hossain, M. S. (2015). Social Media and Terrorism. South Asian Survey, 22(2), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971523117753280
Kenney, M., Coulthart, S., & Wright, D. (2017). Structure and Performance in a Violent Extremist Network: The Small-world Solution. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(10), 2208–2234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002716631104
CR  - Kervankıran, İ., Sert-Eteman, F., & Çuhadar, M. (2018). Türkiye’de İç Turizm Hareketlerinin Sosyal Ağ Analizi İle İncelenmesi. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 5(1), 29–50.
CR  - Khomami, N. (2017). #MeToo: how a hashtag became a rallying cry against sexual harassment. The Gardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/20/women-worldwide-use-hashtag-metoo-against-sexual-harassment
CR  - Klausen, J. (2015). Tweeting the Jihad: Social media networks of Western foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 38(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2014.974948
CR  - Krebs, V. (2002). Mapping networks of terrorist cells. Connections, 24(3), 43–52.
CR  - Pedahzur, A., & Perliger, A. (2006). The Changing Nature of Suicide Attacks : A Social Network Perspective. Social Forces, 84(4), 1987–2008.
CR  - Perliger, A., & Pedahzur, A. (2011). Social network analysis in the study of terrorism and political violence. PS - Political Science and Politics, 44(1), 45–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096510001848
CR  - Ressler, S. (2006). Social Network Analysis as an Approach to Combat Terrorism: Past, Present, and Future Research. Homeland Security Affairs, 2(2), 1–10.
CR  - Ronfeldt, D., & Arquilla, J. (2001a). Emergence And Influence Of The Zapatista Social Netwar. In Jahn Arquilla & D. Rnnfeldt (Eds.), Networks And Netwars : The Future of Terror, Crime, And Militancy (pp. 171–200).
CR  - Ronfeldt, D., & Arquilla, J. (2001b). Networks, Netwars, and the Fight for the Future. First Monday, 6(10). https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/download/889/798?inline=1
CR  - Ronfeldt, D., & Arquilla, J. (2001c). What Next For Networks And Netwars? In Jahn Arquilla & D. Rnnfeldt (Eds.), Networks And Netwars : The Future of Terror, Crime, And Militancy (pp. 311–362).
CR  - Sageman, M. (2008). Explaining Terror Networks in the 21st Century. Footnotes, 36(5). https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/footnotes/mayjun08/terror.html
CR  - Schwartz, D. M., & Rouselle, T. D. A. (2009). Using social network analysis to target criminal networks. Trends in Organized Crime, 12(2), 188–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-008-9046-9
CR  - Sevgi, H. (2018). Sosyal Medya ve Sendi̇kalar : Almanya, Fransa, Hollanda, Polonya ve Türkiye Örneği Üzerine Bir Sosyal Ağ Analizi Araştırması. Uludağ Üniversitesi.
CR  - Sullivan, J. P. (2001). Gangs, Hooligans, And Anachists-The Vanguard of Netwar in The Streets. In Jahn Arquilla & D. Rnnfeldt (Eds.), Networks And Netwars : The Future of Terror, Crime, And Militancy (pp. 99–128).
CR  - Sykes, G. M., & Matza, D. (1957). Techniques of Neutralization : A Theory of Delinquency. American Sociological Review, 22(6), 664–670.
Tunalı, V. (2016). Sosyal Ağ Analizine Giriş. Nobel Yayınevi.
CR  - Weimann, G. (2006). Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenges. Https://Www.Researchgate.Net/Publication/238077713%0ATerror. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165x.2007.tb01599.x
CR  - Weimann, G. (2008). The psychology of mass-mediated terrorism. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764208321342
CR  - Williams, P. (2001). Transnational Criminal Networks. In Jahn Arquilla & D. Rnnfeldt (Eds.), Networks And Netwars : The Future of Terror, Crime, And Militancy (pp. 61–98).
CR  - Wonneberger, A., Hellsten, I. R., & Jacobs, S. H. J. (2021). Hashtag activism and the configuration of counterpublics: Dutch animal welfare debates on Twitter. Information Communication and Society, 24(12), 1694–1711. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1720770
CR  - Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayınları.
CR  - Zanini, M., & Edwards, S. J. A. (2001). The Net Working of Terror in the Information Age. In Jahn Arquilla & D. Rnnfeldt (Eds.), Networks And Netwars : The Future of Terror, Crime, And Militancy (pp. 29–60).
UR  - https://doi.org/10.36484/liberal.1025312
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2087872
ER  -