TY  - JOUR
T1  - Surveillance Capitalism as a Form of Biopower in Historical Perspective
TT  - Tarihsel Perspektifte Bir Biyoiktidar Biçimi Olarak Gözetim Kapitalizmi
AU  - Kahraman, Ömer Ersin
PY  - 2022
DA  - July
Y2  - 2022
DO  - 10.24988/ije.1047476
JF  - İzmir İktisat Dergisi
JO  - ije
PB  - Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1308-8505
SP  - 778
EP  - 792
VL  - 37
IS  - 3
LA  - en
AB  - Information has become the most important commodity of markets since the Oil Crisis of 1973. This period is also called as New Economy in which industry lost its previous value while services using the new information technologies are put in the core of economic activities. The rise of information technologies has brought forth new ways to generate profits. IT companies have directed their marketing interests to generate profits in behavioral forecasting models through which future behaviors of individuals can be predicted by means of machine intelligence. Accordingly, since the capital accumulation of the new stage is based on the surveillance of individuals, Shoshana Zuboff called this new stage as “surveillance capitalism”. This shift in the market interests can be understood within its historical context in which the management strategies were already being shifted from a sociological bureaucracy to new Taylorist scientific management based on continual surveillance. Thus, surveillance capitalism can be interpreted as a new “technology of the self” aiming at subordination of individuals through psychological manipulations within neoliberal governmentality. This article aims to put forth the historical link between the emergence of surveillance capitalism and the use of individualized management strategies as a new form of capitalistic biopower.
KW  - Surveillance Capitalism
KW  - Neoliberalism
KW  - Game Theory
KW  - Biopower
KW  - Governmentality
N2  - 1973 Petrol Krizi’nden bu yana bilgi, pazarların en önemli emtiası haline geldi. Sanayinin değerini kaybettiği ve bilişim teknolojilerini kullanan hizmetlerin ön plana çıktığı bu döneme aynı zamanda Yeni Ekonomi adı verildi. Bilgi teknolojilerinin yükselişi yeni kâr üretme yollarını da getirdi. Bilişim şirketleri, pazar ilgilerini bireylerin davranışlarının öğrenen makineler yoluyla tahmin edildiği davranış tahmin modellerine yönlendirdi. Bu bağlamda yeni dönemin sermaye birikiminin bireylerin gözetimine odaklanmasından hareketle Shoshana Zuboff yeni döneme “gözetim kapitalizmi” adını verdi. Pazar ilgilerindeki bu değişme, halihazırda yönetim stratejilerinin sosyolojik olarak düzenlenmiş bir bürokrasiden sürekli gözetime dayalı yeni bir Taylorist bilimsel yönetişime geçtiği tarihsel bağlam içinde anlaşılabilir. Gözetim kapitalizmi, neoliberal yönetimsellik içinde bireylere psikolojik manipülasyon yoluyla boyun eğdirmeyi amaçlayan yeni bir “özne teknolojisi” olarak yorumlanabilir. Bu makale, gözetim kapitalizminin ortaya çıkışı ile yeni bir kapitalist biyo-iktidar  biçimi olarak bireyselleştirilmiş yönetim stratejilerinin kullanımı arasındaki tarihsel ilişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.
CR  - Adams, G., Estrada-Villalta, S., Sullivan, D., & Markus, H. R. (2019). The Psychology of Neoliberalism and the Neoliberalism of Psychology. Journal of Social Issues, 75(1), 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12305
CR  - Agnoletto, S. (2013). Periodic Crises in Capitalism: Pathological or Restorative? Science & Society, 77(4), 459–485.
CR  - Alexander, C. P. (1983, May 30). The New Economy. Time. http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,926013,00.html
CR  - Angela Merkel calls Trump Twitter ban ‘problematic’ | DW | 11.01.2021. (2021). Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/angela-merkel-calls-trump-twitter-ban-problematic/a-56197684
CR  - Barbrook, R., & Cameron, A. (1996). The Californian ideology. Science as Culture, 6(1), 44–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505439609526455
CR  - Bornemann, A. H. (1976). The Keynesian Paradigm and Public Administration. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 35(3), 277–286.
CR  - Brin, S., & Page, L. (2012). Reprint of: The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine. Computer Networks, 56(18), 3825–3833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.10.007
CR  - Buchanan, J. M., & Musgrave, R. A. (1999). Public Finance and Public Choice: Two Contrasting Visions of the State. MIT Press.
CR  - Buchanan, J. M., & Tullock, G. (2004). The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy. University of Michigan Press.
CR  - Cain, F. (2005). Computers and the Cold War: United States Restrictions on the Export of Computers to the Soviet Union and Communist China. Journal of Contemporary History, 40(1), 131–147.
CR  - Castellacci, F. (2006). Innovation, diffusion and catching up in the fifth long wave. Futures, 38(7), 841–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2005.12.007
CR  - Castells, M., & Aoyama, Y. (1994). Paths towards the Informational Society: Employment Structure in G-7 Countries, 1920-90. International Labour Review, 133, 5.
CR  - Chomsky, N. (2011). Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda. Seven Stories Press.
CR  - De Pina Cabral, M. J. C. (2003). John Von Neumann’s Contribution to Economic Science. International Social Science Review, 78(3/4), 126–137.
CR  - DePriest, J. (2018). American Crusades: The Rise and Fulfillment of the Protestant Establishment. Lexington Books.
CR  - Drucker: F. (1993). The rise of the knowledge society. The Wilson Quarterly, 17(2), 52–72.
CR  - Drucker: F. (2013). Post-Capitalist Society. Butterworth-Heinemann.
CR  - Duggan, L. (2019). How Ayn Rand Became the Spirit of Our Time. Literary Hub. https://lithub.com/how-ayn-rand-became-the-spirit-of-our-time/
CR  - Faucher, K. X. (2018). Alienation 2.0 – Symptoms of Narcissism and Aggression. In C. Fuchs (Ed.), Social Capital Online (Vol. 7: 87–108). University of Westminster Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv5vddrd.8
CR  - Foucault, M. (1998). Aesthetics, Method, and Epistemology. New Press.
CR  - Friedman, M. (2020). Capitalism and Freedom. University of Chicago Press.
CR  - Geiger, N. (2014). CYCLES « VERSUS » GROWTH IN SCHUMPETER: A graphical interpretation of some core theoretical remarks. Cahiers d’économie Politique / Papers in Political Economy, 67, 35–54.
CR  - Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Harvard University Press.
CR  - Harvey, D. (2007). Neoliberalism and the City. Studies in Social Justice, 1(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v1i1.977
CR  - Hayek, F. A. (2001). The Road to Serfdom. Psychology Press.
CR  - Hutchinson, C. (2008). Reagan, Thatcher and the 1980s. In C. Hutchinson (Ed.), Reaganism, Thatcherism and the Social Novel (pp. 15–37). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230594906_2
CR  - Jacobs, A. (2021). From Tech Critique to Ways of Living. The New Atlantis, 63, 25–42.
CR  - Keyes, R. (2004). The Post-truth Era: Dishonesty And Deception In Contemporary Life. St. Martin’s Press.
CR  - Laing, R. D. (1999). The Politics of the Family, and Other Essays. Psychology Press.
CR  - Lanier, J. (2018). Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now. Henry Holt and Company.
CR  - Mager, A. (2012). Algorithmic Ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 769–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.676056
CR  - Mathews, J. A. (2013). The renewable energies technology surge: A new techno-economic paradigm in the making? Futures, 46, 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2012.12.001
CR  - McIlvenny, P., Klausen, J. Z., & Lindegaard, L. B. (Eds.). (2016). Studies of Discourse and Governmentality: New perspectives and methods. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
CR  - McLuhan, M. (2016). The Medium is the Message: Understanding the Information World. Clearfield Group LLC.
CR  - McMullin, B. (2000). John von Neumann and the Evolutionary Growth of Complexity: Looking Backward, Looking Forward. Artificial Life, 6(4), 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1162/106454600300103674
CR  - Mérő, L. (1998). John von Neumann’s Game Theory. In L. Mérő (Ed.), Moral Calculations: Game Theory, Logic, and Human Frailty (pp. 83–102). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1654-4_6
CR  - Meserve, S. A., & Pemstein, D. (2018). Google Politics: The Political Determinants of Internet Censorship in Democracies*. Political Science Research and Methods, 6(2), 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2017.1
CR  - Monthly Review | The New Economy. (2001, April 1). Monthly Review. https://monthlyreview.org/2001/04/01/the-new-economy/
CR  - Neumann, J. V., & Morgenstern, O. (2020). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Golden Keys Success.
CR  - Palley, T. I. (2005). From Keynesianism to Neoliberalism: Shifting Paradigms in Economics. Pluto Press.
CR  - Peters, M. A. (2008). Leo Strauss and the neoconservative critique of the liberal university: Postmodernism, relativism and the culture wars. Critical Studies in Education, 49(1), 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508480701813524
CR  - Piore, M., & Sabel, C. (1986). The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities For Prosperity. Basic Books.
CR  - Polanyi, K. (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press.
CR  - Pyysiäinen, J., Halpin, D., & Guilfoyle, A. (2017). Neoliberal governance and ‘responsibilization’ of agents: Reassessing the mechanisms of responsibility-shift in neoliberal discursive environments. Distinktion: Journal of Social Theory, 18(2), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/1600910X.2017.1331858
CR  - Rifkin, J. (2011). The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. St. Martin’s Publishing Group.
CR  - Rifkin, J. (2019). The Green New Deal: Why the Fossil Fuel Civilization Will Collapse by 2028, and the Bold Economic Plan to Save Life on Earth. St. Martin’s Publishing Group.
CR  - Rose, J. (2017). Brexit, Trump, and Post-Truth Politics. Public Integrity, 19(6), 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2017.1285540
CR  - Rose-Redwood, R. S. (2006). Governmentality, Geography, and the Geo-Coded World. Progress in Human Geography, 30(4), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132506ph619oa
CR  - Sagan, S. D. (1991). History, Analogy, and Deterrence Theory. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 22(1), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/204567
CR  - Schram, S. F., & Pavlovskaya, M. (2017). Rethinking Neoliberalism: Resisting the Disciplinary Regime. Routledge.
CR  - Schumpeter, J. (1939). Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
CR  - Simpson, T. W. (2012). Evaluating Google As An Epistemic Tool. Metaphilosophy, 43(4), 426–445.
CR  - Stiroh, K. (1999). Is There a New Economy? Challenge, 42(4), 82–101.
CR  - Teo, T. (2018). Homo neoliberalus: From personality to forms of subjectivity. Theory & Psychology, 28(5), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354318794899
CR  - Terranova, T. (2017). A Neomonadology of Social (Memory) Production. In I. Blom, T. Lundemo, & E. Røssaak (Eds.), Memory in Motion (pp. 287–306). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1jd94f0.15
CR  - Tickell, A., & Peck, J. A. (1992). Accumulation, regulation and the geographies of post-Fordism: Missing links in regulationist research. Progress in Human Geography, 16(2), 190–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259201600203
CR  - Vaïsse, J. (2010). Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement. Harvard University Press.
CR  - Vedel, A., & Thomsen, D. K. (2017). The Dark Triad across academic majors. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.030
CR  - Wagner: (2002). The Project of Emancipation and the Possibility of Politics, or, What’s Wrong with Post-1968 Individualism? Thesis Eleven, 68(1), 31–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0725513602068001003
CR  - Žižek, S. (2020). Pandemic! COVID-19 Shakes the World. OR Books.
CR  - Zuboff, S. (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power: Barack Obama’s Books of 2019. Profile Books.
CR  - Zukerfeld, M. (2017). Knowledge in the Age of Digital Capitalism: An Introduction to Cognitive Materialism. University of Westminster Press.
UR  - https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1047476
L1  - http://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2157471
ER  -