TY - JOUR T1 - Çin’in Deniz İpek Yolu Projesi: Gwadar Limanı TT - China’s Marine Silk Road Project: Gwadar Port AU - Demir, Yeşim PY - 2022 DA - April DO - 10.53568/yyusbed.1111817 JF - Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi PB - Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 1302-6879 SP - 101 EP - 117 IS - 55 LA - tr AB - Enerji ve diğer kaynakların önem kazanması, bu kaynaklara ulaşabilme, kaynakların deniz yolu ile kolay taşınması ve enerji yollarının güvenliğini sağlama isteği denizcilik alanında mücadeleye ve liman arayışlarına neden olmuştur. Bu doğrultuda dünyanın en büyük ikinci ekonomisi olan Çin’in “Tek Kuşak Tek Yol” projesi çerçevesinde enerji ihtiyacı ve bu ihtiyacını karşılamadaki güvenlik arayışı karada olduğu kadar denizde de zorunlu hale gelmiş ve Çin, güvenliğini denizlerde “İnci Dizisi Stratejisi” kapsamında “Son İnci” Gwadar Limanı ile sağlamayı hedeflemiştir. Gwadar Limanı, jeo-politik ve jeo-ekonomik konumundan dolayı bölge devletleri arasında rekabeti de artıran bir faktör olmuştur. Çünkü stratejik konumdaki yol ve limanlara sahip bölgesel bir güç küresel güç olmaya adaydır. Bu liman projesi ile kendini çevrelenmiş hisseden Hindistan ise Çabahar Limanı projesine yatırım yapmıştır. Çin ve Pakistan için jeo-ekonomik ve jeo-stratejik avantajlar sunan Gwadar Limanı, coğrafi şartlar nedeniyle Çabahar’dan daha avantajlı durumdadır. Bunun yanında, terör tehdidi ve finansman sorunu gibi engeller ve zorluklar aşılabildiği ölçüde Gwadar Limanı’nın başarılı bir proje olabileceği öngörülmektedir. KW - Çin KW - Pakistan KW - Hindistan KW - Gwadar Limanı KW - Çabahar Limanı N2 - The importance of energy and other resources, access to these resources, easy transportation of resources by sea and the desire to ensure the safety of energy routes have led to a struggle in the field of maritime and the search for ports. In this direction, within the framework of the “One Belt One Road” project of China, which is the second largest economy in the world, the energy needs and the search for security in meeting this need have become obligatory at sea as well as on land. China aimed to ensure its security at sea with the “Last Pearl” Gwadar Port within the scope of the “Pearl Sequence Strategy”. Due to its geo-political and geo-economic location, Gwadar Port has also been a factor that increases the competition between the states of the region. Because a regional power with strategically located roads and ports is a candidate to become a global power. Feeling surrounded by this port project, India invested in the Chabahar Port project. Gwadar Port, which offers geo-economic and geo-strategic advantages for China and Pakistan, is more advantageous than Chabahar due to geographical conditions. In addition, it is foreseen that Gwadar Port will be a successful project to the extent that obstacles and difficulties such as terrorist threat and financing problem can be overcome. CR - Aamir, A.(2020). India’s Opposition to CPEC on Shaky Ground.https://asiatimes.com/2020/04/indias-opposition-to-cpec-on-shaky-ground/ CR - Baruah, D. M.(2018). India’s Answer to the Belt and Road: A Road Map for South Asia (1- 31).https://carnegieendowment.org/files/WP_Darshana_Baruah_Belt_Road_FINAL.pdf CR - Bhalla, M. (2007). Geopolitics of Economic Relations. In Swaran Sing (Ed), China-Pakistan Strategic Cooperation Indian Perspectives (pp. 251-273). Manohar Publishers. CR - Chabaharport. (2021) Chabahar Limanı Resmi Sitesi. CR - https://chabaharport.pmo.ir/en/aboutchabaharport CR - China Daily. (2013). Economic Corridor Links China, Pakistan Dreams. http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-09/02/content_16937132.htm CR - Chowdhury, D. R. (2013,19 Kasım). Pakistan happy to aid in China’s quest for land route to the west; India, not so much.https://www.scmp.com/business/commodities/article/1359761/pakistan-happy-aid-chinas-quest-land-route-west-india-not-so CR - Christophe J. (2011). A Tale of Two Ports. https://archive-yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/tale-two-ports CR - Dawn News. (2016,18 Ekim). China Welcomes Enhanced Cooperation with Iran on CPEC. https://www.dawn.com/news/1290724 CR - Defense Industry Daily. (2013). India Opens Major Western Naval Base Near Karwar. https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-opens-major-naval-base-at-karwar- 0647/ CR - District Development Profile (2011). Gwadar. Planning & Development Department, Government of Balochistan (1- 125).Quetta.http://web.ndma.gov.pk/storage/app/public/publications/January2021/iiycLcA9qr83yCfNKDGo.pdf CR - Durdular, A. (2016). Çin’in “Kuşak-Yol” Projesi ve Türkiye-Çin İlişkilerine Etkisi. Avrasya Etüdleri, 49(1), 77-97. CR - Ebrahim, Z. (2021, 26 Aralık). Best of 2021: Pakistan’s Key CPEC Port A Long Way from Trade Hub Vision. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/regional-cooperation/pakistan- gwadar-port-long-way-from-trade-hub-vision/ CR - Euronews. (2018). Pentagon Pakistan’a 300 Milyon Dolarlık Yardımı Kesti. https://tr.euronews.com/2018/09/02/pentagon-pakistan-a-300-milyon-dolarlik-yardimi-kesti CR - Fars News.(2020). İran Hindistan’ı Çabahar Demir Yolu Projesinden Çıkardı. https://tr.farsnews.ir/economy/news/13990425001212 CR - Gwadarport. (2021). Gwadar Limanı Resmi Sitesi. http://www.gwadarport.gov.pk/about%20us.aspx CR - Hindustan Times. (2016, 26 Kasım). Pakistan allows Russia use of Gwadar Port under China-Pak Economic Corridor. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world- news/pakistan-allows-russia-use-of-gwadar-port-under-china-pak-economic-corridor/story-8YuUCrYTU2Kj7mQIIvpNzO.html CR - Huchet, J-F. (2010). India and China in Central Asia.In Laruelle, M., Huchet, J-F., Peyrouse, S. ve Balcı B.(Eds),China and India in Central Asia a New “Great Game” (pp. 97- 115).Palgra ve Macmillan. CR - Kaplan, R. D. (2011). Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power. Random House Trade Paperbacks. CR - Katju, V. (2021, 7 Nisan). India Needs to Focus on West Asia, Site of Another ‘Great Game’. https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/india-west-asia-another-great-game- china-iran-chabahar-indo-pacific-quad-la-perouse#read-more#read-more CR - Kürdi, A. R. (2021). منافعچابهاردرهمکاریایران و چین (Chabahar interests in cooperation between Iran and China). https://www.irna.ir/news/84282385/ CR - Laruelle, M., Huchet, J-F., Peyrouse, S. and Balcı B.(2010). WhyCentral Asia? The Strategic Rationale of Indian and Chinese Involvement in the Region.In Laruelle, M., Huchet, J- F., Peyrouse, S. ve Balcı B.(Eds.), China and India in Central Asia a New “Great Game” (pp. 1-6). Palgra ve Macmillan. CR - Lawrence, W. and Prabhakar, S. (2007). The Maritime Convergence. In Swaran Sing (Ed.), China-Pakistan Strategic Cooperation Indian Perspectives(pp. 231-247). Manohar Publishers. CR - Linowski D. and Lukas S. (2021). The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Its Implications for Security Cooperation in the Region(1-6). https://osce- academy.net/upload/file/PB_67.pdf CR - Majumdar, J. A. (2007). The Changing Imperatives. In Swaran Sing (Ed.), China-Pakistan Strategic Cooperation Indian Perspectives (pp. 35-51). Manohar Publishers. CR - Malik, M. (2014). The Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain: Challenges and Opportunities. In Malik, M. (Ed.), Maritime Security in the Indo-Pacific(pp. 1-41).Rowman & Littlefield Publishers CR - Mezzera, M. (2011). The nature of a friendship: making sense of Sino-Pakistani relations (1-10). https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2016- 02/20110900_mezzera_noref.pdf CR - Ministry of Culture (2021).Government of India. Project Mausam. https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/project-mausam CR - Ministry of Finance (2014). Pakistan Economy Survey 2013-2014 (117-130). https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_14/08_Trade_and_Payments.pdf CR - Mollazehi, P. M. (2016, 14 Haziran). From Gwadar to Chabahar, The Makran Coast Is Becoming an Arena for Rivalry Between Powers. https://thewire.in/south-asia/from- gwadar-to-chabahar-the-makran-coast-is-becoming-an-arena-for-rivalry-between-powers CR - NetEase. (2021, 19 Ekim.).中国正式接手瓜达尔港，一天还没到，耶伦就发出重磅预警 (China officially took over the port of Gwadar, Yellen issued a heavy warning before a day). https://www.163.com/dy/article/GMML120D0528O787.html CR - Nicolini B. (1998, 25 Mayıs). International Trade Networks: The Omani Enclave of Gwadar. http://www.oman.org/bonn_007.htm CR - Notezai, M. E. ve Rehman, A. (2021, 11 Şubat). Fishers Fearful as China Eyes Pakistan’s Fisheries. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/livelihoods/gwadar-fishers-fearful-as- china-eyes-pakistans-fisheries/ CR - Padukone, N.(2014). Beyond South Asia, India’s Strategic Evolution and the Reintegration of the Subcontinent. Bloomsbury Academic. CR - Sakhuja, V. (2007). Naval Cooperation. In Swaran Sing (Ed.), China-Pakistan Strategic Cooperation Indian Perspectives (pp. 209-230). Manohar Publishers. CR - Shambaugh, D. (2013). China Goes Global the Partial Power. Oxford University Press. CR - Singh, S.(2010). Afgan Factor in Reviving the Sino-Pak Axis. In Laruelle, M., Huchet, J-F., Peyrouse, S. ve Balcı B.(Ed), China and India in Central Asia a New “Great Game”(pp. 81-93).Palgra ve Macmillan CR - South China Morning Post. (2014). China and Pakistan Pave Way for ‘Economic Corridor’. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1431218/china-and-pakistan-pave- way-economic-corridor CR - Sushil, A. K. (2019). Rise of China’s Soft Power and How India is fighting the Hegemony. https://www.dkoding.in/newsline/rise-of-chinas-soft-power-and-how-india-is- fighting-the-hegemony/ CR - Tehran Times. (2018, 28 Nisan). Pakistani Gwadar Port, A Double-Edged Sword for Iran. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/423057/Pakistani-Gwadar-Port-a-double- edged-sword-for-Iran CR - The News. (2015, 11 Mayıs). Special Cell Set up in RAW to Foil Economic Corridor. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/12423-special-cell-set-up-in-raw-to-foil-economic- corridor CR - Times of İndia. (2021). Despite Strong Opposition, Pakistan Senate Passes CPEC Authority Bill. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/despite-strong- opposition-pakistan-senate-passes-cpec-authority-bill/articleshow/83066305.cms CR - TUİK. (2021). Dünya Nüfus Günü. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dunya-Nufus-Gunu-2021-37250 UR - https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1111817 L1 - http://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/2408322 ER -