TY  - JOUR
T1  - İkincil Travmatik Stres ile Strese Bağlı Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkide Kendi Kendine Stres Yapmanın Rolü
TT  - The Role of Self-Generated Stress in the Relationship Between Secondary Traumatic Stress and Stress-Related Growth
AU  - Yazıcı-kabadayı, Sema
PY  - 2024
DA  - August
Y2  - 2024
DO  - 10.37217/tebd.1420121
JF  - Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi
JO  - TEBD
PB  - Gazi Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2459-1912
SP  - 988
EP  - 1019
VL  - 22
IS  - 2
LA  - tr
AB  - Bu araştırmada sosyal medya kullanıcısı genç yetişkinlerin ikincil travmatik stres düzeyleri ile strese bağlı büyüme deneyimleri arasındaki ilişkide kendi kendine stres yapmanın aracı rolü incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya yaş ortalaması 21,39 olan 79’u erkek, 225’i kadın olmak üzere 304 katılımcı dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Sosyal Medya Kullanıcıları İçin İkincil Travmatik Stres Ölçeği, Kendi Kendine Stres Yapma Ölçeği ve Strese Bağlı Büyüme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS ve JASP paket programları kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde t-testi, korelasyon ve aracılık testinden yararlanılmıştır. Bulgular ikincil travmatik stres ile kendi kendine stres yapma puanları açısından kadın ve erkekler arasında anlamlı bir farklılık olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca kendi kendine stres yapma ve ikincil travmatik stres ile strese bağlı büyüme arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler bulunurken kendi kendine stres yapma ile ikincil travmatik stres arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Son olarak ikincil travmatik stres ile strese bağlı büyüme arasındaki ilişkide kendi kendine stres yapmanın aracı rolü olduğu görülmüştür. Bulgular alanyazın doğrultusunda tartışılmış olup sonraki araştırmalar için çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.
KW  - İkincil travmatik stres
KW  - Kendi kendine stres yapma
KW  - Strese bağlı büyüme
KW  - Sosyal medya kullanıcıları
N2  - This research examined the mediating role of self-generated stress in the relationship between secondary traumatic stress levels and stress-related growth experiences of young adults who were social media users. The study consisted of 304 participants, 79 of whom were male and 225 of whom were female, with an average age of 21.39 years. Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale for Social Media Users, Self-Generetad Stress Scale and Stress-Related Growth Scale were used as data collection tools. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS and JASP package programs. In the analysis of the data, t-test, correlation and mediation test were used. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between men and women in terms of secondary traumatic stress and self-generated stress scores. In addition, while there were significant negative relationships between self-generated stress and secondary traumatic stress and stress-related growth, there were significant positive relationships between self-generated stress and secondary traumatic stress. Finally, it was observed that self-generated stress played a mediating role in the relationship between secondary traumatic stress and stress-related growth. The findings were discussed in line with the literature and various suggestions were presented for further research.
CR  - Aldwin, C. M., Sutton, K. J., & Lachman, M. (1996). The development of coping resources inadulthood. Journal of Personality, 64(4), 837-871. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00946.x
CR  - Alsharawy, A., Spoon, R., Smith, A., & Ball, S. (2021). Gender differences in fear and risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 689467. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689467
CR  - Arpawong, T. E., Richeimer, S. H., Weinstein, F., Elghamrawy, A., & Milam, J. E. (2013). Posttraumatic growth, quality of life, and treatment symptoms among cancer chemotherapy outpatients. Health Psychology, 32(4), 397-408. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028223
CR  - Auerbach, R. P., Richardt, S., Kertz, S., & Eberhart, N. K. (2012). Cognitive vulnerability, stress generation, and anxiety: Symptom clusters and gender differences. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 5(1), 50-66. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.50
CR  - Baird, K. & Kracen, A. C. (2006). Vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress: A research synthesis. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070600811899
CR  - Balcı-Çelik, S. & Altınışık, M. S. (2021). Adaptation of Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale to Turkish for social media users: Reliability and validity study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11(60), 1-12.
CR  - Barskova, T. & Oesterreich, R. (2009). Post-traumatic growth in people living with a serious medical condition and its relations to physical and mental health: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(21), 1709-1733. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280902738441
CR  - Baum, N. (2016). Secondary traumatization in mental health professionals: A systematic review of gender findings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 17(2), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015584357
CR  - Beck, C. T. (2011). Secondary traumatic stress in nurses: A systematic review. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 25(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2010.05.005
CR  - Bensimon, M. (2012). Elaboration on the association between trauma, PTSD and posttraumatic growth: The role of trait resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 782-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.011
CR  - Bernardi, J., Engelbrecht, A., & Jobson, L. (2019). The impact of culture on cognitive appraisals: Implications for the development, maintenance, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychologist, 23(2), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12161
CR  - Bjuggren, C. M. & Elert, N. (2019). Gender differences in optimism. Applied Economics, 51(47), 5160-5173. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2019.1610714
CR  - Boals, A. & Banks, J. B. (2012). Effects of traumatic stress and perceived stress on everyday cognitive functioning. Cognition & Emotion, 26(7), 1335-1343. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.651100
CR  - Bouchard, L. C. & Shih, J. H. (2013). Gender differences in stress generation: Examination of interpersonal predictors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(4), 424-445. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.4.424
CR  - Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F.  (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
CR  - Brown, L. A., Belli, G. M., Asnaani, A., & Foa, E. B. (2019). A review of the role of negative cognitions about oneself, others, and the world in the treatment of PTSD. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 43, 143-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9938-1
CR  - Carmassi, C., Dell'Oste, V., Bertelloni, C. A., Pedrinelli, V., Barberi, F. M., Malacarne, P., & Dell'Osso, L. (2022). Gender and occupational role differences in work-related post-traumatic stress symptoms, burnout and global functioning in emergency healthcare workers. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 69, 103154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2021.103154
CR  - Chan, K. J., Young, M. Y., & Sharif, N. (2016). Well-being after trauma: A review of posttraumatic growth among refugees. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 57(4), 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000065
CR  - Comstock, C. (2010). Applied ethics in the technological world: an examination of secondary traumatic stress and trauma exposure in social media. (Doktora Tezi). https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/applied-ethics-technological-worldexamination/docview/902516260/se-2?accountid= 25094 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
CR  - Comstock, C. & Platania, J. (2017). The role of media-induced secondary traumatic stress on perceptions of distress. American International Journal of Social Science, 16(1), 1-10.
CR  - Conway, C. C., Hammen, C., Espejo, E. P., Wray, N. R., Najman, J. M., & Brennan, P. A. (2012). Appraisals of stressful life events as a genetically-linked mechanism in the stress–depression relationship. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(4), 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9368-9
CR  - Çevik, İ. & Okyay, P. (2023). Nedensel çıkarım süreci ve bazı önemli kavramlar: Etki değiştirici, karıştırıcı, çarpıştırıcı ve mediyatör. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 8(3), 361-374. https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.1307812
CR  - Daly, B. & Chovaz, C. J. (2020). Secondary traumatic stress: Effects on the professional quality of life of sign language interpreters. American Annals of the Deaf, 165(3), 353–368.
CR  - Dekel, R. & Nuttman-Shwartz, O. (2009). Posttraumatic stress and growth: The contribution of cognitive appraisal and sense of belonging to the country. Health & Social Work, 34(2), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/34.2.87
CR  - Dolbier, C. L., Jaggars, S. S., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2010). Stress-related growth: Pre-intervention correlates and change following a resilience intervention. Stress and Health, 26, 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1275
CR  - Durak, H. & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2016). Türkiye’de sosyal medya okuryazarlığı ve sosyal ağ kullanım örüntülerinin incelenmesi. Journal of International Social Research, 9(46), 526-536.
CR  - Easton, S. D., Coohey, C., Rhodes, A. M., & Moorthy, M. V. (2013). Posttraumatic growth among men. Child Maltreatment, 18(4), 211-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559513503037
CR  - Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. C. R. Figley (Ed.), Compassion fatique: coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized içinde (s.1-21). New York: Routledge.
CR  - Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Nepon, T. (2020). The Self-Generated Stress Scale: Development, psychometric features, and associations with perfectionism, self-criticism, and distress. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 38(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282919879542
CR  - Gallaway, M. S., Millikan, A. M., & Bell, M. R. (2011). The association between deployment-related posttraumatic growth among. Journal of Clınıcal Psychology, 67(12), 1151-1160. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20837
CR  - Gavranidou, M. & Rosner, R. (2003). The weaker sex? Gender and post‐traumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 17(3), 130-139. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10103
CR  - Grace, J. J., Kinsella, E. L., Muldoon, O. T., & Fortune, D. G. (2015). Post-traumatic growth following acquired brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01162
CR  - Graves, B. S., Hall, M. E., Dias-Karch, C., Haischer, M. H., & Apter, C. (2021). Gender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students. PloS One, 16(8), e0255634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255634
 
Gül, E. & Karancı, N. (2017). What determines posttraumatic stress and growth following various traumatic events? A study in a Turkish community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22161
CR  - Hamama‐Raz, Y., Hamama, L., Pat‐Horenczyk, R., Stokar, Y. N., Zilberstein, T., & Bron‐Harlev, E. (2021). Posttraumatic growth and burnout in pediatric nurses: The mediating role of secondary traumatization and the moderating role of meaning in work. Stress and Health, 37(3), 442-453. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3007
CR  - Hammen, C. (1991). Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.555
CR  - Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293–319. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938
CR  - Henson, C., Truchot, D., & Canevello, A. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(4), 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100195
CR  - Hidalgo, J. L. T., Bravo, B. N., Martínez, I. P., Pretel, F. A., Postigo, J. M., & Rabadán, F. E. (2010). Psychological well-being, assessment tools and related factors. I. E. Wells (Ed.), Psychological well-being içinde (s. 77–113). New York: Nova Science.
CR  - Hopwood, T. L., Schutte, N. S., & Loi, N. M. (2019). Stress responses to secondary trauma: Compassion fatigue and anticipatory traumatic reaction among youth workers. The Social Science Journal, 56(3), 337-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.08.008
CR  - Irish, L. A., Fischer, B., Fallon, W., Spoonster, E., Sledjeski, E. M., & Delahanty, D. L. (2011). Gender differences in PTSD symptoms: An exploration of peritraumatic mechanisms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(2), 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.004
CR  - Işık, E. & Aker, A. T. (2017). Ruhsal travma kavramı ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğunda tedavi yaklaşımları. Ö. Erdur-Baker & T. Doğan (Ed.), Afetler, krizler ve psikolojik yardım içinde (s. 205-221). Ankara: Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği.
CR  - İlhan, B. & Küpeli, İ. (2022). Secondary traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression among emergency healthcare workers in the middle of the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 52(2022), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.11.051
CR  - İslamoğlu, A. H. & Alnıaçık, Ü. (2014). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. İstanbul: Beta.
CR  - Jeon, S. W., Han, C., Choi, J., Ko, Y.-H., & Kim, Y.-K. (2017). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing to facilitate posttraumatic growth: A prospective clinical pilot study on ferry disaster survivors. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 15(4), 320-327. https://doi.org/10.9758%2Fcpn.2017.15.4.320
CR  - Jordan, G., Pope, M., Lambrou, A., Malla, A., & Iyer, S. (2017). Post‐traumatic growth following a first episode of psychosis: A scoping review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 11(3), 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12349
CR  - Joseph, S. & Linley, P. A. (2005). Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 262-280. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.262
CR  - Joseph, S., Murphy, D., & Segel, S. (2012). An affective–cognitive processing model of post‐traumatic growth. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 19(4), 316-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1798
CR  - Kesimci, A., Göral, F. S., & Gençöz, T. (2005). Determinants of stress-related growth: Gender, stressfulness of the event, and coping strategies. Current Psychology, 24(1), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-005-1005-x
CR  - Kılıç, C., Magruder, K. M., & Koryürek, M. M. (2016). Does trauma type relate to posttraumatic growth after war? A pilot study of young Iraqi war survivors living in Turkey. Transcultural Psychiatry, 53(1), 110-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461515612963
CR  - Kim, Y., Park, I., Kang, S., Kim, Y., Park, I., & Kang, S. (2018). Age and gender differences in health risk perception. Central European Journal of Public Health, 26(1), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a4920
CR  - Kimerling, R., Ouimette, P., & Weitlauf, J. C. (2007). Gender issues in PTSD. M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane & P. A. Resick (Ed.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice içinde (s. 207-228). USA: Guilford.
CR  - Kleim, B. & Ehlers, A. (2009). Evidence for a curvilinear relationship between posttraumatic growth and posttrauma depression and PTSD in assault survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20378
CR  - Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(4), 470–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.470
CR  - Kunst, J. J., Saan, M. C., Bollen, J. A., & Kuijpers, K. F. (2017). Secondary traumatic stress and secondary posttraumatic growth in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers. Stress and Health, 33(5), 570-577. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2741
CR  - Lai, L., Ren, Z., Yan, Y., Niu, G., Zhao, C., Luo, M., & Zhang, L. (2021). The double-edged-sword effect of empathy: The secondary traumatic stress and vicarious posttraumatic growth of psychological hotline counselors during the outbreak of COVID-19. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 53(9), 992-1002. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2021.00992
CR  - Lin, N. & Ensel, W. M. (1989). Life stress and health: Stressors and resources. American Sociological Review, 54, 382-399. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095612
CR  - Li, Y., Cao, F., Cao, D., Wang, Q., & Cuia, N. (2012). Predictors of posttraumatic growth among parents of children undergoing inpatient corrective surgery for congenital disease. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 47(11), 2011-2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.07.005
CR  - Lyon, B. L. (2002). Cognitive self-care skills: A model for managing stressful lifestyles. Nursing Clinics, 37(2), 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-6465(01)00007-X
CR  - Măirean, C. (2016). Secondary traumatic stress and posttraumatic growth: Social support as a moderator. The Social Science Journal, 53(1), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2015.11.007
CR  - Mancini, M. N. (2019). Development and validation of the secondary traumatic stress scale in a sample of socıal media users. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu 1560443336023163 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
CR  - Maniates, H., Stoop, T. B., Miller, M. W., Halberstadt, L., & Wolf, E. J. (2018). Stress‐generative effects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Transactional associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and stressful life events in a longitudinal sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(2), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22269
CR  - Manning-Jones, S., de Terte, I., & Stephens, C. (2016). Secondary traumatic stress, vicarious posttraumatic growth, and coping among health professionals; A comparison study. New Zealand Journal of Psychology (Online), 45(1), 20-29.
CR  - Mansfield, C. D. & Diamond, L. M. (2017). Does stress-related growth really matter for adolescents’ day-to-day adaptive functioning? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 37(5), 677-695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431615620665
CR  - Matud, M. P., Díaz, A., Bethencourt, J. M., & Ibáñez, I. (2020). Stress and psychological distress in emerging adulthood: A gender analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9), 2859. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092859
 
McLean, C. P. & Anderson, E. R. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 496-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003
CR  - McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011). Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(8), 1027-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006
CR  - Merecz, D., Waszkowska, M., & Wezyk, A. (2012). Psychological consequences of trauma in MVA perpetrators–relationship between post-traumatic growth, PTSD symptoms and individual characteristics. Transportation Research Tart F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(5), 565-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2012.05.008
CR  - Michael, C. & Cooper, M. (2013). Post-traumatic growth following bereavement: A systematic review of the literature. Counselling Psychology Review, 28(4), 18-33.
CR  - Newman, E., Riggs, D. S., & Roth, S. (1997). Thematic resolution, PTSD, and complex PTSD: The relationship between meaning and trauma-related diagnoses. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10(2), 197-213. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024873911644
CR  - Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173-176.
CR  - Norris, F. H., Foster, J. D., & Weisshaar, D. L. (2002). The epidemiology of gender differences in PTSD across developmental, societal, and research contexts. R. Kimmerling, P. Ouimette, & J. Wolfe (Ed.), Gender and PTSD içinde (s. 3-42). USA: Guilford.
CR  - Nurullah, A. S. (2010). Gender differences in distress: The mediating influence of life stressors and psychological resources. Asian Social Science, 6(5), 27-35.
CR  - Ogińska-Bulik, N. & Kobylarczyk, M. (2016). Association between resiliency and posttraumatic growth in firefighters: The role of stress appraisal. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 22(1), 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2015.1109372
CR  - Olff, M. (2017). Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: An update. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(4), 1351204. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1351204
CR  - Owen, R. (2014). Living with the enemy: Coping with the stress of chronic illness using CBT, mindfulness and acceptance. New York: Routledge.
CR  - Özdemir, Ş. (2021). Sosyal medya çağında kuşakların medya kullanım alışkanlıklarının incelenmesi. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(20), 281-308.
CR  - Park, C. L. (1998). Stress‐related growth and thriving through coping: The roles of personality and cognitive processes. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01218.x
CR  - Park, C. L. & Fenster, J. R. (2004). Stress-related growth: Predictors of occurrence and correlates with psychological adjusment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(2), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.2.195.31019
CR  - Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress‐related growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), 71-105.
CR  - Park, C. L., Riley, K. E., & Snyder, L. B. (2012). Meaning making coping, making sense, and post-traumatic growth following the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7(3), 198-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.671347
CR  - Penedo, F. J., Molton, I., Dahn, J. R., Shen, B.-J., Kinsinger, D., Traeger, L., ... & Antoni, M. (2006). A randomized clinical trial of group-based cognitive–behavioral stress management in localized prostate cancer: Development of stress management skills ımproves quality of life and benefit finding. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 31(3), 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm3103_8
CR  - Rochat, M. J. (2023). Sex and gender differences in the development of empathy. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 101(5), 718-729. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.25009
CR  - Rudland, J. R., Golding, C., & Wilkinson, T. J. (2020). The stress paradox: How stress can be good for learning. Medical Education, 54(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13830
CR  - Ryff, C. D. & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
CR  - Samios, C., Rodzik, A. K., & Abel, L. M. (2012). Secondary traumatic stress and adjustment in therapists who work with sexual violence survivors: The moderating role of posttraumatic growth. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 40(4), 341-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2012.691463
CR  - Sanders, A. & Szymanski, K. (2013). Siblings of people diagnosed with a mental disorder and posttraumatic growth. Community Ment Health, 49, 554-559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9498-x
CR  - Sayed, S., Iacoviello, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2015). Risk factors for the development of psychopathology following trauma. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17(70), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0612-y
CR  - Sears, S. R., Stanton, A. L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2003). The yellow brick road and the emerald city: Benefit finding, positive reappraisal coping and posttraumatic growth in women with early-stage breast cancer. Health Psychology, 22(5), 487-497. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0278-6133.22.5.487
CR  - Seco, C. N. (2023). Perfectionism, self-generated stress and burnout in medical and dentistry students. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Estudo Geral Database: https://estudogeral.uc.pt/handle/10316/111485 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
CR  - Solcova, I. & Tavel, P. (2017). Stress-related growth in two challenging conditions. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 13(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.7771/2327-2937.1099
CR  - Sönmez, V. & Alacapınar, F. G. (2013). Örneklendirilmiş bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Anı.
CR  - Steger, M. F., Owens, G. P., & Park, C. L. (2015). Violations of war: Testing the meaning‐making model among Vietnam veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22121
CR  - Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics (6. b.). London: Pearson.
CR  - Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Tmumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658
CR  - Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1-18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447194
CR  - Teixeira, R. J. & Pereira, G. (2013). Factors contributing to posttraumatic growth and its buffering effect in adult children of cancer patients undergoing treatment. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 31(3), 235-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2013.778932
CR  - Tennen, H. & Affleck, G. (2002). Benefit-finding and benefit-reminding. C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Ed.), Handbook of positive psychology içinde (s. 584-597). Oxford: Oxford University.
CR  - Trzebiński, J. & Zięba, M. (2013). Basic trust and posttraumatic growth in oncology patients. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18(3), 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2012.687289
CR  - TÜİK. (2023). Hane halkı bilişim teknolojileri (BT) kullanım araştırması. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2023-49407 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
CR  - Uliaszek, A. A., Zinbarg, R. E., Mineka, S., Craske, M. G., Griffith, J. W., Sutton, J. M., ... & Hammen, C. (2012). A longitudinal examination of stress generation in depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(1), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025835
CR  - Valente, M. J., Pelham, W. E. III, Smyth, H., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2017). Confounding in statistical mediation analysis: What it is and how to address it. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(6), 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000242
CR  - Van Der Kolk, B. A. & McFarlane, C. (2007). The black hole of trauma. B. A. Van Der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane & L. Weisaeth (Ed.), Traumatic stress: the effects og owerwhelming experience on mind, body and society içinde (s.3-24). New York: The Guilford.
CR  - Van Der Kolk, B. A. (2019). Beden kayıt tutar (N. C. Maral, Çev.). Ankara: Nobel.
CR  - Vishnevsky, T., Cann, A., Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., & Demakis, G. J. (2010). Gender differences in self-reported posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(1), 110-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2009.01546.x
CR  - Wong, A., Le, H.-S., Lee, H.-P., Choi, Y.-K., & Lee, J.-H. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and posttraumatic growth following indirect trauma from the Sewol ferry disaster, 201. Psychiatry Investigation, 15(6), 613-619. https://doi.org/10.30773%2Fpi.2017.12.03
CR  - Wong, C. C. Y. & Yeung, N. C. (2017). Self-compassion and posttraumatic growth: Cognitive processes as mediators. Mindfulness, 8, 1078-1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0683-4
CR  - Wu, X., Zhou, X., Wu, Y., & An, Y. (2015). The role of rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the wenchuan earthquake. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01335
CR  - Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966
CR  - Yazıcı-Kabadayı, S. & Öztemel, K. (2022). The Turkish adaptation of the Stress-Related Growth Scale Short Form: A validity and reliability study. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 12(64), 53-67. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1095997
CR  - Yazıcı-Kabadayı, S. & Öztemel, K. (2024). The mediating role of rumination and self-regulation between self-generated stress and psychological well-being. Psychological Reports, 127(2), 550-576. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941221119415
CR  - Yıldız, S. B. (2022). Toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında travmanın sanata yansımaları. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). http://tez.yok.gov.tr sayfasından erişilmiştir.
CR  - Yılmaz, M. & Zara, A. (2016). Traumatic loss and posttraumatic growth: the effect of traumatic loss related factors on posttraumatic growth. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 17(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.188311
CR  - Yu, Y., Peng, L., Liu, B., Liu, Y., Li, M., Chen, L., … & Li, J. (2016). The effects of anxiety and depression on stress-related growth among Chinese army recruits: Resillience and coping as mediators. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(9), 1884-1895. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314567769
CR  - Zerach, G. & Shalev, T. B. I. (2015). The relations between violence exposure, posttraumatic stress symptoms, secondary traumatization, vicarious post traumatic growth and illness attribution among psychiatric nurses. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(3), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.01.002
CR  - Zhong, B., Huang, Y., & Liu, Q. (2021). Mental health toll from the coronavirus: Social media usage reveals Wuhan residents’ depression and secondary trauma in the COVID-19 outbreak. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106524
CR  - Zhou, X., Wu, X., & An, Y. (2016). Understanding the relationship between trauma exposure and depression among adolescents after earthquake: The roles of fear and resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 2044. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02044
CR  - Zwahlen, D., Hagenbuch, N., Carley, M. I., Jenewein, J., & Buchi, S. (2010). Posttraumatic growth in cancer patients and partners—effects of role, gender and the dyad on couples' posttraumatic growth experience. Psycho‐oncology, 19(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1486
UR  - https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.1420121
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3661304
ER  -