TY  - JOUR
T1  - Do Investments Have an Impact on Reducing Poverty? ARDL Approach
TT  - Yoksulluğu Azaltmada Yatırımların Etkisi Var mı? ARDL Yaklaşımı
AU  - Uğurlu, Süleyman
PY  - 2024
DA  - May
Y2  - 2024
DO  - 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1437867
JF  - Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD)
PB  - Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi
WT  - DergiPark
SN  - 2149-1585
SP  - 121
EP  - 137
VL  - 16
IS  - 30
LA  - en
AB  - Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of foreign direct investments (FDI) and gross fixed capital formations (GFC) on poverty reduction in Türkiye.Design/Methodology: In this study, which analyzes the impact of investments on poverty, two different models were established. The models constructed using 1982-2020 annual data were analyzed with the ARDL method.Findings: As a result of the analysis, both foreign direct investments and gross fixed capital formations have positive (poverty reducing) effects on poverty reduction in Türkiye. Gross fixed capital formations are more effective in reducing poverty than foreign direct investments.Limitations: The number of poor people in Türkiye is accessed discretely. This situation has led to a limited number of empirical studies in the field of economics in Türkiye that use time series analyses related to poverty. In this study, this constraint is overcome by using household final consumption expenditures per capita (HFC) as a proxy variable as in the literature. Originality/Value: In this study, two separate models were established with foreign direct investments and gross fixed capital formations as independent variables. The comparison of the impact of these two types of investment variables on poverty in Türkiye reveals the originality of this study.
KW  - Poverty
KW  - Foreign Direct Investment
KW  - Gross Fixed Capital Formation
KW  - ARDL
KW  - Bound Test
N2  - Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı yatırımların (DYY) ve brüt sabit sermaye yatırımlarının (BSSY) yoksulluğu azaltma üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir.Tasarım/Yöntem: Yatırımların yoksulluk üzerindeki etkisinin incelendiği bu çalışmada iki farklı model kurulmuştur. 1982-2020 yıllık verileri kullanılarak oluşturulan modeller ARDL metoduyla analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Analizler sonucunda; Türkiye’de yoksulluğun azaltılmasında hem doğrudan yabancı yatırımların hem de brüt sabit sermaye yatırımlarının pozitif yönde (yoksulluğu azaltıcı) etkilerine ulaşılmıştır. Brüt sabit sermaye yatırımların yoksulluğu azaltmada etkinliği doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara göre daha fazladır.Sınırlılıklar: Türkiye'deki yoksulların sayısına kesikli olarak ulaşılmaktadır. Bu durum Türkiye’de yoksulluğa ilişkin yapılan ekonomi alanındaki zaman serisi analizlerinin kullanıldığı ampirik çalışmaların oldukça sınırlı sayıda olmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bu kısıt, literatürde olduğu gibi kişi başına hanehalkı tüketim harcamalarının (HFC) vekil değişken olarak kullanılmasıyla aşılmıştır.Özgünlük/Değer: Bu çalışmada bağımsız değişken olarak doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve brüt sabit sermaye yatırımları olmak üzere iki ayrı model kurulmuştur. Bu iki tür yatırım değişkeninin Türkiye'de yoksulluk üzerindeki etkisinin karşılaştırması bu çalışmanın özgün değerini ortaya koymaktadır.
CR  - Acharya, S., & Nuriev, S. (2016). Role of public investment in growth and poverty reduction in transition economies. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 5(1), 310-326. https://tls.tc/9iczI
CR  - Açıkgöz, B., Kök, R., & İspir, S. (2008). Küreselleşme kurgusuna yönelik hipotez testleri: yoksulluk olgusu üzerine seçilmiş ülkeler deneyimi (1997-2003). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 351-376. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/194776
CR  - Aderemi, T. A., Olowo, S. O., Osisanwo, B. G., & Omoyele, O. S. (2021). Reinvestigating foreign direct investment and poverty nexus: any difference with the Nigerian human development?. Economic Insights-Trends & Challenges, (3), 13-26. https://tls.tc/G1tZm
CR  - Ahmad, F., Draz, M. U., Su, L., Ozturk, I., Rauf, A., & Ali, S. (2019). Impact of FDI inflows on poverty reduction in the ASEAN and SAARC economies. Sustainability, 11(9), DOI:10.3390/su11092565
CR  - Akobeng, E. (2017). Gross capital formation, institutions and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 20(2), 136-164. DOI: 10.1080/17487870.2015.1128833
CR  - Alam, D., Israr, M., & Abusaad, M. (2021). Determinants of poverty in India: an ARDL analysis. Aut Aut Research Journal, 12, 422-437. https://tls.tc/Hhszo
CR  - Algan, N., Bal, H., & Bayraktar, M. (2021). The impact of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in Turkey: A time series analysis. International Conference on Eurasian Economies, 24-25 August, İstanbul, 165-173. https://tls.tc/FSVoV
CR  - Ali, H., Sardar, K., & Latif, N. (2023). Poverty, capital formation, and education: A way towards economic growth acceleration in Pakistan. Archives of Educational Studies (ARES), 3(1), 62-78. https://ares.pk/ojs/index.php/ares/article/view/57/31
CR  - Ali, M., Nishat, M. & Anwar, T. (2009). Do foreign inflows benefit Pakistani poor? [with comments]. The Pakistan Development Review, 715-738. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41261343
CR  - Anetor, F. O., Esho, E., & Verhoef, G. (2020). The impact of foreign direct investment, foreign aid and trade on poverty reduction: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1737347, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1737347
CR  - Arabyat, Y. A. (2017). The impact of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in the developing countries. International Finance and Banking, 4(2), 92-111. https://doi.org/10.5296/ifb.v4i2.11987
CR  - Assadzadeh, A., & Pourqoly, J. (2013). The relationship between foreign direct investment, institutional quality and poverty: Case of MENA countries. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 1(2), 161-165. DOI: 10.7763/JOEBM.2013.V1.35
CR  - Babajić, A., Suljic, M., & Halilbegovic, S. (2022). Economic growth, economic development, and poverty: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Economic and Social Sciences, 8(1), 1-17. https://tls.tc/LOfH4
CR  - Banerjee, A. V., & Duflo, E. (2007). The economic lives of the poor. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(1), 141-167. DOI: 10.1257/jep.21.1.141
CR  - Bashir, F. (2023). Exploring the influence of urbanization, trade, human capital, FDI and money on poverty in case of selected developing countries. Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences, 6(2), 325-335. DOI: 10.47067/ramss.v6i2.333
CR  - Bhattacharjee, M., & Rajeev, M. (2013). Credit exclusion of the poor: A study of cultivator households in India (No. 8). University of Kassel, Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften (Social Sciences), Internatioanl Center for Development and Decent Work (ICDD). https://kobra.uni-kassel.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/11803/ICDD_Working_Paper_No8.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
CR  - Bilal Khan, M., Huobao, X., & Saleem, H. (2019). Direct impact of inflow of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in Pakistan: A bonds testing approach. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 3647-3666. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1670088
CR  - Calvo C. C., & Hernandez, M. A. (2006). Foreign direct investment and poverty in Latin America. Leverhulme Centre for Research on Globalisation and Economic Policy, University of Nottingham, 1-20. https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2006/postgradconf2006/hernandez-postgradconf2006.pdf
CR  - Chaudhry, I. S., & Imran, F. (2013). Does trade liberalization reduce poverty and inequality? Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 7(3), 569-587. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/188113
CR  - Çelikay, F. (2017). Milli gelirin vergi yükü üzerindeki etkileri: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı ile Türkiye üzerine bir inceleme (1924-2014). Sosyoekonomi, 25(2), 169-187, DOI: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.286478
CR  - Çetin, M. (2012). Sabit sermaye yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme: Ampirik bir analiz. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 211-230. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/65479
CR  - Dada, J. T., & Akinlo, T. (2021). Foreign direct investment and poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa: Does environmental degradation matter?. Future Business Journal, 7, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-021-00068-7
CR  - Decerf, B. (2021). Combining absolute and relative poverty: Income poverty measurement with two poverty lines. Social Choice and Welfare, 56(2), 325-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-020-01279-7
CR  - Dhrifi, A., Jaziri, R., & Alnahdi, S. (2020). Does foreign direct investment and environmental degradation matter for poverty? Evidence from developing countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 52, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2019.09.008
CR  - Do, Q. A., Le, Q. H., Nguyen, T. D., Vu, V. A., Tran, L. H., & Nguyen, C. T. T. (2021). Spatial impact of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in Vietnam. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(7), 292. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14070292
CR  - Ersoy, G., & Karşıyakalı, B. (2022). Küreselleşmenin Yoksulluk Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 23(2), 502-517. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.1031789
CR  - Es, M., & Güloğlu, T. (2004). Bilgi toplumuna geçişte kentlileşme ve kentsel yoksulluk: İstanbul örneği. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 79-93. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/301123
CR  - Fauzel, S., Seetanah, B., & Sannassee, R. V. (2016). A dynamic investigation of foreign direct investment and poverty reduction in Mauritius. Theoretical Economics Letters, 6(2), 289-303. 10.4236/tel.2016.62033
CR  - Freeman, M. (2011). Seebohm Rowntree and secondary poverty, 1899–1954. The Economic History Review, 64(4), 1175-1194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00570.x
CR  - Ganić, M. (2019). Does foreign direct investment (FDI) contribute to poverty reduction? Empirical evidence from Central European and Western Balkan countries. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 66(1), 15-27. DOI: 10.2478/saeb-2019-0003
CR  - Gohou, G., & Soumaré, I. (2012). Does foreign direct investment reduce poverty in Africa and are there regional differences?. World Development, 40(1), 75-95. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.014
CR  - Göze Kaya, D. (2020). Orta gelir grubu ülkelerde yoksulluğa etki eden bazı faktörler üzerine panel veri analizi. Journal of International Social Research, 13(73), 901-911. https://tls.tc/KR482
CR  - Hanim, W. (2021). How does foreign direct investment (FDI) reduce poverty? Application of the triangular hypothesis for the Indonesian case. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 10, (Supplementary Issue 1), 400-411. https://buscompress.com/uploads/3/4/9/8/34980536/riber_10-s1_32_u20-100_400-411.pdf
CR  - Haruna, M. A., Hassan, S. B., & Ahmad, H. S. (2023). How responsive is the poverty to the foreign direct investment inflows in Nigeria? Evidence from linear and non-linear ARDL. International Journal of Social Economics, 50(1), 73-96. DOI: 10.1108/IJSE-08-2020-0530
CR  - Hmani, S. (2017). Interaction between FDI, poverty and inequality: Analysis in simultaneous equations. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 6(4), 35-48. https://www.managementjournal.info/index.php/IJAME/article/view/35/34
CR  - Huang, C. H., Teng, K. F., & Tsai, P. L. (2010). Inward and outward foreign direct investment and poverty: East Asia vs. Latin America. Review of World Economics, 146, 763-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-010-0069-3
CR  - Izquierdo, A., Brown, W., Ames, B., & Devarajan, S. (2001). Macroeconomic policy and poverty reduction. In Macroeconomic Policy and Poverty Reduction. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781589060173.054
CR  - Jalilian, H., & Weiss, J. (2002). Foreign direct investment and poverty in the ASEAN region. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 19(3), 231-253. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25773736
CR  - Khan, M. B., Huobao, X., & Saleem, H. (2019). Direct impact of inflow of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in Pakistan: A bonds testing approach. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 3647-3666. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1670088
CR  - Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
CR  - Lanza, V. (2012). The classical approach to capital accumulation: Classical theory of economic growth. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:562865/FULLTEXT01.pdf
CR  - Lazreg, M., & Zouari, E. (2018). The impact of FDI on poverty reduction in North Africa. Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(1), 37-50. https://hal.science/hal-01756624/
CR  - Le, Q. H., Do, Q. A., Pham, H. C., & Nguyen, T. D. (2021). The impact of foreign direct investment on income inequality in Vietnam. Economies, 9(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9010027
CR  - MacDonald, R., & Majeed, M. T. (2010). Distributional and poverty consequences of globalization: a dynamic comparative analysis for developing countries. SIRE Discussion Paper, SIRE-DP-2010-62. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/74367319.pdf
CR  - Mahmood H., & Chaudhary, A. R. (2012). A contribution of foreign direct investment in poverty reduction in Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 12(2), 243-248. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2012.12.2.1746
CR  - Nassar, H., & Biltagy, M. (2017). Poverty, employment, investment, and education relationships: The case of Egypt. Sage Open, 7(2), 1-10. DOI: 10.1177/21582440176971
CR  - Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J. C., & Hausken, K. (2014). Inequality, economic growth and poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). African Development Review, 26(3), 435-453. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12103
CR  - Nguea, S. M., Noumba, I., & Noula, A. G. (2020). Does foreign direct investment contribute to poverty reduction in Cameroon? an ARDL-bounds testing approach. HAL Id: halshs-02570072. https://shs.hal.science/halshs-02570072/
CR  - Nkoro, E., & Uko, A. K. (2023). Foreign direct investment in the quest for poverty reduction in Nigeria. Economic Studies, 32(1), 109-125. https://www.ceeol.com/search/viewpdf?id=1135815
CR  - Ogunniyi, M. B., & Igberi, C. O. (2014). The impact of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(14), 73-90. https://ir.unilag.edu.ng/handle/123456789/9160
CR  - Olaniyi, C. O., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2024). Inflation-poverty causal nexus in sub-Saharan African countries: an asymmetric panel causality approach. International Trade, Politics and Development. DOI: 10.1108/ITPD-08-2023-0024
CR  - Osmani, S. (2008). When endowments and opportunities don't match: Understanding chronic poverty. Chronic Poverty Research Centre Working Paper No. 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1752958
CR  - Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
CR  - Phillips, P., & Peron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regressions. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/75.2.335
CR  - Quiñonez, P., Sáenz, J., & Solórzano, J. (2018). Does foreign direct investment reduce poverty? The case of Latin America in the twenty-first century. BEH-Business and Economic Horizons, 14(3), 488-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/beh.2018.35
CR  - Rambe, R. A., Purmini, P., Alfansi, L., Armelly, A., & Yusnida, Y. (2023). Examining the roles of labor factors, investment, and industrialization in poverty alleviation: Empirical evidence from Sumatra, Indonesia. Poverty & Public Policy, 15(4), 431-446. https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.385
CR  - Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Tselios, V. (2010). The determinants of regional educational inequality in Western Europe. In Peter N. Iulia S. (Eds.), Innovation, growth and competitiveness: Dynamic regions in the knowledge-based world economy (1st ed., pp. 135-163). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN : 978-3-642-14964-1.
CR  - Sabar, W. (2022). Do economic growth, income distribution, and investment reduce poverty level?. Bulletin of Economic Studies (BEST), 2(2), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2021.0303.0043
CR  - Sachs, J. D. (2005). The end of poverty: Economic possibilities for our time (1st ed.). The Penguin Press.
CR  - Saleem, H., Shabbir, M. S., Shah, S. A. R., & Shah, J. (2021). Nexus between foreign direct investment and poverty reduction: A case of Pakistan. IRASD Journal of Economics, 3(3), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2021.0303.0043
CR  - Sasmal, R., & Sasmal, J. (2016). Public expenditure, economic growth and poverty alleviation. International Journal of Social Economics, 43(6), 604-618. DOI: 10.1108/IJSE-08-2014-0161
CR  - Sen, A. (2004). Özgürlükle kalkınma (1st ed.). (Translate) Alogan, Y., Ayrıntı Publishing. ISBN: 9789755394145.
CR  - Shahbaz, M., & Lean, H. H. (2012). Does financial development increase energy consumption? The role of industrialization and urbanization in Tunisia. Energy Policy, 40, 473-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.10.050
CR  - Shaheen, R., Yasmin, N., Safdar, N., Yasmin, F., & Khatoon, S. (2021). Education, poverty, and unemployment: A way forward to promote sustainable economic growth in Pakistan. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business Government, 27(06), 74-85. DOI: 10.47750/cibg.2021.27.06.005
CR  - Shakil, A., & Imran, K. (2022). The impact of globalization, foreign direct investment and trade openness on poverty: A case study of Pakistan. Economic Consultant, 1(37), 41-60. DOI: 10.46224/ecoc.2022.1.4
CR  - Sikandar, F., Erokhin, V., Wang, H., Rehman, S., & Ivolga, A. (2021). The impact of foreign capital inflows on agriculture development and poverty reduction: Panel data analysis for developing countries. Sustainability, 13(6), 3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063242
CR  - Suryadarma, D., & Suryahadi, A. (2007). The impact of private sector growth on poverty reduction: Evidence from Indonesia. SMERU Working Papers. 1-20. https://tls.tc/mA4zn
CR  - Sürücü, Ş., Acar, M. S., & Ay, A. (2021). Doğrudan yabancı yatırım ve yoksulluk arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. 4th ISERSC International Social and Economic Research Student Congress. December 29-30, 304-322. https://isersc.org/img/1686749745bildiri-kitabi---2021-cizgi-yayinevi-(1)-(2).pdf
CR  - Şahbaz, A., Buluş, A. & Kaleci, F. (2016). Dışa açıklık, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve yoksulluk ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 15(4), 1106-1117. DOI: 10.21547/jss.265500
CR  - Teyyare, E. (2018). Sektörel bazda sabit sermaye yatırımlarının ekonomik büyüme üzerinde etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 115-129. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1711381
CR  - Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2012). Economic development (11th ed.). Pearson. ISBN 10: 0-13-801388-8.
CR  - Trinh, N. H. (2017). Poverty reduction in Vietnam: The role of foreign direct investment. International Journal of Management and Applied Science, 3(2), 84-89. https://www.iraj.in/journal/journal_file/journal_pdf/14-348-149441584984-89.pdf
CR  - Tsai, P. L., & Huang, C. H. (2007). Openness, growth and poverty: The case of Taiwan. World Development, 35(11), 1858-1871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.11.013
CR  - Tsaurai, K. (2023). Does foreign direct investment affect poverty in BRICS?. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 13(3), 216-227. https://tls.tc/dmnv7
CR  - Usman, A. Y. (2018). A cointegration analysis of the impact of foreign direct investment on poverty reduction in Nigeria. International Conference on Contemporary Issues in Business & Economics (ICCIBE), 44-49. ISBN: 978-605-184-127-4. https://tls.tc/A9fdv
CR  - Uttama, N. P. (2015). Foreign direct investment and the poverty reduction nexus in Southeast Asia. In: A. Heshmati, E. Maasoumi, & G. Wan (Eds). Poverty reduction policies and practices in developing Asia: Economic studies in inequality, social exclusion and well-being (pp. 281-303). Springer. https://www.springer.com/series/7140
CR  - World Bank (2023). Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2023. Progress, Challenges in Ending Extreme Poverty. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/sdgatlas/goal-1-no-poverty?lang=en
CR  - World Bank Databank, (December, 2023). World Development Indicators Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/ source/world -development-indicators
CR  - Yohanna, P. (2013). Foreign private investment and poverty situation in Nigeria 1981 to 2010: An emprical evidence. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 55-62. DOI: 10.9790/5933-0125562
CR  - Zhang, K. H. (2006). Does international investment help poverty reduction in China?. Chinese Economy, 39(3), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.2753/CES1097-1475390306
CR  - Zhang, L., Zhuang, Y., Ding, Y., & Liu, Z. (2023). Infrastructure and poverty reduction: Assessing the dynamic impact of Chinese infrastructure investment in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Asian Economics, 84, 101573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2022.101573
UR  - https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1437867
L1  - https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3732450
ER  -