TY  - JOUR
T1  - Küçük Çocukların Ekran Süresini Neler Belirler? Çocuk, AnneBaba ve Ev Ortamı ile İlgili Yordayıcı Unsurlar
TT  - Correlates of Young Children’s Screen Time: Child-, Parent-, and Home-Related Factors
AU  - Keşşafoğlu, Dilara
AU  - Altundal, Merve Nur
AU  - Koç, Nursena
AU  - Yıldız, Ezgi
AU  - Arslan Uzundağ, Berna
PY  - 2025
DA  - August
DO  - 10.26650/SP2023-1331727
JF  - Studies in Psychology
PB  - İstanbul Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 1304-4680
SP  - 271
EP  - 297
VL  - 45
IS  - 2
LA  - tr
AB  - Okul öncesi çocukların günlerinin önemli bir kısmını ekran karşısında geçirdikleri bilinmektedir. Önceki çalışmalarda, çocukların ekran başında geçirdikleri sürenin çeşitli demografik, ailevi ve ev içi unsurlarla ilişkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu bulguların çoğu, yüksek gelirli ve erken çocukluk eğitiminin yaygın olduğu gelişmiş ülkelerden gelmektedir. Farklı ülkelerdeki bulguların kıyaslanması ve çocukların ekran süresini belirleyebilecek yeni değişkenlerin alanyazına kazandırılması açısından ülkemizde yaşayan okul öncesi çocukların ekran süresi ile ilişkili unsurları tespit etmek önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın ilk amacı, çevrimiçi bir anket aracılığıyla okul öncesi çocukların ekran süresi ile ilişkili olabilecek çocuk (örn., yaş), ebeveyn (örn., stres seviyesi) ve ev ortamı (örn., arka plan televizyon sıklığı) ile ilgili unsurları incelemektir. Çalışmanın ikinci amacı, çocukların ekran süresi ile ebeveynin algıladığı sosyal destek arasın7 daki ilişkiyi alanyazında ilk kez incelemektir. Çalışmaya altı yaşından küçük çocuğu bulunan (Ort. = 41.5 ay, SS = 17.9) 647 ebeveyn katılmıştır. Çocukların ekran süresinin, ebeveynlerin çocukların teknoloji kullanımına yönelik olumlu tutumları, ebeveynlerin ekran süresi, çocuğun yaşı ve ebeveyn tarafından algılanan dikkat dağınıklığı ve arka plan televizyon sıklığı ile olumlu yönde ilişkili olduğu görülmüştür. Çocukların ekran süresinin, anne7baba eğitim seviyesi, hane geliri ve ebeveynin algıladığı sosyal destek ile olumsuz yönde ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizinde, arka plan televizyon sıklığı, ebeveynlerin çocukların teknoloji kullanımına yönelik olumlu tutumları ve çocuğun yaşı ekran süresinin en güçlü yordayıcıları olarak öne çıkmıştır. Ebeveynin algıladığı sosyal destek miktarının çocukların ekran süresi ile ilişkili bir değişken olduğu ilk kez mevcut çalışmada gösterilmiştir. Bulguların ülkemizdeki okul öncesi çocukların ekran süresini azaltmaya yönelik geliştirilecek girişimlere bilgi sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
KW  - Okul öncesi dönem
KW  - ekran kullanımı
KW  - ekran süresi
N2  - Young children spend a significant part of their day in front of screens. Existing literature has shown associations between children’s screen time and various demographic, parent7related, and home7related factors. Most evidence comes from high7income, developed countries with access to early childcare options. Investigating these factors in Türkiye is crucial to compare findings across countries and identify new variables that might influence children's screen time. The first goal of this study was to examine child7related factors (e.g., age), parent7related factors (e.g., parental stress), and home7related factors (e.g., background television) that may be associated with young children’s screen time through an online survey. The second goal was to investigate the relationship between children’s screen time and parents’ perceived social support for the first time in the literature. A total of 647 parents with children younger than six (M = 41.5, SD = 17.9) months) participated. Results revealed that children’s screen time was positively correlated with parents’ positive attitudes toward children’s use of technology, parents’ own screen time, child age and distractibility as perceived by the parents, and the frequency of background television at home. Conversely, children’s screen time was negatively related to parental education, household income, and parents’ perceived social support. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the frequency of background television at home, parents’ positive attitudes toward children’s use of technology, and child age emerged as the strongest predictors of children’s screen time. This study is the first to propose and demonstrate the role of social support in determining children’s screen time. Our findings may provide valuable insights for designing intervention strategies to reduce screen time among preschoolers.
CR  - Abidin, R. R. (1992). The determinants of parenting behavior. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21 (4), 407-412. https://doi.org/10.1207/ s15374424iccp2104 12 google scholar
CR  - American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Media and Young minds. Pediatrics. 138 (5), e20162591. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2591 google scholar
CR  - Anand, V., Downs, S. M., Bauer, N. S. ve CarroLL, A. E. (2014). Prevalence of infant television viewing and maternaL depression sYmptoms. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(3), 216-224. 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000035 google scholar
CR  - Anne Çocuk Eğitim Vakfı (AÇEV). (2017). İlk 6 yıl bilgi notu. https://www.acev.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/ILk6YiLBilgiNotu.pdf google scholar
CR  - Ataca, B., Kagitcibasi, C. ve Diri, A. (2005). The Turkish family and the vaLue of children: Trends over time. G. Trommsdorff ve B. Nauck (Ed.), The value of children in cross-cultural perspective: Case studies from eight societies içinde (s. 91-119). Pabst Science. google scholar
CR  - Atkin, A. J., Sharp, S. J., Corder, K. ve van SLuiis, E. M. (2014). InternationaL chiLdren’s accelerometry database C. Prevalence and correlates of screen time in Youth: An internationaL perspective. American Journal Preventive Medicine, 47(6), 803-807. https://doi.org/10. 1016/i.amepre.2014.07.043 google scholar
CR  - Azak, S. ve Raeder, S. (2013). Traiectories of parenting behavior and maternal depression. Infant Behavior and Development, 36(3), 391-402. https://doi.Org/10.1016/i.infbeh.2013.03.004 google scholar
CR  - Bank, A. M., Barr, R., CaLvert, S. L., Parrott, W. G., McDonough, S. C. ve RosenbLum, K. (2012). MaternaL depression and family media use: A questionnaire and diary analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21, 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9464-1 google scholar
CR  - Barr, R., Kirkorian, H., Radesky, J., Coyne, S., NichoLs, D., BLanchfieLd, O., FLynn, R., LytLe, S., Mayer, A., McHarg, G., Stout, A., StockdaLe, L., Manganello, J., Piotrowski, J., Durnez, J., Rakkar, J., Tomopoulos, S., Kearney, K., WarteLLa, E., ... Fitzpatrick, C. (2020). BeYond screen time: A synergistic approach to a more comprehensive assessment of family media exposure during early childhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsYg.2020.01283 google scholar
CR  - Baydar, N., Küntay, A. C., Yağmurlu, B., Aydemir, N., Çankaya, D., Göksen, F. ve Cemalcılar, Z. (2014). “İt takes a village” to support the vocabulary development of children with multiple risk factors. Developmental Psychology, 50(4), 1014. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0034785 google scholar
CR  - Berzofsky, M., Smiley-McDonald, H., Moore, A. ve Krebs, C. (2014). Measuring socioeconomic status (SES) in the NCVS: Background, options, and recommendations. Bureau of Justice Statistics US Department of Justice, 1-59. google scholar
CR  - Bonds, D. D., Gondoli, D. M., Sturge-Apple, M. L. ve Salem, L. N. (2002). Parenting stress as a mediator of the relation between parenting support and optimal parenting. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2(4), 409-435. ıttps://doi.org/10.1207 04 google scholar
CR  - Brown, R. ve Ogden, J. (2004). Children’s eating attitudes and behaviour: A study of the modelling and control theories of parental influence. Health Education Research, 19(3), 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cYg040 google scholar
CR  - Burdette, H. L. ve Whitaker, R. C. (2005). A national study of neighborhood safety, outdoor play, television viewing, and obesity in preschool children. Pediatrics, 116(3), 657-662. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-2443 google scholar
CR  - Canadian Paediatric Society. (2017). Screen time and Young children: Promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatrics & Child Health, 22(8), 461-468. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxx123 google scholar
CR  - Carson, V. ve Kuzik, N. (2017). Demographic correlates of screen time and obiectively measured sedentary time and physical activity among toddlers: A cross-sectional study BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4125-Y google scholar
CR  - Carson, V., Rosu, A. ve Janssen, I. (2014). A cross-sectional study of the environment, physical activity, and screen time among Young children and their parents. BMC Public Health, 14, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-61 google scholar
CR  - Cerniglia, L., Cimino, S. ve Ammaniti, M. (2021). What are the effects of screen time on emotion regulation and academic achievements? A three-wave longitudinal studY on children from 4 to 8 Years of age. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 19(2), 145-160. https:// doi.org/10.1177/1476718X20969846 google scholar
CR  - Chassiakos, Y. L., RadeskY, J., Christakis, D., Moreno, M. A. ve Cross, C. (2016). Children and adolescents and digital media. Pediatrics, 138(5), Article e20162593. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2593 google scholar
CR  - Cillero, I. H. ve Jago, R. (2010). SYstematic review of correlates of screen-viewing among Young children. Preventive Medicine, 51(1), 3-10. https://doi.Org/10.1016/i.Ypmed.2010.04.012 google scholar
CR  - Cliff, D. P., Howard, S. J., Radesky, J. S., McNeill, J. ve Vella, S. A. (2018). Early childhood media exposure and self-regulation: Bidirectional LongitudinaL associations. Academic Pediatrics, 18(7), 813-819. https://doi.org/10.1016Zi.acap.2018.04.012 google scholar
CR  - ConneLL, S. L., Lauricella, A. R. ve WarteLLa, E. (2015). ParentaL co-use of media technoLogy with their Young children in the USA. Journal of Children and Media, 9(i), 5-21. https:ZZdoi.org/l0.1080Zl7482798.2015.997440 google scholar
CR  - Conners, N. A., Tripathi, S. P., CLubb, R. ve Bradley, R. H. (2007). MaternaL characteristics associated with teLevision viewing habits of Low-income preschool children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 415-425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9095-0 google scholar
CR  - Coyne, S. M., HoLmgren, H. G., Keenan-Kroff, S. L., Petersen, S. ve Stockdale, L. (2020). PrenataL predictors of media use during infancy. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(6), 377-383. https://doi.org/10.1089/cYber.2019.0477 google scholar
CR  - CoYne, S. M., Shawcroft, J., GaLe, M., GentiLe, D. A., Etherington, J. T., HoLmgren, H. ve Stockdale, L. (2021). Tantrums, toddlers and tech-nology: Temperament, media emotion regulation, and problematic media use in early childhood. Computers in Human Behavior, 120, 106762. https://doi.org/10.1016Zi.chb.2021.106762 google scholar
CR  - Crnic, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., Ragozin, A. S., Robinson, N. M. ve Basham, R. B. (1983). Effects of stress and sociaL support on mothers and prematüre and full-term infants. Child Development, 209-217. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129878 google scholar
CR  - Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient aLpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF 02310555 google scholar
CR  - Cronin, S., Becher, E., Christians, K. S. ve Debb, S. (2015). Parents and stress: Understanding experiences, context, and responses. University of Minnesota Extension, ChiLdren, Youth and Family Consortium. google scholar
CR  - Çelik, E., Özer, Z. Y. ve Özcan, S. (2021). Okul öncesi çocukların ekran kullanım sürelerinin ebeveYn ekran kullanım alışkanlıkları ve aile işlevleri ile ilişkisi. Çukurova Medical Journal, 46(i), 343-351. 10.17826/cumi.780582 google scholar
CR  - De Decker, E., De Craemer, M., De Bourdeaudhuii, I., Wiindaele, K., Duvinage, K., Koletzko, B., Grammatikaki, E., Iotova, V., Usheva, N., Fernândez-Alvira, J. M., Zych, K., Manios, Y. ve Cardon, G. (2012). Influencing factors of screen time in preschool children: An exploration of parents' perceptions through focus groups in six European countries. Obesity Reviews, 13, 75-84. https.//_doLorg/_ 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00941.x google scholar
CR  - Domoff, S. E., Miller, A. L., Khalatbari, N., Pesch, M. H., Harrison, K., Rosenblum, K. ve Lumeng, J. C. (2017). Maternal beliefs about television and parental mediation in a low-income United States sample. Journal of Children and Media, 11(3), 278-294. https.//doiorg/10± 1080/17482798.2017.1339102 google scholar
CR  - Draxten, M., Fulkerson, J. A., Friend, S., Flattum, C. F. ve Schow, R. (2014). Parental role modeling of fruits and vegetables at meals and snacks is Associated with children's adequate consumption. Appetite, 78, 1-7. httpşı//jdOJorg/j01016/jappet2014J02J017 google scholar
CR  - Duch, H., Fisher, E. M., Ensari, I. ve Harrington, A. (2013). Screen time use in children under 3 Years old: A sYstematic review of correlates. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10, 102. httpşı//dojJorg/_10J1186/.1479z5868-10-102 google scholar
CR  - DYnia, J. M., Dore, R. A., Bates, R. A. ve Justice, L. M. (2021). Media exposure and language for toddlers from low-income homes. Infant Behavior and Development, 63, 101542. https://doi.orgZ10.1016Zi.infbeh.2021.101542 google scholar
CR  - Farkas, C. ve Valdes, N. (2010). Maternal stress and perceptions of self-efficacY in socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers: An explicative model. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(4), 654-662. httpşı//dojJorg/10J1016/jJinfbehJ2010J09J001 google scholar
CR  - Gao, L. L., Sun, K. ve Chan, S. W. C. (2014). Social support and parenting self-efficacy among Chinese women in the perinatal period. Midwifery, 30(5), 532-538. httpşı//doiJorg/l0J1016/JJmjdw.2013J06J007 google scholar
CR  - Gebremariam, M. K., Altenburg, T. M., Lakerveld, J., Andersen, L. F., Stronks, K., Chinapaw, M. J. ve Lien, N. (2015). Associations between socioeconomic position and correlates of sedentary behaviour among Youth: A sYstematic review. Obesity Reviews, 16(11), 988-1000. httpş://.doiJorg/.10J1111./.obr!12314 google scholar
CR  - Georgas, J., MYlonas, K., Bafiti, T., Poortinga, Y. H., Christakopoulou, S., Kagitçibaşi, C., Kwak, K., Ataca, B., Berry, J. W., Orung, S., Sunar, D., Charalambous, N., Goodwin, R., Wang, W.-Z., Angleitner, A., Stepanikova, I., Pick, S., Givaudan, M., Zhuravliova-Gionis, I., ... Kodiç, Y. (2001). Functional relationships in the nuclear and extended family: A 16-culture study International Journal of Psychology, 36 (5), 289-300. httpş://doiJorg/10J1080/.00207590143000045 google scholar
CR  - Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581-586. httpş://.doLorg/.10J1111/JJ1469z7610J1997itb01545Jx google scholar
CR  - Gordon-Hacker, A. ve Gueron-Sela, N. (2020). Maternal use of media to regulate child distress: A double-edged sword? Longitudinal links to toddlers' negative emotionality. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(6), 400-405. httpşı//doLorg/10± 1089/cYber.2019.0487 google scholar
CR  - Güroğlu, İ. (2010). Can the support networks help mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms? [YaYımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Koç Üniversitesi. google scholar
CR  - Güvenir, T., Özbek, A., BaYkara, B., Arkar, H., Şentürk, B. ve İncekaş, S. (2008). Güçler ve Güçlükler Anketinin Türkçe UYarlamasının psikometrik özellikleri. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 15(2), 65-74. google scholar
CR  - Holmgren, H. G., Stockdale, L., Gale, M. ve Coyne, S. M. (2022). Parent and child problematic media use: The role of maternal postpartum depression and dYsfunctional parent-child interactions in Young children. Computers in Human Behavior, 133, 107293. https:// doi.org/l0.1016/j.chb.2022.107293 google scholar
CR  - Hong, X. ve Liu, Q. (2021). Parenting stress, sociaL support and parenting seLf-efficacy in Chinese famiLies: Does the number of chiLdren matter? Early Child Development and Çare, 191 (14), 2269-2280. https://doi.org/l0.1080/03004430.2019.1702036 google scholar
CR  - Jago, R., Thompson, J. L., Sebire, S. J., Wood, L., Pool, L., Zahra, J. ve Lawlor, D. A. (2014). Cross-sectional associations between the screen-time of parents and Young children: Differences bY parent and child gender and daY of the week. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11 (i), 1-8. https://doi.org/l0.1186/l479-5868-11-54 google scholar
CR  - Kabali, H. K., IrigoYen, M. M., Nunez-Davis, R., Budacki, J. G., MohantY, S. H., Leister, K. P. ve Bonner Jr, R. L. (2015). Exposure and use of mobile media devices bY Young children. Pediatrics, 136(6), 1044-1050. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2151 google scholar
CR  - Kadan, G. ve Aral, N. (2018). Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının medya kullanım düzeylerinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Multi-disciplinary Studies and Innovative Technologies, 2(2), 51-55. google scholar
CR  - Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures: Theories and Applications. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203937068 google scholar
CR  - Konca, A. S. (2022). Digital technology usage of Young children: Screen time and families. Early Childhood Education Journal, 50(7), 1097-1108. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s10643-021-01245-7 google scholar
CR  - Kourlaba, G., Kondaki, K., Liarigkovinos, T. ve Manios, Y. (2009). Factors associated with television viewing time in toddlers and preschoolers in Greece: The GENESIS study Journal of Public Health, 31(2), 222-230. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdp011 google scholar
CR  - KoYuncuoğlu, D. (2022). 4-6 yaş çocukların ekran kullanım alışkanlıkları ile öz düzenleme becerileri arasındaki ilişki [YaYımlanmamış Yüksek lisans tezi]. KTO KarataY Üniversitesi. google scholar
CR  - Krogh, M. T., Egmose, I., Stuart, A. C., Madsen, E. B., Haase, T. W. ve Vffiver, M. S. (2021). A longitudinal examination of dailY amounts of screen time and technoference in infants aged 2-11 months and associations with maternal sociodemographic factors. İnfant Behavior and Development, 63, 101543. https://doi.Org/l0.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101543 google scholar
CR  - Lauricella, A. R., Wartella, E. ve Rideout, V. J. (2015). Young children's screen time: The complex role of parent and child factors. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 36, 11-17. https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.12.001 google scholar
CR  - Lee, E. Y., Bains, A., Hunter, S., Ament, A., Brazo-Sayavera, J., Carson, V., Hakimi, S., Huang, W. Y. J., Janssen, I., Lee, M., Lim, H., Silva, D. A. S. ve Tremblay, M. S. (2021). SYstematic review of the correlates of outdoor plaY and time among children aged 3-12 Years. İnternational Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(i), 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01097-9 google scholar
CR  - Lin, H. P., Chen, K. L., Chou, W., Yuan, K. S., Yen, S. Y., Chen, Y. S. ve Chow, J. C. (2020). Prolonged touch screen device usage is associated with emotional and behavioral problems, but not language delay, in toddlers. İnfant Behavior and Development, 58, Article 101424. https://doi.Org/l0.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101424 google scholar
CR  - Linder, L., Salcedo Potter, N. ve GarritY, S. (2020). The moderating role of parental strain on the relationship between child media use and regulation. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(6), 392-399. https://doi.org/10.1089/cYber.2019.0480 google scholar
CR  - Livingstone, S., Mascheroni, G., Dreier, M., Chaudron, S. ve Lagae, K. (2015). How parents of young children manage digital devices at home: The role of income, education and parental style. EU Kids Online, LSE. https://hdl.handle.net/10807/67803 google scholar
CR  - LovejoY, M. C., GraczYk, P. A., O'Hare, E. ve Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analYtic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(5), 561-592. https://doi.org/l0.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7 google scholar
CR  - Mââttâ, S., Kaukonen, R., Vepsâlâinen, H., Lehto, E., Ylönen, A., RaY, C., ... ve Roos, E. (2017). The mediating role of the home environment in relation to parental educational level and preschool children’s screen time: A cross-sectional studY. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/l0.1186/s12889-017-4694-9 google scholar
CR  - Madigan, S., Browne, D., Racine, N., Mori, C. ve Tough, S. (2019). Association between screen time and children’s performance on a developmental screening test. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(3), 244-250. 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056 google scholar
CR  - Mansor, E., Ahmad, N., Raj, D., Zulkefli, N. A. M. ve Shariff, Z. M. (2021). Predictors of parental barriers to reduce excessive child screen time among parents of under-five children in selangor, MalaYsia: Cross-sectional studY. Journal of Medical İnternet Research, 23(4), Article e25219. https://doi.org/l0.2196/25219 google scholar
CR  - McConnell, D., Breitkreuz, R. ve Savage, A. (2011). From financial hardship to child difficulties: Main and moderating effects of perceived social support. Child: Çare, Health and Development, 37(5), 679-691. https://doi.Org/l0.111l/j.1365-2214.2010.01185.x google scholar
CR  - McDaniel, B. T. (2021a). The DISRUPT: A measure of parent distraction with phones and mobile devices and associations with depression, stress, and parenting quality. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(5), 922-932. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.267 google scholar
CR  - McDaniel, B. T. (2021b, Nisan 7-9). Parent depression and phone use around their children: A phone tracking and daily survey study. [Sözlü sunum]. Society for Research on Child Development Biennial Meeting, çevrimiçi konferans. google scholar
CR  - McDaniel, B. T. ve Radesky, J. S. (2020). Longitudinal associations between early childhood externalizing behavior, parenting stress, and child media use. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social NetworKing, 23(6), 384-391. http://doi.org/10.1089/cYber.2019.0478 google scholar
CR  - Medawar, J., TabuLLo, Â. J. ve Gago-GaLvagno, L. G. (2023). Early Language outcomes in Argentinean toddlers: Associations with home LiteracY, screen exposure and joint media engagement. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 41 (i), 13-30. https://doi.org/ 10.111l/bjdp.12429 google scholar
CR  - MüderrisoğLu, S., DedeoğLu, C., Akço, S., ve AkbuLut, B. (2014). Türkiye’de 0-8 yaş arası çocuğa yönelik aile içi şiddet araştırması. Bernard van Leer Vakfı, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, Hümanist Büro ve Frekans Araştırma. https://www.vanleerfoundation.org/wp-content/ upLoads/2017/02/Research-domestic-vioLence-against-chiLdren-aged-0-8-Years-in-TurkeY-Turkishef5b.pdf google scholar
CR  - Nabi, R. L. ve Krcmar, M. (2016). It takes two: the effect of chiLd characteristics on US parents’ motivations for aLLowing eLectronic media use. Journal of Children and Media, 10(3), 285-303. https://doi.org/l0.1080/l7482798.2016.1162185 google scholar
CR  - Newsham, G., Drouin, M. ve McDanieL, B. T. (2020). ProbLematic phone use, depression, and technoLogY interference among mothers. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(2), 117-124. https://doi.org/l0.1037/ppm0000220 google scholar
CR  - Nikken, P. ve SchoLs, M. (2015). How and why parents guide the media use of Young chiLdren. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3423-3435. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s10826-015-0144-4 google scholar
CR  - Ofcom. (2016). Children and parents: media use and attitudes report. Ofcom. 26 Temmuz 2023 tarihinde https://www. ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/research-and-data/media-Literacy-research/chiLdren/chiLdren-parents-nov16/ children-parents-media-use-attitudes-report-2016.pdf?v=335496 adresinden erişilmiştir. google scholar
CR  - Oğuz, B. N. ve Kutluca, A. Y. (2020). Okul öncesi dönemde çocukları olan ebeveynlerin teknoloji kullanımına Yönelik görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty, 39(2), 252-268. https://doi.org/10.7822/omuefd.727132 google scholar
CR  - Parks, E. P., Kazak, A., KumanYika, S., Lewis, L. ve Barg, F. K. (2016). Perspectives on stress, parenting, and children’s obesitY-related behaviors in black families. Health Education & Behavior, 43(6), 632-640. https://doi.org/l0.1177/l090198115620418 google scholar
CR  - Park, S., Chang, H. Y., Park, E. J., Yoo, H., Jo, W., Kim, S. J. ve Shin, Y. (2018). Maternal depression and children's screen overuse. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 33(34). doi:10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e219 google scholar
CR  - Paudel, S., Jancey, J., Subedi, N. ve Leavy, J. (2017). Correlates of mobile screen media use among children aged 0-8: A systematic review. BMJ Öpen, 7(10), Article e014585. 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014585 google scholar
CR  - Pempek, T. A. ve McDaniel, B. T. (2016). Young children’s tablet use and associations with maternal well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(8), 2636-2647. https://doi.org/l0.1007/s10826-016-0413-x google scholar
CR  - Pila, S., Lauricella, A. R., Piper, A. M. ve Wartella, E. (2021). The power of parent attitudes: Examination of parent attitudes toward traditional and emerging technologY. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(4), 540-551. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.279 google scholar
CR  - Piotrowski, J. T., Jordan, A. B., BleakleY, A. ve HennessY, M. (2015). IdentifYing family television practices to reduce children’s television time. Journal of Family Communication, 15(2), 159-174. https://doi.org/l0.1080/l5267431.2015.1013107 google scholar
CR  - Plowman, L. (2015). Researching Young children's everyday uses of technology in the family home. Interacting with Computers, 27(1), 36-46. 10.1093/iwc/iwu031. google scholar
CR  - Pons, M., Bennasar-VenY, M. ve Yanez, A. M. (2020). Maternal education level and excessive recreational screen time in children: A mediation analYsis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph17238930 google scholar
CR  - Population Reference Bureau (2020). 2020 World Population Data Sheet. https://www.prb.org/international/indicator/hh-size-av/map/ countıy/ google scholar
CR  - Poulain, T., Ludwig, J., Hiemisch, A., Hilbert, A. ve Kiess, W. (2019). Media use of mothers, media use of children, and parent-child interaction are related to behavioral difficulties and strengths of children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), Article 4651. https://doi.org/l0.3390/ijerph16234651 google scholar
CR  - Powell, L. M., Slater, S. ve Chaloupka, F. J. (2004). The relationship between community physical activity settings and race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Evidence-Based Preventive Medicine, 1(2), 135-44. google scholar
CR  - PsYchogiou, L. ve ParrY, E. (2014). Why do depressed individuals have difficulties in their parenting role?. Psychological Medicine, 44(7), 1345-1347. https://doi.org/l0.1017/S0033291713001931 google scholar
CR  - PYper, E., Harrington, D. ve Manson, H. (2016). The impact of different types of parental support behaviours on child phYsical activity, healthy eating, and screen time: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3245-0 google scholar
CR  - Qu, G., Hu, W., Meng, J., Wang, X., Su, W., Liu, H., Ma, S., Sun, C., Huang, C., Lowe, S. ve Sun, Y. (2023). Association between screen time and developmental and behavioral problems among children in the United States: Evidence from 2018 to 2020 NSCH. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 161, 140-149. https://doi.Org/l0.1016/j.jpsYchires.2023.03.014 google scholar
CR  - Quittner, A. L., Glueckauf, R. L. ve Jackson, D. N. (1990). Chronic parenting stress: Moderating versus mediating effects of social support. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1266-1278. https://doi.org/l0.1037/0022-3514.59.61266 google scholar
CR  - Radesky, J. S., Kistin, C., Eisenberg, S., Gross, J., Block, G., Zuckerman, B. ve Silverstein, M. (2016). Parent perspectives on their mobile technoLogy use: The excitement and exhaustion of parenting whiLe connected. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(9), 694-701. 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000357 google scholar
CR  - RadeskY, J. S., SiLverstein, M., Zuckerman, B. ve Christakis, D. A. (2014). Infant seLf-reguLation and early chiLdhood media exposure. Pediatrics, 133 (5), ArticLe e1172-e1178. https://doi.org/l0.1542/peds.2013-2367 google scholar
CR  - RadeskY, J. S., Weeks, H. M., Ball, R., SchaLLer, A., Yeo, S., Durnez, J., Tamayo-Rios, M., Epstein, M., Kirkorian, H., Coyne, S. ve Barr, R. (2020). Young children’s use of smartphones and tablets. Pediatrics, 146 (i), ArticLe e20193518. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3518 google scholar
CR  - Rai, J., Kuzik, N. ve Carson, V. (2022). Demographic, parental and home environment correlates of traditional and mobiLe screen time in preschool-aged children. Child: Çare, Health and Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12958 google scholar
CR  - Ramirez, N. F., Hippe, D. S. ve Shapiro, N. T. (2021). Exposure to Electronic media between 6 and 24 months of age: An exploratory study Infant Behavior and Development, 63, ArticLe 101549. https://doi.org/10.1016Zi.infbeh.2021.101549 google scholar
CR  - Ribner, A. D. ve McHarg, G. (2021). Screens across the pond: Findings from longitudinal screen time research in the US and UK. Infant Behavior and Development, 63, ArticLe 101551. https://doi.orgZ10.1016Zi.infbeh.2021.101551 google scholar
CR  - Rideout, V. (2013). Zero to eight: Children’s media use in America 2013. Common Sense Media. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR37491.v2 google scholar
CR  - Rideout, V. J. ve Robb, M. B. (2020). The Common Sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight, 2020. Common Sense Media. google scholar
CR  - Sanders, W., Parent, J., Forehand, R., SuLLivan, A. D. ve Jones, D. J. (2016). ParentaL perceptions of technoLogY and technoLogY-focused parenting: Associations with Youth screen time. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 44, 28-38. https://doi.orgZ10.1016Z i.appdev.2016.02.005 google scholar
CR  - ScarameLLa, L. V., Sohr-Preston, S. L., CaLLahan, K. L. ve MirabiLe, S. P. (2008). A test of the FamiLY Stress ModeL on toddLer-aged chiLdren's adiustment among Hurricane Katrina impacted and nonimpacted Low-income famiLies. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(3), 530-541. https://doi.orgZ10.1080/15374410802148202 google scholar
CR  - Seguin, D., KuenzeL, E., Morton, J. B. ve Duerden, E. G. (2021). SchooL's out: Parenting stress and screen time use in schooL-age chiLdren during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 6, 100217. https:Z/doi.orgZ10.1016Zj.jadr.2021.100217 google scholar
CR  - Sigmund, E., Badura, P., Vokacova, J. ve Sigmundovâ, D. (2016). Parent-child relationship of pedometer-assessed physical activity and proxy-reported screen time in Czech families with preschoolers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(7), 740. https:ZZdoi.orgZ10.3390Zijerph13070740 google scholar
CR  - Skalickâ, V., Wold HYgen, B., Stenseng, F., Kârstad, S. B. ve Wichstr0m, L. (2019). Screen time and the development of emotion under-standing from age 4 to age 8: A community study British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 427-443. https:Z/doi.orgZ10. 111l/bidp.12283 google scholar
CR  - Sugawara, M., Matsumoto, S., Murohashi, H., Sakai, A. ve Isshiki, N. (2015). Traiectories of early teLevision contact in Japan: ReLationship with preschoolers’ externalizing problems. Journal of Children and Media, 9(4), 453-471. https://doi.orgZ10.1080/17482798.2015. 1089298 google scholar
CR  - Sunar, D. ve Fişek, G. (2005). Contemporaıy Turkish families. U. Gielen ve J. Roopnarine (Ed.), Families in global perspective içinde (ss. 169-183). AllYn & Bacon/Pearson. google scholar
CR  - SupanitaYanon, S., Trairatvorakul, P. ve ChonchaiYa, W. (2020). Screen media exposure in the first 2 Years of life and preschool cognitive development: A longitudinal study Pediatric Research, 88(6), 894-902. 10.1038/s41390-020-0831-8 google scholar
CR  - Şen, H., Yavuz-Müren, M. ve Yağmurlu, B. (2014). Parenting: The Turkish context. H. Selin (Ed.), Parenting across cultures: Childrearing, motherhood and fatherhood in non-western cultures. Science across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science içinde (s. 175-192, 7. baskı). Springer. google scholar
CR  - Tandon, P. S., Zhou, C., Sallis, J. F., Cain, K. L., Frank, L. D. ve Saelens, B. E. (2012). Home environment relationships with children’s physical activity, sedentary time, and screen time by socioeconomic status. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9 (i), 1-9. https:Z/doi.orgZ10.1186/1479-5868-9-88 google scholar
CR  - TaYlor, J. Y., Washington, O. G., Artinian, N. T. ve Lichtenberg, P. (2007). Parental stress among African American parents and grandparents. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 28(4), 373-387. https://doi.orgZ10.1080/01612840701244466 google scholar
CR  - TaYlor, Z. E., Conger, R. D., Robins, R. W. ve Widaman, K. F. (2015). Parenting practices and perceived social support: Longitudinal relations with the social competence of Mexican-origin children. Journal of Latina/o Psychology, 3(4), 193. https://doi.orgZ10.1037/ lat0000038 google scholar
CR  - Thompson, A. L., Adair, L. S. ve BentleY, M. E. (2013). Maternal characteristics and perception of temperament associated with infant TV exposure. Pediatrics, 131 (2), e390-e397. https://doi.orgZ10.1542/peds.2012-1224 google scholar
CR  - Thompson, D. A. ve Christakis, D. A. (2007). The association of maternal mental distress with television viewing in children under 3 Years old. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 7(1), 32-37. https://doi.orgZ10.1016Zi.ambp.2006.09.007 google scholar
CR  - Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2021, Haziran 15). Gelir ve yaşam koşulları araştırması, 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p= Gelir-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Arastirmasi-2020-37404 google scholar
CR  - TürkiYe İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2022a, Mart 4). İstatistiklerle kadın. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/BuLten/Index?p=IstatistikLerLe-Kadin-2021-45635 google scholar
CR  - TürkİYe İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2022b, Ekim 10). işgücü istatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/lndex?p=lsgucu-lstatistikleri-Agustos-2022-45654#:~:text=İşgücü%202022%20YiLı%20Ağustos%20aYinda,ise%20%35%2C1%20oLdu google scholar
CR  - Uzundağ, B. A. (2022). Arka plan televizyonun erken çocukluktaki gelişim ve çocuk-ebeveyn etkileşimleri ile ilişkisi: Bir derleme çalışması. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(26), 671. 10.7816/nesne-10-26-09 google scholar
CR  - Uzundağ, B. A., Oranç, C., Keşşafoğlu, D. ve Altundal, M. N. (2022). How children in Turkey use digital media: Factors related to children, parents, and their home environment. H. H. Şen ve H. Selin (Ed.), Childhood in Turkey: Educational, sociological, and psychological perspectives içinde (s. 137-149). Springer. google scholar
CR  - Vaala, S. E., Bleakley, A. ve Jordan, A. B. (2013). The media environments and television-viewing diets of infants and toddlers: Findings from a national survey of parents. Zero to Three, 33(4), 18-24. google scholar
CR  - Warren, R. (2005). Parental mediation of children's television viewing in low-income families. Journal of Communication, 55(4), 847-863. https://doi.Org/l0.111l/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03026.x google scholar
CR  - Wiltshire, C. A., Troller-Renfree, S. V., Giebler, M. A. ve Noble, K. G. (2021). Associations among average parental educational attainment, maternal stress, and infant screen exposure at 6 months of age. İnfant Behavior and Development, 65, 101644. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.infbeh.2021.101644 google scholar
CR  - Wong, R. S., Tung, K. T. S., Rao, N., Leung, C., Hui, A. N. N., Tso, W. W. Y., Fu, K.-W., Jiang, F., Zhao, J. ve İp, P. (2020). Parent technologY use, parent-child interaction, child screen time, and child psychosocial problems among disadvantaged families. The Journal of Pediatrics, 226, 258-265. https://doi.Org/l0.1016/i.ipeds.2020.07.006 google scholar
CR  - World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550536 google scholar
CR  - Wu, C. S. T., Fowler, C., Lam, W. Y. Y., Wong, H. T., Wong, C. H. M. ve Yuen Loke, A. (2014). Parenting approaches and digital technologY use of preschool age children in a Chinese communitY. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 40(i), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-40-44 google scholar
CR  - Yasacı, Z. ve Mustafaoğlu, R. (2020). Diiital teknoloii maruziYeti çocukların uYku süresini etkiler mi? Ankara Medical Journal, 20(1), 11-22. 10.5505/amj.2020.04880 google scholar
CR  - Zimmerman, F. J., Christakis, D. A. ve Meltzoff, A. N. (2007). Television and DVD/video viewing in children Younger than 2 Years. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(5), 473-479. 10.100l/archpedi.161.5.473 google scholar
UR  - https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2023-1331727
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3282651
ER  -