TY - JOUR T1 - Investigation of self-efficacy beliefs and perceptions of English language teachers towards face-to-face and online education TT - İngilizce öğretmenlerinin yüz yüze ve çevrim içi eğitime yönelik öz yeterlik inançlarının ve algılarının incelenmesi AU - Erdemir, Nihan AU - Karagöz, Sıdıka PY - 2025 DA - January Y2 - 2024 DO - 10.21764/maeuefd.1410193 JF - Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty PB - Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi WT - DergiPark SN - 2146-5983 SP - 1 EP - 28 IS - 73 LA - en AB - This study aims to reveal the self-efficacy beliefs of English language teachers regarding face-to-face and online education. The study used an explanatory mixed-method research design, with quantitative analysis preceding qualitative analysis. The Teacher's Self-Efficacy Scale (TEBS-Self) (Dellinger et al., 2008) and the Michigan Nurse Educators' Sense of Competence for Online Teaching Scale (MNESEOTS) (Robinia, 2008) scales were used for the study. 10 English language teachers participated in semi-structured interviews that the researchers devised and piloted. The study's results indicated that face-to-face teachers had greater self-efficacy views than those who taught online. Experienced teachers had higher levels of self-efficacy beliefs than inexperienced teachers, depending on the variables, including school type, gender, and experience. However, there was a significant difference in teachers' self-efficacy views based on teaching experience. The results of semi-structured interviews also highlighted the value of face-to-face contact and prompt feedback while acknowledging the flexibility and accessibility of online education. KW - self-efficacy beliefs KW - teacher perceptions KW - face-to-face education KW - online education KW - teacher training N2 - Çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de çalışan İngilizce öğretmenlerinin yüz yüze ve çevrim içi derslere yönelik öz-yeterlik algılarının belirlenmesidir. Çalışma, nicel analizden sonra nitel analizin geldiği karma yöntemli, açıklayıcı bir yaklaşım kullanmıştır. Çalışmada, Öğretmen Öz-Yeterlik Ölçeği (TEBS-Self) (Dellinger ve ark., 2008) ve Michigan Hemşire Eğitimcilerinin Çevrim içi Öğretim İçin Yeterlilik Duygusu Ölçeği (MNESEOTS) (Robinia, 2008) ve araştırmacıların tasarladığı ve uyguladığı yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme soruları kullanılmıştır. Nicel analiz sonuçlarına göre, yüz yüze ders veren öğretmenlerin öz yeterlik görüşleri, çevrim içi ders verenlere göre daha yüksek düzeydedir. Deneyimli eğitmenlerin, okul türü, cinsiyet ve deneyim gibi değişkenlere bağlı olarak öz-yeterlik inançları konusunda, deneyimsiz öğretmenlere göre daha başarılı oldukları keşfedilmiştir. Ancak öğretmenlerin öz-yeterlik görüşlerinde deneyime göre kayda değer bir farklılık bulunmuştur. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerin sonuçları aynı zamanda yüz yüze etkileşimin ve hızlı geri bildirimin değerini vurgularken, çevrim içi öğrenmenin esnekliğini ve erişilebilirliğini de kabul etmiştir. CR - Anderson, T. (2004). Teaching in an online learning context. Theory and Practice of Online Learning, 273. https://auspace.athabascau.ca/bitstream/handle/2149/758/teaching_in_an_online.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y: CR - Assunção Flores, M., & Gago, M. (2020). Teacher education in times of COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal: National, institutional and pedagogical responses. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(4), 507-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2020.1799709 CR - Bailey, D. R., & Lee, A. R. (2020). Learning from experience in the midst of COVID-19: Benefits, challenges, and strategies in online teaching. Computer-Assisted Language Learning Electronic Journal, 21(2), 178-198. https://www.academia.edu/download/55330532/Bandura1977_SelfEfficacy_for_Behavioral_Change.pdf CR - Balcı, Ö., Şanal, F., & Üğüten, S. D. (2019). An Investigation of pre-service English language teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs. International Journal of Modern Education Studies, 3(1), 41-53. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/752823 CR - Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(1), 21-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00024 CR - Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 13(2), 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 CR - Caner, M., & Aydin, S. (2021). Self-efficacy beliefs of pre-service teachers on technology integration. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(3), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.961820 CR - Corry, M., & Stella, J. (2018). Teacher self-efficacy in online education: A review of the literature. Research in Learning Technology, 26, 2047- https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2047 CR - Creswell, J. W., Fetters, M. D., & Ivankova, N. V. (2004). Designing a mixed methods study in primary care. The Annals of Family Medicine, 2(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.104 CR - Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (3rd ed.). Sage publications. CR - Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. P. (2011). Mixed methods research. Sage Publications. https://toc.library.ethz.ch/objects/pdf/z01_978-1-4129-7517-9_01.pdf CR - Çankaya, P. (2018). The exploration of the self-efficacy beliefs of English language teachers and student teachers. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 14(3), 12-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jlls/issue/43365/528028 CR - Dellinger, A. B., Bobbett, J. J., Olivier, D. F., & Ellett, C. D. (2008). Measuring teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs: Development and use of the TEBS-Self. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(3), 751-766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.02.010 CR - Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied linguistics (Oxford Applied Linguistics). Oxford University Press. CR - Erarslan, A. (2021). English language teaching and learning during Covid-19: A global perspective on the first year. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 4(2), 349-367. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.907757 CR - Ercan, H. (2023) Different majors, one profession: A comparison between ELT and non-ELT graduate English teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and their perceptions towards teacher training programs in Turkey. (Publication No: 795969). [Master’s Thesis, Kocaeli University]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi. CR - Esen, G. (2012). English language teachers' general and professional sense of self-efficacy: Mersin Profile. (Publication No: 319627). [Master’s Thesis, Mersin University]. Ulusal Tez Merkezi https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp CR - Gao, L. X., & Zhang, L. J. (2020). Teacher learning in difficult times: Examining foreign language teachers’ cognitions about online teaching to tide over COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2396. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.549653 CR - Gencer, A. S., & Cakiroglu, J. (2007). Turkish pre-service science teachers' efficacy beliefs regarding science teaching and their beliefs about classroom management. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(5), 664-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.09.013 CR - Gillies, R. M. (2003). Structuring cooperative group work in classrooms. International Journal of Educational Research, 39(1-2), 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-0355(03)00072-7 CR - Gordon, D., Blundell, C., Mills, R., & Bourke, T. (2023). Teacher self-efficacy and reform: A systematic literature review. The Australian Educational Researcher, 50(3), 801-821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-022-00526-3 CR - Guskey, T. R., & Passaro, P. D. (1994). Teacher efficacy: A study of construct dimensions. American Educational Research Journal, 31(3), 627-643. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312031003627 CR - Güngör, F., & Yaylı, D. (2012). Self-efficacy and anxiety perceptions of pre-service EFL teachers. In A. Akbarov & V. Cook (Eds.), Approaches and methods in second and foreign language teaching (pp. 227-236). IBU Publications. https://www.academia.edu/download/39874205/Self-Efficacy-and-Anxiety-Perceptions-of-Pre-service-EFL-Teachers.pdf CR - Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B. B., Trust, T., & Bond, M. A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104648 CR - Hoy, A. W., & Spero, R. B. (2005). Changes in teacher efficacy during the early years of teaching: A comparison of four measures. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(4), 343-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.01.007 CR - Işık, M., & Bahat, İ. (2021). COVID 19: Eğitimde yeni arayışlar. Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 82-89. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.797635 CR - Kavanoz, S., Yüksel, H. G., & Özcan, E. (2015). Pre-service teachers' self-efficacy perceptions on Web Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Computers & Education, 85, 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2015.02.005 CR - Klassen, R. M., & Chiu, M. M. (2010). Effects on teachers' self-efficacy and job satisfaction: Teacher gender, years of experience, and job stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(3), 741–756. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019237 CR - Koruyan, K., Meri Yılan, S., & Karakaş, A. (2022). English teachers’ beliefs and practices. A mixed-methods study of 25 countries in the covid-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 17(1), 182–204.http://asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/629 CR - König, J., Jäger-Biela, D. J., & Glutsch, N. (2020). Adapting to online teaching during COVID-19 school closure: teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 608-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1809650 CR - Levitt, H. M., Bamberg, M., Creswell, J. W., Frost, D. M., Josselson, R., & Suárez-Orozco, C. (2018). Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic, and mixed methods research in psychology: The APA Publications and Communications Board task force report. American Psychologist, 73(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000151 CR - Lazarides, R., Fauth, B., Gaspard, H., & Göllner, R. (2021). Teacher self-efficacy and enthusiasm: Relations to changes in student-perceived teaching quality at the beginning of secondary education. Learning and Instruction, 73, 101435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2020.101435 CR - Ma, K., Cavanagh, M. S., & McMaugh, A. (2021). Preservice teachers’ reflections on their teaching self-efficacy changes for the first professional experience placement. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 46(10). 62-76. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/vol46/iss10/4 CR - Meç, A., Sağlam Ertem, İ., Şener, B. (2020). Online teaching experiences of ELT instructors. Journal of Education, Technology and Online Learning. 3(3), 340-362. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.770418 CR - Merç, A. (2015). Using technology in the classroom: A study with Turkish pre-service EFL teachers. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 14(2), 229-240. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1057362.pdf CR - Moeller, A. K., & Catalano, T. (2015). Foreign language teaching and learning. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 327–332). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.92082-8 CR - Navnyko, K. S. (2015). Russian novice English teachers' perceptions of themselves as English teachers. (Publication No: 1587694). [Master’s Thesis, Indiana University of Pennsylvania]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/openview/8cfe3557d2711d0b4a51ca6e89595bb2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750 CR - Özkara, B. (2019). An investigation into the relationship between Turkish EFL teachers’ self-efficacy and burnout level. Journal of Family Counseling and Education, 4(1), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.32568/jfce.504499 CR - Pajares, M. F. (1992). Teachers' beliefs and educational research: Cleaning up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307-332. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307 CR - Pennings, H. J., van Tartwijk, J., Wubbels, T., Claessens, L. C., van der Want, A. C., & Brekelmans, M. (2014). Real-time teacher–student interactions: A dynamic systems approach. Teaching and Teacher Education, 37, 183-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.07.016 CR - Rashidi, N., & Moghadam, M. (2014). The effect of teachers' beliefs and sense of self-efficacy on Iranian EFL learners' satisfaction and academic achievement. Tesl-Ej, 18(2), 1-23. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1045203.pdf CR - Robinia, K. A. (2008). Online teaching self-efficacy of nurse faculty teaching in public, accredited nursing programs in the state of Michigan. (Publication No: 3316933). [Master’s Thesis, Western Michigan University]. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1813&context=dissertations CR - Robinia, K. A., & Anderson, M. L. (2010). Online teaching efficacy of nurse faculty. Journal of Professional Nursing, 26(3), 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2010.02.006 CR - Schyns, B., & Von Collani, G. (2002). A new occupational self-efficacy scale and its relation to personality constructs and organizational variables. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(2), 219-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320244000148 CR - Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2018). Job demands and job resources as predictors of teacher motivation and well-being. Social Psychology of Education, 21(5), 1251-1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-018-9464-8 CR - Tschannen-Moran, M., Hoy, A. W., & Hoy, W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 202-248. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543068002202 CR - Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2002, April). The influence of resources and support on teachers’ efficacy beliefs. Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. https://anitawoolfolkhoy.com/pdfs/aera-2002-megan.pdf CR - Üstüner, M., Demirtaş, H., Cömert, M., Özer, N. (2009). Ortaöğretim öğretmenlerinin öz yeterlik algıları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(17), 1-17.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Niyazi-Oezer/publication/285376012_Ortaogretim_ogretmenlerinin_oz-yeterlik_algilari/links/567b08f308ae197583813200/Ortaoegretim-oegretmenlerinin-oez-yeterlik-algilari.pdf CR - Vekiri, I., & Chronaki, A. (2008). Gender issues in technology use: Perceived social support, computer self-efficacy and value beliefs, and computer use beyond school. Computers & Education, 51(3), 1392-1404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.01.003 CR - Wang, L. (2022). Exploring the relationship among teacher emotional intelligence, work engagement, teacher self-efficacy, and student academic achievement: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 810559. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.810559 CR - Whyte, G., Saks, A. M., & Hook, S. (1997). When success breeds failure: The role of self‐efficacy in escalating commitment to a losing course of action. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18(5), 415-432. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199709)18:5 <415::AID-JOB813>3.0.CO;2-G CR - Yenen, E. T., & Dursun, F. (2019). İngilizce öğretmenlerinin öğretim süreci öz yeterlikleri ve sınıf ortamına yansımaları. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 607-627. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.464253 CR - Yıldırım, B. (2021). Integration of STEM into environmental education: Pre-service teachers' opinions. Journal of STEM Teacher Institutes, 1(1), 50-57 http://jstei.com/index.php/jsti/article/view/5 UR - https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1410193 L1 - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3621725 ER -